diff --git a/fix-vm/src/lib.rs b/fix-vm/src/lib.rs
index 36ebe40..4930ed1 100644
--- a/fix-vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/fix-vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -112,27 +112,25 @@ impl<T: VmContext> VmContextExt for T {
     }
 }
 
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub struct Vm<C: VmContext> {
-    arena: Arena<Rootable![GcRoot<'_>]>,
-    error_context: Vec<ErrorFrame>,
-    ctx: C,
-    pc: usize,
-    force_mode: ForceMode,
-}
-
 #[derive(Collect)]
 #[collect(no_drop)]
-struct GcRoot<'gc> {
+pub struct Vm<'gc> {
     stack: Vec<Value<'gc>>,
     call_stack: Vec<CallFrame<'gc>>,
     call_depth: usize,
+    #[collect(require_static)]
+    error_context: Vec<ErrorFrame>,
+
+    env: GcEnv<'gc>,
     with_env: Option<Gc<'gc, WithEnv<'gc>>>,
+
+    import_cache: HashMap<PathBuf, Value<'gc>>,
+
     builtins: Value<'gc>,
     empty_list: Value<'gc>,
     empty_attrs: Value<'gc>,
-    import_cache: HashMap<PathBuf, Value<'gc>>,
-    env: GcEnv<'gc>,
+
+    force_mode: ForceMode,
 }
 
 fn init_builtins<'gc>(mc: &Mutation<'gc>, ctx: &mut impl VmContext) -> Value<'gc> {
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@ fn init_builtins<'gc>(mc: &Mutation<'gc>, ctx: &mut impl VmContext) -> Value<'gc
         entries.push((name, val));
     }
 
-    let self_ref_thunk: Gc<'gc, Thunk<'gc>> = Gc::new(mc, RefLock::new(ThunkState::Blackhole));
+    let self_ref_thunk = Gc::new(mc, RefLock::new(ThunkState::Blackhole));
     let sym = ctx.intern_string("builtins");
     entries.push((sym, Value::new_gc(self_ref_thunk)));
 
@@ -189,19 +187,25 @@ fn init_builtins<'gc>(mc: &Mutation<'gc>, ctx: &mut impl VmContext) -> Value<'gc
     Value::new_gc(builtins_set)
 }
 
-impl<'gc> GcRoot<'gc> {
-    fn new(mc: &Mutation<'gc>, ctx: &mut impl VmContext) -> Self {
+impl<'gc> Vm<'gc> {
+    fn new(force_mode: ForceMode, mc: &Mutation<'gc>, ctx: &mut impl VmContext) -> Self {
         let builtins = init_builtins(mc, ctx);
-        GcRoot {
+        Vm {
             stack: Vec::with_capacity(8192),
             call_stack: Vec::with_capacity(1024),
             call_depth: 0,
+            error_context: Vec::with_capacity(1024),
+
+            env: Gc::new(mc, RefLock::new(Env::empty())),
             with_env: None,
+
+            import_cache: HashMap::new(),
+
             builtins,
             empty_list: Value::new_gc(Gc::new(mc, List::default())),
             empty_attrs: Value::new_gc(Gc::new(mc, AttrSet::default())),
-            import_cache: HashMap::new(),
-            env: Gc::new(mc, RefLock::new(Env::empty())),
+
+            force_mode,
         }
     }
 
@@ -277,7 +281,7 @@ enum OperandData {
 }
 
 impl OperandData {
-    fn resolve<'gc>(&self, mc: &Mutation<'gc>, root: &GcRoot<'gc>) -> Value<'gc> {
+    fn resolve<'gc>(&self, mc: &Mutation<'gc>, root: &Vm<'gc>) -> Value<'gc> {
         match *self {
             OperandData::Const(sv) => sv.into(),
             OperandData::Local { layer, idx } => {
@@ -313,36 +317,30 @@ macro_rules! try_vm {
     ($self:ident; $expr:expr) => {
         match $expr {
             Ok(v) => v,
-            Err(e) => return GcRoot::handle_vm_error($self, e),
+            Err(e) => return Vm::handle_vm_error($self, e),
         }
     };
 }
 
-impl<C: VmContext> Vm<C> {
-    pub fn new(mut ctx: C, ip: InstructionPtr, force_mode: ForceMode) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            arena: Arena::new(|mc| GcRoot::new(mc, &mut ctx)),
-            ctx,
-            force_mode,
-            pc: ip.0,
-            error_context: Vec::new(),
-        }
-    }
+impl Vm<'_> {
+    pub fn run<C: VmContext>(
+        mut ctx: C,
+        ip: InstructionPtr,
+        force_mode: ForceMode,
+    ) -> Result<fix_common::Value> {
+        let mut arena: Arena<Rootable![Vm<'_>]> =
+            Arena::new(|mc| Vm::new(force_mode, mc, &mut ctx));
 
-    pub fn run(mut self) -> Result<fix_common::Value> {
         const COLLECTOR_GRANULARITY: f64 = 1024.0;
 
-        let mut pc = self.pc;
+        let mut pc = ip.0;
         loop {
-            match self
-                .arena
-                .mutate_root(|mc, root| root.execute_batch(&mut self.ctx, &mut pc, mc))
-            {
+            match arena.mutate_root(|mc, root| root.execute_batch(&mut ctx, &mut pc, mc)) {
                 Action::Continue => {
-                    if self.arena.metrics().allocation_debt() > COLLECTOR_GRANULARITY {
-                        if self.arena.collection_phase() == CollectionPhase::Sweeping {
-                            self.arena.collect_debt();
-                        } else if let Some(marked) = self.arena.mark_debt() {
+                    if arena.metrics().allocation_debt() > COLLECTOR_GRANULARITY {
+                        if arena.collection_phase() == CollectionPhase::Sweeping {
+                            arena.collect_debt();
+                        } else if let Some(marked) = arena.mark_debt() {
                             marked.start_sweeping();
                         }
                     }
@@ -353,7 +351,7 @@ impl<C: VmContext> Vm<C> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'gc> GcRoot<'gc> {
+impl<'gc> Vm<'gc> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn execute_batch(
         &mut self,
diff --git a/fix/src/lib.rs b/fix/src/lib.rs
index ce6bb2e..446bafa 100644
--- a/fix/src/lib.rs
+++ b/fix/src/lib.rs
@@ -87,8 +87,7 @@ impl Evaluator {
     ) -> Result<fix_common::Value> {
         let root = self.downgrade(source, extra_scope)?;
         let ip = fix_codegen::compile_bytecode(root.as_ref(), self);
-        let vm = Vm::new(self, ip, force_mode);
-        vm.run()
+        Vm::run(self, ip, force_mode)
     }
 
     pub fn add_binding(