commit aab3b3d5c0efca0023ec9ee6544cab5434ed3725
Author: imxyy_soope_ <imxyy1soope1@gmail.com>
Date:   Wed Dec 31 22:35:48 2025 +0800

    feat: init

diff --git a/.envrc b/.envrc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3550a30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.envrc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+use flake
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8a4d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+target/
+
+/.direnv/
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55dd3e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.lock
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diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed51c07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[workspace]
+resolver = "3"
+members = [
+    "nix-js",
+    "nix-js-macros"
+]
diff --git a/flake.lock b/flake.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5994ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flake.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+{
+  "nodes": {
+    "fenix": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ],
+        "rust-analyzer-src": "rust-analyzer-src"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1767250179,
+        "narHash": "sha256-PnQdWvPZqHp+7yaHWDFX3NYSKaOy0fjkwpR+rIQC7AY=",
+        "owner": "nix-community",
+        "repo": "fenix",
+        "rev": "a3eaf682db8800962943a77ab77c0aae966f9825",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "nix-community",
+        "repo": "fenix",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1767116409,
+        "narHash": "sha256-5vKw92l1GyTnjoLzEagJy5V5mDFck72LiQWZSOnSicw=",
+        "owner": "nixos",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "cad22e7d996aea55ecab064e84834289143e44a0",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "nixos",
+        "ref": "nixos-unstable",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "root": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "fenix": "fenix",
+        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs"
+      }
+    },
+    "rust-analyzer-src": {
+      "flake": false,
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1767191410,
+        "narHash": "sha256-cCZGjubgDWmstvFkS6eAw2qk2ihgWkycw55u2dtLd70=",
+        "owner": "rust-lang",
+        "repo": "rust-analyzer",
+        "rev": "a9026e6d5068172bf5a0d52a260bb290961d1cb4",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "rust-lang",
+        "ref": "nightly",
+        "repo": "rust-analyzer",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "root": "root",
+  "version": 7
+}
diff --git a/flake.nix b/flake.nix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfacd48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flake.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+{
+  nixConfig = {
+    extra-substituters = [
+      "https://cache.garnix.io"
+    ];
+    extra-trusted-public-keys = [
+      "cache.garnix.io:CTFPyKSLcx5RMJKfLo5EEPUObbA78b0YQ2DTCJXqr9g="
+    ];
+  };
+  inputs = {
+    nixpkgs.url = "github:nixos/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable";
+    fenix.url = "github:nix-community/fenix";
+    fenix.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
+  };
+  outputs = { nixpkgs, fenix, ... }:
+    let
+      forAllSystems = nixpkgs.lib.genAttrs nixpkgs.lib.systems.flakeExposed;
+    in
+    {
+      devShells = forAllSystems (system:
+        let pkgs = import nixpkgs { inherit system; config.allowUnfree = true; }; in
+        {
+          default = pkgs.mkShell {
+            packages = with pkgs; [
+              (fenix.packages.${system}.stable.withComponents [
+                "cargo"
+                "clippy"
+                "rust-src"
+                "rustc"
+                "rustfmt"
+                "rust-analyzer"
+              ])
+              lldb
+              valgrind
+              claude-code
+            ];
+          };
+        }
+      );
+    };
+}
diff --git a/nix-js-macros/Cargo.toml b/nix-js-macros/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4004fff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js-macros/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[package]
+name = "nix-js-macros"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+
+[dependencies]
+convert_case = "0.8"
+quote = "1.0"
+proc-macro2 = "1.0"
+syn = { version = "2.0", features = ["full"] }
diff --git a/nix-js-macros/src/ir.rs b/nix-js-macros/src/ir.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b32a87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js-macros/src/ir.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+//! Implements the `ir!` procedural macro.
+//!
+//! This macro is designed to reduce the boilerplate associated with defining
+//! an Intermediate Representation (IR) that follows a specific pattern. It generates:
+//! 1. An enum representing the different kinds of IR nodes.
+//! 2. Structs for each of the variants that have fields.
+//! 3. `Ref` and `Mut` versions of the main enum for ergonomic pattern matching on references.
+//! 4. `From` implementations to easily convert from a struct variant (e.g., `BinOp`) to the main enum (`Ir::BinOp`).
+//! 5. A `To[IrName]` trait to provide a convenient `.to_ir()` method on the variant structs.
+
+use convert_case::{Case, Casing};
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use quote::{format_ident, quote};
+use syn::{
+    FieldsNamed, Ident, Token, Type, parenthesized,
+    parse::{Parse, ParseStream, Result},
+    punctuated::Punctuated,
+    token,
+};
+
+/// Represents one of the variants passed to the `ir!` macro.
+pub enum VariantInput {
+    /// A unit-like variant, e.g., `Arg`.
+    Unit(Ident),
+    /// A tuple-like variant with one unnamed field, e.g., `ExprRef(ExprId)`.
+    Tuple(Ident, Type),
+    /// A struct-like variant with named fields, e.g., `BinOp { lhs: ExprId, rhs: ExprId, kind: BinOpKind }`.
+    Struct(Ident, FieldsNamed),
+}
+
+/// The top-level input for the `ir!` macro.
+pub struct MacroInput {
+    /// The name of the main IR enum to be generated (e.g., `Ir`).
+    pub base_name: Ident,
+    /// The list of variants for the enum.
+    pub variants: Punctuated<VariantInput, Token![,]>,
+}
+
+impl Parse for VariantInput {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> Result<Self> {
+        let name: Ident = input.parse()?;
+
+        if input.peek(token::Paren) {
+            // Parse a tuple-like variant: `Variant(Type)`
+            let content;
+            parenthesized!(content in input);
+            let ty: Type = content.parse()?;
+
+            if !content.is_empty() {
+                return Err(content.error("Expected a single type inside parentheses"));
+            }
+
+            Ok(VariantInput::Tuple(name, ty))
+        } else if input.peek(token::Brace) {
+            // Parse a struct-like variant: `Variant { field: Type, ... }`
+            let fields: FieldsNamed = input.parse()?;
+            Ok(VariantInput::Struct(name, fields))
+        } else {
+            // Parse a unit-like variant: `Variant`
+            Ok(VariantInput::Unit(name))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Parse for MacroInput {
+    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> Result<Self> {
+        // The macro input is expected to be: `IrName, Variant1, Variant2, ...`
+        let base_name = input.parse()?;
+        input.parse::<Token![,]>()?;
+        let variants = Punctuated::parse_terminated(input)?;
+
+        Ok(MacroInput {
+            base_name,
+            variants,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// The implementation of the `ir!` macro.
+pub fn ir_impl(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let parsed_input = syn::parse_macro_input!(input as MacroInput);
+
+    let base_name = &parsed_input.base_name;
+    let ref_name = format_ident!("{}Ref", base_name);
+    let mut_name = format_ident!("{}Mut", base_name);
+    let to_trait_name = format_ident!("To{}", base_name);
+    let to_trait_fn_name = format_ident!("to_{}", base_name.to_string().to_case(Case::Snake));
+
+    let mut enum_variants = Vec::new();
+    let mut struct_defs = Vec::new();
+    let mut ref_variants = Vec::new();
+    let mut mut_variants = Vec::new();
+    let mut as_ref_arms = Vec::new();
+    let mut as_mut_arms = Vec::new();
+    let mut from_impls = Vec::new();
+    let mut to_trait_impls = Vec::new();
+
+    for variant in parsed_input.variants {
+        match variant {
+            VariantInput::Unit(name) => {
+                let inner_type = name.clone();
+                enum_variants.push(quote! { #name(#inner_type) });
+                ref_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a #inner_type) });
+                mut_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a mut #inner_type) });
+                as_ref_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #ref_name::#name(inner) });
+                as_mut_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #mut_name::#name(inner) });
+                from_impls.push(quote! {
+                    impl From<#inner_type> for #base_name {
+                        fn from(val: #inner_type) -> Self { #base_name::#name(val) }
+                    }
+                });
+                to_trait_impls.push(quote! {
+                    impl #to_trait_name for #name {
+                        fn #to_trait_fn_name(self) -> #base_name { #base_name::from(self) }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+            VariantInput::Tuple(name, ty) => {
+                enum_variants.push(quote! { #name(#ty) });
+                ref_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a #ty) });
+                mut_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a mut #ty) });
+                as_ref_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #ref_name::#name(inner) });
+                as_mut_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #mut_name::#name(inner) });
+            }
+            VariantInput::Struct(name, fields) => {
+                let inner_type = name.clone();
+                struct_defs.push(quote! {
+                    #[derive(Debug)]
+                    pub struct #name #fields
+                });
+                enum_variants.push(quote! { #name(#inner_type) });
+                ref_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a #inner_type) });
+                mut_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a mut #inner_type) });
+                as_ref_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #ref_name::#name(inner) });
+                as_mut_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #mut_name::#name(inner) });
+                from_impls.push(quote! {
+                    impl From<#inner_type> for #base_name {
+                        fn from(val: #inner_type) -> Self { #base_name::#name(val) }
+                    }
+                });
+                to_trait_impls.push(quote! {
+                    impl #to_trait_name for #name {
+                        fn #to_trait_fn_name(self) -> #base_name { #base_name::from(self) }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Assemble the final generated code.
+    let expanded = quote! {
+        /// The main IR enum, generated by the `ir!` macro.
+        #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, TryUnwrap)]
+        pub enum #base_name {
+            #( #enum_variants ),*
+        }
+
+        // The struct definitions for the enum variants.
+        #( #struct_defs )*
+
+        /// An immutable reference version of the IR enum.
+        #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, TryUnwrap)]
+        pub enum #ref_name<'a> {
+            #( #ref_variants ),*
+        }
+
+        /// A mutable reference version of the IR enum.
+        #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, TryUnwrap)]
+        pub enum #mut_name<'a> {
+            #( #mut_variants ),*
+        }
+
+        impl #base_name {
+            /// Converts a `&Ir` into a `IrRef`.
+            pub fn as_ref(&self) -> #ref_name<'_> {
+                match self {
+                    #( #as_ref_arms ),*
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// Converts a `&mut Ir` into a `IrMut`.
+            pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> #mut_name<'_> {
+                match self {
+                    #( #as_mut_arms ),*
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // `From` implementations for converting variant structs into the main enum.
+        #( #from_impls )*
+
+        /// A trait for converting a variant struct into the main IR enum.
+        pub trait #to_trait_name {
+            /// Performs the conversion.
+            fn #to_trait_fn_name(self) -> #base_name;
+        }
+
+        // Implement the `ToIr` trait for each variant struct.
+        #( #to_trait_impls )*
+    };
+
+    TokenStream::from(expanded)
+}
diff --git a/nix-js-macros/src/lib.rs b/nix-js-macros/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2e4df4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js-macros/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//! This crate provides procedural macros for the nixjit project.
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+
+mod ir;
+
+/// A procedural macro to reduce boilerplate when defining an Intermediate Representation (IR).
+///
+/// It generates an enum for the IR, along with `Ref` and `Mut` variants,
+/// `From` implementations, and a `ToIr` trait.
+#[proc_macro]
+pub fn ir(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    ir::ir_impl(input)
+}
diff --git a/nix-js/Cargo.toml b/nix-js/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36b5ff9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+[package]
+name = "nix-js"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+mimalloc = "0.1"
+
+# REPL
+anyhow = "1.0"
+rustyline = "14.0"
+
+regex = "1.11"
+bumpalo = { version = "3.19", features = ["boxed"] }
+hashbrown = "0.16"
+derive_more = { version = "2", features = ["full"] }
+thiserror = "2"
+string-interner = "0.19"
+
+v8 = "142.2"
+deno_core = "0.376"
+
+rnix = "0.12"
+
+nix-js-macros = { path = "../nix-js-macros" }
diff --git a/nix-js/src/codegen.rs b/nix-js/src/codegen.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..982bfed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/codegen.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+use crate::ir::*;
+
+pub trait Compile<Ctx: CodegenContext> {
+    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String;
+}
+
+pub trait CodegenContext {
+    fn get_ir(&self, id: ExprId) -> &Ir;
+    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> &str;
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Ir {
+    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String {
+        match self {
+            Ir::Const(Const { val }) => match val {
+                crate::value::Const::Null => "null".to_string(),
+                crate::value::Const::Int(val) => val.to_string(),
+                crate::value::Const::Float(val) => val.to_string(),
+                crate::value::Const::Bool(val) => val.to_string(),
+            },
+            &Ir::If(If { cond, consq, alter }) => {
+                let cond = ctx.get_ir(cond).compile(ctx);
+                let consq = ctx.get_ir(consq).compile(ctx);
+                let alter = ctx.get_ir(alter).compile(ctx);
+                format!("({cond})?({consq}):({alter})")
+            }
+            Ir::BinOp(x) => x.compile(ctx),
+            Ir::UnOp(x) => x.compile(ctx),
+            Ir::Func(x) => x.compile(ctx),
+            Ir::AttrSet(x) => x.compile(ctx),
+            &Ir::Call(Call { func, arg }) => {
+                let func = ctx.get_ir(func).compile(ctx);
+                let arg = ctx.get_ir(arg).compile(ctx);
+                format!("NixRuntime.force({func})({arg})")
+            }
+            Ir::Arg(x) => format!("arg{}", x.0),
+            Ir::Let(x) => x.compile(ctx),
+            Ir::Select(x) => x.compile(ctx),
+            &Ir::Thunk(expr_id) => {
+                let inner = ctx.get_ir(expr_id).compile(ctx);
+                format!("NixRuntime.create_thunk(()=>({}))", inner)
+            }
+            &Ir::ExprRef(expr_id) => {
+                format!("expr{}", expr_id.0)
+            }
+            ir => todo!("{ir:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for BinOp {
+    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String {
+        use BinOpKind::*;
+        let lhs = ctx.get_ir(self.lhs).compile(ctx);
+        let rhs = ctx.get_ir(self.rhs).compile(ctx);
+        match self.kind {
+            Add => format!("NixRuntime.op.add({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Sub => format!("NixRuntime.op.sub({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Mul => format!("NixRuntime.op.mul({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Div => format!("NixRuntime.op.div({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Eq => format!("NixRuntime.op.eq({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Neq => format!("NixRuntime.op.neq({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Lt => format!("NixRuntime.op.lt({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Gt => format!("NixRuntime.op.gt({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Leq => format!("NixRuntime.op.lte({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Geq => format!("NixRuntime.op.gte({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            And => format!("NixRuntime.op.band({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Or => format!("NixRuntime.op.bor({},{})", lhs, rhs),
+            Impl => format!("NixRuntime.op.bor(NixRuntime.op.bnot({}),{})", lhs, rhs),
+            _ => todo!("BinOpKind::{:?}", self.kind),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for UnOp {
+    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String {
+        use UnOpKind::*;
+        let rhs = ctx.get_ir(self.rhs).compile(ctx);
+        match self.kind {
+            Neg => format!("NixRuntime.op.sub(0,{rhs})"),
+            Not => format!("NixRuntime.op.bnot({rhs})")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Func {
+    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String {
+        let id = ctx.get_ir(self.arg).as_ref().unwrap_arg().0;
+        let body = ctx.get_ir(self.body).compile(ctx);
+
+        // Generate parameter validation code
+        let param_check = self.generate_param_check(ctx);
+
+        if param_check.is_empty() {
+            // Simple function without parameter validation
+            format!("arg{id}=>({body})")
+        } else {
+            // Function with parameter validation (use block statement, not object literal)
+            format!("arg{id}=>{{{}return {}}}", param_check, body)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Func {
+    fn generate_param_check<Ctx: CodegenContext>(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String {
+        let has_checks = self.param.required.is_some() || self.param.allowed.is_some();
+
+        if !has_checks {
+            return String::new();
+        }
+
+        let id = ctx.get_ir(self.arg).as_ref().unwrap_arg().0;
+
+        // Build required parameter array
+        let required = if let Some(req) = &self.param.required {
+            let keys: Vec<_> = req
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&sym| format!("\"{}\"", ctx.get_sym(sym)))
+                .collect();
+            format!("[{}]", keys.join(","))
+        } else {
+            "null".to_string()
+        };
+
+        // Build allowed parameter array
+        let allowed = if let Some(allow) = &self.param.allowed {
+            let keys: Vec<_> = allow
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&sym| format!("\"{}\"", ctx.get_sym(sym)))
+                .collect();
+            format!("[{}]", keys.join(","))
+        } else {
+            "null".to_string()
+        };
+
+        // Call NixRuntime.validate_params and store the result
+        format!("NixRuntime.validate_params(arg{},{},{});", id, required, allowed)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Let {
+    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String {
+        let declarations: Vec<String> = self
+            .bindings
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&expr| format!("let expr{}", expr.0))
+            .collect();
+
+        let assignments: Vec<String> = self
+            .bindings
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&expr| {
+                let value = ctx.get_ir(expr).compile(ctx);
+                format!("expr{}={}", expr.0, value)
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let body = ctx.get_ir(self.body).compile(ctx);
+
+        format!(
+            "(()=>{{{}; {}; return {}}})()",
+            declarations.join(";"),
+            assignments.join(";"),
+            body
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Select {
+    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String {
+        let expr = ctx.get_ir(self.expr).compile(ctx);
+
+        let mut result = expr;
+        let attr_count = self.attrpath.len();
+
+        for (i, attr) in self.attrpath.iter().enumerate() {
+            let is_last = i == attr_count - 1;
+            let has_default = self.default.is_some() && is_last;
+
+            result = match attr {
+                Attr::Str(sym) => {
+                    let key = ctx.get_sym(*sym);
+                    if has_default {
+                        let default_val = ctx.get_ir(self.default.unwrap()).compile(ctx);
+                        format!("NixRuntime.select_with_default({}, \"{}\", {})", result, key, default_val)
+                    } else {
+                        format!("NixRuntime.select({}, \"{}\")", result, key)
+                    }
+                }
+                Attr::Dynamic(expr_id) => {
+                    let key = ctx.get_ir(*expr_id).compile(ctx);
+                    if has_default {
+                        let default_val = ctx.get_ir(self.default.unwrap()).compile(ctx);
+                        format!("NixRuntime.select_with_default({}, {}, {})", result, key, default_val)
+                    } else {
+                        format!("NixRuntime.select({}, {})", result, key)
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for AttrSet {
+    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String {
+        let mut attrs = Vec::new();
+
+        for (&sym, &expr) in &self.stcs {
+            let key = ctx.get_sym(sym);
+            let value = ctx.get_ir(expr).compile(ctx);
+            attrs.push(format!("\"{}\": {}", key, value));
+        }
+
+        for (key_expr, value_expr) in &self.dyns {
+            let key = ctx.get_ir(*key_expr).compile(ctx);
+            let value = ctx.get_ir(*value_expr).compile(ctx);
+            attrs.push(format!("[{}]: {}", key, value));
+        }
+
+        format!("{{{}}}", attrs.join(", "))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/nix-js/src/context.rs b/nix-js/src/context.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9aedd85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/context.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
+
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use string_interner::DefaultStringInterner;
+
+use crate::codegen::{CodegenContext, Compile};
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::ir::{DowngradeContext, ExprId, Ir, SymId};
+use crate::value::Value;
+
+use downgrade::DowngradeCtx;
+
+mod downgrade;
+
+pub struct Context {
+    irs: Vec<Ir>,
+    symbols: DefaultStringInterner,
+    global: NonNull<HashMap<crate::ir::SymId, ExprId>>,
+}
+
+impl Drop for Context {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            drop(Box::from_raw(self.global.as_ptr()));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Context {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            symbols: DefaultStringInterner::new(),
+            irs: Vec::new(),
+            global: unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(Box::leak(Box::new(HashMap::new()))) },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Context {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    pub fn downgrade_ctx<'a>(&'a mut self) -> DowngradeCtx<'a> {
+        // SAFETY: `global` is readonly
+        let global_ref = unsafe { self.global.as_ref() };
+        DowngradeCtx::new(self, global_ref)
+    }
+
+    pub fn eval(&mut self, expr: &str) -> Result<Value> {
+        let root = rnix::Root::parse(expr);
+        if !root.errors().is_empty() {
+            return Err(Error::parse_error(root.errors().iter().fold(
+                String::new(),
+                |mut acc, err| {
+                    acc.push_str(&err.to_string());
+                    acc.push_str("; ");
+                    acc
+                },
+            )));
+        }
+        let root = self
+            .downgrade_ctx()
+            .downgrade(root.tree().expr().unwrap())?;
+        let code = self.get_ir(root).compile(self);
+        let code = format!("NixRuntime.force({})", code);
+        println!("[DEBUG] generated code: {}", &code);
+        crate::runtime::run(&code)
+    }
+}
+
+impl CodegenContext for Context {
+    fn get_ir(&self, id: ExprId) -> &Ir {
+        self.irs.get(id.0).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> &str {
+        self.symbols.resolve(id).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::value::Const;
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn basic_eval() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("1 + 1").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(2))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("(x: x) 1").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(1))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("(x: y: x - y) 2 1").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(1))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("rec { b = a; a = 1; }.b").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(1))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("let b = a; a = 1; in b").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(1))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("let fib = n: if n == 1 || n == 2 then 1 else (fib (n - 1)) + (fib (n - 2)); in fib 30").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(832040))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new()
+                .eval("((f: let x = f x; in x)(self: { x = 1; y = self.x + 1; })).y")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(2))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_param_check_required() {
+        // Test function with required parameters
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 2; }").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
+        );
+
+        // Test missing required parameter should fail
+        let result = Context::new().eval("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; }");
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+
+        // Test all required parameters present
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("({ x, y, z }: x + y + z) { x = 1; y = 2; z = 3; }").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(6))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_param_check_allowed() {
+        // Test function without ellipsis - should reject unexpected arguments
+        let result = Context::new().eval("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; }");
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+
+        // Test function with ellipsis - should accept extra arguments
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("({ a, b, ... }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; }").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_param_check_with_default() {
+        // Test function with default parameters
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("({ a, b ? 5 }: a + b) { a = 1; }").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(6))
+        );
+
+        // Test overriding default parameter
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("({ a, b ? 5 }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 10; }").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(11))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_param_check_with_alias() {
+        // Test function with @ pattern (alias)
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("(args@{ a, b }: args.a + args.b) { a = 1; b = 2; }").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_simple_param_no_check() {
+        // Test simple parameter (no pattern) should not have validation
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("(x: x.a + x.b) { a = 1; b = 2; }").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
+        );
+
+        // Simple parameter accepts any argument
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().eval("(x: x) 42").unwrap(),
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(42))
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/nix-js/src/context/downgrade.rs b/nix-js/src/context/downgrade.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f120417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/context/downgrade.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::ir::{ArgId, Downgrade, DowngradeContext, ExprId, Ir, SymId, ToIr};
+
+use super::Context;
+
+enum Scope<'ctx> {
+    Global(&'ctx HashMap<SymId, ExprId>),
+    Let(HashMap<SymId, ExprId>),
+    Param(SymId, ExprId),
+    With(ExprId),
+}
+
+struct ScopeGuard<'a, 'ctx> {
+    ctx: &'a mut DowngradeCtx<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'ctx> Drop for ScopeGuard<'a, 'ctx> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.ctx.scopes.pop();
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'ctx> ScopeGuard<'a, 'ctx> {
+    fn as_ctx(&mut self) -> &mut DowngradeCtx<'ctx> {
+        self.ctx
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct DowngradeCtx<'ctx> {
+    ctx: &'ctx mut Context,
+    irs: Vec<Option<Ir>>,
+    scopes: Vec<Scope<'ctx>>,
+    arg_id: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> DowngradeCtx<'ctx> {
+    pub fn new(ctx: &'ctx mut Context, global: &'ctx HashMap<SymId, ExprId>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            scopes: vec![Scope::Global(global)],
+            irs: vec![],
+            arg_id: 0,
+            ctx,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DowngradeContext for DowngradeCtx<'_> {
+    fn new_expr(&mut self, expr: Ir) -> ExprId {
+        self.irs.push(Some(expr));
+        ExprId(self.ctx.irs.len() + self.irs.len() - 1)
+    }
+
+    fn new_arg(&mut self) -> ExprId {
+        self.irs.push(Some(Ir::Arg(ArgId(self.arg_id))));
+        self.arg_id += 1;
+        ExprId(self.ctx.irs.len() + self.irs.len() - 1)
+    }
+
+    fn new_sym(&mut self, sym: String) -> SymId {
+        self.ctx.symbols.get_or_intern(sym)
+    }
+
+    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> &str {
+        self.ctx.symbols.resolve(id).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn lookup(&mut self, sym: SymId) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        for scope in self.scopes.iter().rev() {
+            match scope {
+                &Scope::Global(global_scope) => {
+                    if let Some(&expr) = global_scope.get(&sym) {
+                        return Ok(expr);
+                    }
+                }
+                Scope::Let(let_scope) => {
+                    if let Some(&expr) = let_scope.get(&sym) {
+                        // Wrap in ExprRef to reference the binding instead of recompiling
+                        return Ok(self.new_expr(Ir::ExprRef(expr)));
+                    }
+                }
+                &Scope::Param(param_sym, expr) => {
+                    if param_sym == sym {
+                        return Ok(expr);
+                    }
+                }
+                &Scope::With(_) => (),
+            }
+        }
+
+        let namespaces: Vec<ExprId> = self
+            .scopes
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|scope| {
+                if let &Scope::With(namespace) = scope {
+                    Some(namespace)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let mut result = None;
+        for namespace in namespaces {
+            use crate::ir::{Attr, Select};
+            let select = Select {
+                expr: namespace,
+                attrpath: vec![Attr::Str(sym)],
+                default: result, // Link to outer With or None
+            };
+            result = Some(self.new_expr(select.to_ir()));
+        }
+        result.ok_or_else(|| Error::downgrade_error(format!("'{}' not found", self.get_sym(sym))))
+    }
+
+    fn extract_expr(&mut self, id: ExprId) -> Ir {
+        self.irs.get_mut(id.0).unwrap().take().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn replace_expr(&mut self, id: ExprId, expr: Ir) {
+        let _ = self.irs.get_mut(id.0).unwrap().insert(expr);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(refining_impl_trait)]
+    fn reserve_slots(&mut self, slots: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = ExprId> + Clone + use<> {
+        self.irs.extend(std::iter::repeat_with(|| None).take(slots));
+        (self.irs.len() - slots..self.irs.len()).map(ExprId)
+    }
+
+    fn downgrade(mut self, root: rnix::ast::Expr) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let root = root.downgrade(&mut self)?;
+        self.ctx
+            .irs
+            .extend(self.irs.into_iter().map(Option::unwrap));
+        Ok(root)
+    }
+
+    fn with_let_scope<F, R>(&mut self, bindings: HashMap<SymId, ExprId>, f: F) -> R
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
+    {
+        self.scopes.push(Scope::Let(bindings));
+        let mut guard = ScopeGuard { ctx: self };
+        f(guard.as_ctx())
+    }
+
+    fn with_param_scope<F, R>(&mut self, param: SymId, arg: ExprId, f: F) -> R
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
+    {
+        self.scopes.push(Scope::Param(param, arg));
+        let mut guard = ScopeGuard { ctx: self };
+        f(guard.as_ctx())
+    }
+
+    fn with_with_scope<F, R>(&mut self, namespace: ExprId, f: F) -> R
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
+    {
+        self.scopes.push(Scope::With(namespace));
+        let mut guard = ScopeGuard { ctx: self };
+        f(guard.as_ctx())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/nix-js/src/error.rs b/nix-js/src/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5e9972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+pub type Result<T> = core::result::Result<T, Error>;
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum ErrorKind {
+    #[error("error occurred during parse stage: {0}")]
+    ParseError(String),
+    #[error("error occurred during downgrade stage: {0}")]
+    DowngradeError(String),
+    #[error("error occurred during evaluation stage: {0}")]
+    EvalError(String),
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    Catchable(String),
+    #[error("an unknown or unexpected error occurred")]
+    Unknown,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Error {
+    pub kind: ErrorKind,
+    pub span: Option<rnix::TextRange>,
+    pub source: Option<Rc<str>>,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        // Basic display
+        write!(f, "{}", self.kind)?;
+
+        // If we have source and span, print context
+        if let (Some(source), Some(span)) = (&self.source, self.span) {
+            let start_byte = usize::from(span.start());
+            let end_byte = usize::from(span.end());
+
+            if start_byte > source.len() || end_byte > source.len() {
+                return Ok(()); // Span is out of bounds
+            }
+
+            let mut start_line = 1;
+            let mut start_col = 1usize;
+            let mut line_start_byte = 0;
+            for (i, c) in source.char_indices() {
+                if i >= start_byte {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if c == '\n' {
+                    start_line += 1;
+                    start_col = 1;
+                    line_start_byte = i + 1;
+                } else {
+                    start_col += 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            let line_end_byte = source[line_start_byte..]
+                .find('\n')
+                .map(|i| line_start_byte + i)
+                .unwrap_or(source.len());
+
+            let line_str = &source[line_start_byte..line_end_byte];
+
+            let underline_len = if end_byte > start_byte {
+                end_byte - start_byte
+            } else {
+                1
+            };
+
+            write!(f, "\n --> {}:{}", start_line, start_col)?;
+            write!(f, "\n  |\n")?;
+            writeln!(f, "{:4} | {}", start_line, line_str)?;
+            write!(
+                f,
+                "  | {}{}",
+                " ".repeat(start_col.saturating_sub(1)),
+                "^".repeat(underline_len)
+            )?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for Error {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+        Some(&self.kind)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error {
+    pub fn new(kind: ErrorKind) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kind,
+            span: None,
+            source: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_span(mut self, span: rnix::TextRange) -> Self {
+        self.span = Some(span);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_source(mut self, source: Rc<str>) -> Self {
+        self.source = Some(source);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse_error(msg: String) -> Self {
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::ParseError(msg))
+    }
+    pub fn downgrade_error(msg: String) -> Self {
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::DowngradeError(msg))
+    }
+    pub fn eval_error(msg: String) -> Self {
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::EvalError(msg))
+    }
+    pub fn catchable(msg: String) -> Self {
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::Catchable(msg))
+    }
+    pub fn unknown() -> Self {
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::Unknown)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/nix-js/src/ir.rs b/nix-js/src/ir.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87cfe59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/ir.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+use derive_more::{IsVariant, TryUnwrap, Unwrap};
+use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use rnix::ast;
+use string_interner::symbol::SymbolU32;
+
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::value::Const as PubConst;
+use crate::value::format_symbol;
+use nix_js_macros::ir;
+
+mod downgrade;
+mod utils;
+use utils::*;
+
+pub use downgrade::Downgrade;
+
+pub trait DowngradeContext {
+    fn downgrade(self, expr: rnix::ast::Expr) -> Result<ExprId>;
+
+    fn new_expr(&mut self, expr: Ir) -> ExprId;
+    fn new_arg(&mut self) -> ExprId;
+
+    fn new_sym(&mut self, sym: String) -> SymId;
+    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> &str;
+    fn lookup(&mut self, sym: SymId) -> Result<ExprId>;
+
+    fn extract_expr(&mut self, id: ExprId) -> Ir;
+    fn replace_expr(&mut self, id: ExprId, expr: Ir);
+    fn reserve_slots(&mut self, slots: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = ExprId> + Clone + use<Self>;
+
+    fn with_param_scope<F, R>(&mut self, param: SymId, arg: ExprId, f: F) -> R
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R;
+    fn with_let_scope<F, R>(&mut self, bindings: HashMap<SymId, ExprId>, f: F) -> R
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R;
+    fn with_with_scope<F, R>(&mut self, namespace: ExprId, f: F) -> R
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R;
+}
+
+ir! {
+    Ir,
+
+    AttrSet,
+    List,
+    HasAttr,
+    BinOp,
+    UnOp,
+    Select,
+    If,
+    Call,
+    With,
+    Assert,
+    ConcatStrings,
+    Const,
+    Str,
+    Path,
+    Func,
+    Let,
+    Arg(ArgId),
+    PrimOp(PrimOpId),
+    ExprRef(ExprId),
+    Thunk(ExprId),
+}
+
+impl AttrSet {
+    fn _insert(
+        &mut self,
+        mut path: impl Iterator<Item = Attr>,
+        name: Attr,
+        value: ExprId,
+        ctx: &mut impl DowngradeContext,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(attr) = path.next() {
+            // If the path is not yet exhausted, we need to recurse deeper.
+            match attr {
+                Attr::Str(ident) => {
+                    // If the next attribute is a static string.
+                    if let Some(&id) = self.stcs.get(&ident) {
+                        // If a sub-attrset already exists, recurse into it.
+                        let mut ir = ctx.extract_expr(id);
+                        let result = ir
+                            .as_mut()
+                            .try_unwrap_attr_set()
+                            .map_err(|_| {
+                                // This path segment exists but is not an attrset, which is an error.
+                                Error::downgrade_error(format!(
+                                    "attribute '{}' already defined but is not an attribute set",
+                                    format_symbol(ctx.get_sym(ident))
+                                ))
+                            })
+                            .and_then(|attrs| attrs._insert(path, name, value, ctx));
+                        ctx.replace_expr(id, ir);
+                        result?;
+                    } else {
+                        // Create a new sub-attrset because this path doesn't exist yet.
+                        let mut attrs = AttrSet::default();
+                        attrs._insert(path, name, value, ctx)?;
+                        let attrs = ctx.new_expr(attrs.to_ir());
+                        self.stcs.insert(ident, attrs);
+                    }
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+                Attr::Dynamic(dynamic) => {
+                    // If the next attribute is a dynamic expression, we must create a new sub-attrset.
+                    // We cannot merge with existing dynamic attributes at this stage.
+                    let mut attrs = AttrSet::default();
+                    attrs._insert(path, name, value, ctx)?;
+                    self.dyns.push((dynamic, ctx.new_expr(attrs.to_ir())));
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // This is the final attribute in the path, so insert the value here.
+            match name {
+                Attr::Str(ident) => {
+                    if self.stcs.insert(ident, value).is_some() {
+                        return Err(Error::downgrade_error(format!(
+                            "attribute '{}' already defined",
+                            format_symbol(ctx.get_sym(ident))
+                        )));
+                    }
+                }
+                Attr::Dynamic(dynamic) => {
+                    self.dyns.push((dynamic, value));
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        path: Vec<Attr>,
+        value: ExprId,
+        ctx: &mut impl DowngradeContext,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut path = path.into_iter();
+        // The last part of the path is the name of the attribute to be inserted.
+        let name = path.next_back().unwrap();
+        self._insert(path, name, value, ctx)
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct ExprId(pub usize);
+
+pub type SymId = SymbolU32;
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct PrimOpId(pub usize);
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct ArgId(pub usize);
+
+/// Represents a Nix attribute set.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct AttrSet {
+    /// Statically known attributes (key is a string).
+    pub stcs: HashMap<SymId, ExprId>,
+    /// Dynamically computed attributes, where both the key and value are expressions.
+    pub dyns: Vec<(ExprId, ExprId)>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a key in an attribute path.
+#[derive(Debug, TryUnwrap)]
+pub enum Attr {
+    /// A dynamic attribute key, which is an expression that must evaluate to a string.
+    /// Example: `attrs.${key}`
+    Dynamic(ExprId),
+    /// A static attribute key.
+    /// Example: `attrs.key`
+    Str(SymId),
+}
+
+/// Represents a Nix list.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct List {
+    /// The expressions that are elements of the list.
+    pub items: Vec<ExprId>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a "has attribute" check (`?` operator).
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct HasAttr {
+    /// The expression to check for the attribute (the left-hand side).
+    pub lhs: ExprId,
+    /// The attribute path to look for (the right-hand side).
+    pub rhs: Vec<Attr>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a binary operation.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BinOp {
+    pub lhs: ExprId,
+    pub rhs: ExprId,
+    pub kind: BinOpKind,
+}
+
+/// The kinds of binary operations supported in Nix.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum BinOpKind {
+    // Arithmetic
+    Add,
+    Sub,
+    Div,
+    Mul,
+
+    // Comparison
+    Eq,
+    Neq,
+    Lt,
+    Gt,
+    Leq,
+    Geq,
+
+    // Logical
+    And,
+    Or,
+    Impl,
+
+    // Set/String/Path operations
+    Con, // List concatenation (`++`)
+    Upd, // AttrSet update (`//`)
+
+    // Not standard, but part of rnix AST
+    PipeL,
+    PipeR,
+}
+
+impl From<ast::BinOpKind> for BinOpKind {
+    fn from(op: ast::BinOpKind) -> Self {
+        use BinOpKind::*;
+        use ast::BinOpKind as kind;
+        match op {
+            kind::Concat => Con,
+            kind::Update => Upd,
+            kind::Add => Add,
+            kind::Sub => Sub,
+            kind::Mul => Mul,
+            kind::Div => Div,
+            kind::And => And,
+            kind::Equal => Eq,
+            kind::Implication => Impl,
+            kind::Less => Lt,
+            kind::LessOrEq => Leq,
+            kind::More => Gt,
+            kind::MoreOrEq => Geq,
+            kind::NotEqual => Neq,
+            kind::Or => Or,
+            kind::PipeLeft => PipeL,
+            kind::PipeRight => PipeR,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a unary operation.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct UnOp {
+    pub rhs: ExprId,
+    pub kind: UnOpKind,
+}
+
+/// The kinds of unary operations.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum UnOpKind {
+    Neg, // Negation (`-`)
+    Not, // Logical not (`!`)
+}
+
+impl From<ast::UnaryOpKind> for UnOpKind {
+    fn from(value: ast::UnaryOpKind) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            ast::UnaryOpKind::Invert => UnOpKind::Not,
+            ast::UnaryOpKind::Negate => UnOpKind::Neg,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents an attribute selection from an attribute set.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Select {
+    /// The expression that should evaluate to an attribute set.
+    pub expr: ExprId,
+    /// The path of attributes to select.
+    pub attrpath: Vec<Attr>,
+    /// An optional default value to return if the selection fails.
+    pub default: Option<ExprId>,
+}
+
+/// Represents an `if-then-else` expression.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct If {
+    pub cond: ExprId,
+    pub consq: ExprId, // Consequence (then branch)
+    pub alter: ExprId, // Alternative (else branch)
+}
+
+/// Represents a function value (a lambda).
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Func {
+    /// The body of the function
+    pub body: ExprId,
+    /// The parameter specification for the function.
+    pub param: Param,
+
+    pub arg: ExprId,
+}
+
+/// Represents a `let ... in ...` expression.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Let {
+    /// The bindings in the let expression.
+    pub bindings: Vec<ExprId>,
+    /// The body expression evaluated in the scope of the bindings.
+    pub body: ExprId,
+}
+
+/// Describes the parameters of a function.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Param {
+    /// The name of the argument if it's a simple identifier (e.g., `x: ...`).
+    /// Also used for the alias in a pattern (e.g., `args @ { ... }`).
+    pub ident: Option<SymId>,
+    /// The set of required parameter names for a pattern-matching function.
+    pub required: Option<Vec<SymId>>,
+    /// The set of all allowed parameter names for a non-ellipsis pattern-matching function.
+    /// If `None`, any attribute is allowed (ellipsis `...` is present).
+    pub allowed: Option<HashSet<SymId>>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a function call.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Call {
+    /// The expression that evaluates to the function to be called.
+    pub func: ExprId,
+    pub arg: ExprId,
+}
+
+/// Represents a `with` expression.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct With {
+    /// The namespace to bring into scope.
+    pub namespace: ExprId,
+    /// The expression to be evaluated within the new scope.
+    pub expr: ExprId,
+}
+
+/// Represents an `assert` expression.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Assert {
+    /// The condition to assert.
+    pub assertion: ExprId,
+    /// The expression to return if the assertion is true.
+    pub expr: ExprId,
+}
+
+/// Represents the concatenation of multiple string expressions.
+/// This is typically the result of downgrading an interpolated string.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ConcatStrings {
+    pub parts: Vec<ExprId>,
+}
+
+/// Represents a constant value (e.g., integer, float, boolean, null).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct Const {
+    pub val: PubConst,
+}
+
+impl<T: Into<PubConst>> From<T> for Const {
+    fn from(value: T) -> Self {
+        Self { val: value.into() }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a simple, non-interpolated string literal.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Str {
+    pub val: String,
+}
+
+/// Represents a path literal.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Path {
+    /// The expression that evaluates to the string content of the path.
+    /// This can be a simple `Str` or a `ConcatStrings` for interpolated paths.
+    pub expr: ExprId,
+}
diff --git a/nix-js/src/ir/downgrade.rs b/nix-js/src/ir/downgrade.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e838db3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/ir/downgrade.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+use rnix::ast::{self, Expr, HasEntry};
+
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub trait Downgrade<Ctx: DowngradeContext> {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId>;
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for Expr {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        use Expr::*;
+        match self {
+            Apply(apply) => apply.downgrade(ctx),
+            Assert(assert) => assert.downgrade(ctx),
+            Error(error) => Err(self::Error::downgrade_error(error.to_string())),
+            IfElse(ifelse) => ifelse.downgrade(ctx),
+            Select(select) => select.downgrade(ctx),
+            Str(str) => str.downgrade(ctx),
+            Path(path) => path.downgrade(ctx),
+            Literal(lit) => lit.downgrade(ctx),
+            Lambda(lambda) => lambda.downgrade(ctx),
+            LegacyLet(let_) => let_.downgrade(ctx),
+            LetIn(letin) => letin.downgrade(ctx),
+            List(list) => list.downgrade(ctx),
+            BinOp(op) => op.downgrade(ctx),
+            AttrSet(attrs) => attrs.downgrade(ctx),
+            UnaryOp(op) => op.downgrade(ctx),
+            Ident(ident) => ident.downgrade(ctx),
+            With(with) => with.downgrade(ctx),
+            HasAttr(has) => has.downgrade(ctx),
+            Paren(paren) => paren.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx),
+            Root(root) => root.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::Assert {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let assertion = self.condition().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        let expr = self.body().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(Assert { assertion, expr }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::IfElse {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let cond = self.condition().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        let consq = self.body().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        let alter = self.else_body().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(If { cond, consq, alter }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::Path {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let parts = self
+            .parts()
+            .map(|part| match part {
+                ast::InterpolPart::Literal(lit) => Ok(ctx.new_expr(
+                    Str {
+                        val: lit.to_string(),
+                    }
+                    .to_ir(),
+                )),
+                ast::InterpolPart::Interpolation(interpol) => {
+                    interpol.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        let expr = if parts.len() == 1 {
+            parts.into_iter().next().unwrap()
+        } else {
+            ctx.new_expr(ConcatStrings { parts }.to_ir())
+        };
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(Path { expr }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::Str {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let parts = self
+            .normalized_parts()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|part| match part {
+                ast::InterpolPart::Literal(lit) => Ok(ctx.new_expr(Str { val: lit }.to_ir())),
+                ast::InterpolPart::Interpolation(interpol) => {
+                    interpol.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        Ok(if parts.len() == 1 {
+            parts.into_iter().next().unwrap()
+        } else {
+            ctx.new_expr(ConcatStrings { parts }.to_ir())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::Literal {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(match self.kind() {
+            ast::LiteralKind::Integer(int) => Const::from(int.value().unwrap()).to_ir(),
+            ast::LiteralKind::Float(float) => Const::from(float.value().unwrap()).to_ir(),
+            ast::LiteralKind::Uri(uri) => Str {
+                val: uri.to_string(),
+            }
+            .to_ir(),
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::Ident {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let sym = self.ident_token().unwrap().to_string();
+        let sym = ctx.new_sym(sym);
+        ctx.lookup(sym)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::AttrSet {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let rec = self.rec_token().is_some();
+
+        if !rec {
+            let attrs = downgrade_attrs(self, ctx)?;
+            return Ok(ctx.new_expr(attrs.to_ir()));
+        }
+
+        // rec { a = 1; b = a; } => let a = 1; b = a; in { inherit a b; }
+
+        let entries: Vec<_> = self.entries().collect();
+
+        let (bindings, body) = downgrade_let_bindings(entries, ctx, |ctx, binding_keys| {
+            // Create plain attrset as body with inherit
+            let mut attrs = AttrSet {
+                stcs: HashMap::new(),
+                dyns: Vec::new(),
+            };
+
+            for sym in binding_keys {
+                let expr = ctx.lookup(*sym)?;
+                attrs.stcs.insert(*sym, expr);
+            }
+
+            Ok(ctx.new_expr(attrs.to_ir()))
+        })?;
+
+        // Create Let expression
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(Let { bindings, body }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades a list.
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::List {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let items = self
+            .items()
+            .map(|item| maybe_thunk(item, ctx))
+            .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(List { items }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades a binary operation.
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::BinOp {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let lhs = self.lhs().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        let rhs = self.rhs().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        let kind = self.operator().unwrap().into();
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(BinOp { lhs, rhs, kind }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades a "has attribute" (`?`) expression.
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::HasAttr {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let lhs = self.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        let rhs = downgrade_attrpath(self.attrpath().unwrap(), ctx)?;
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(HasAttr { lhs, rhs }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades a unary operation.
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::UnaryOp {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let rhs = self.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        let kind = self.operator().unwrap().into();
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(UnOp { rhs, kind }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades an attribute selection (`.`).
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::Select {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let expr = self.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        let attrpath = downgrade_attrpath(self.attrpath().unwrap(), ctx)?;
+        let default = if let Some(default) = self.default_expr() {
+            Some(default.downgrade(ctx)?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(
+            Select {
+                expr,
+                attrpath,
+                default,
+            }
+            .to_ir(),
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades a `legacy let`, which is essentially a recursive attribute set.
+/// The body of the `let` is accessed via `let.body`.
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::LegacyLet {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let bindings = downgrade_static_attrs(self, ctx)?;
+        let binding_keys: Vec<_> = bindings.keys().copied().collect();
+
+        let attrset_expr = ctx.with_let_scope(bindings, |ctx| {
+            let mut attrs = AttrSet {
+                stcs: HashMap::new(),
+                dyns: Vec::new(),
+            };
+
+            for sym in binding_keys {
+                let expr = ctx.lookup(sym)?;
+                attrs.stcs.insert(sym, expr);
+            }
+
+            Ok(ctx.new_expr(attrs.to_ir()))
+        })?;
+
+        let body_sym = ctx.new_sym("body".to_string());
+        let select = Select {
+            expr: attrset_expr,
+            attrpath: vec![Attr::Str(body_sym)],
+            default: None,
+        };
+
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(select.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades a `let ... in ...` expression.
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::LetIn {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let entries: Vec<_> = self.entries().collect();
+        let body_expr = self.body().unwrap();
+
+        let (bindings, body) = downgrade_let_bindings(entries, ctx, |ctx, _binding_keys| {
+            body_expr.downgrade(ctx)
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(Let { bindings, body }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades a `with` expression.
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::With {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        // with namespace; expr
+        let namespace = self.namespace().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+
+        // Downgrade body in With scope
+        let expr = ctx.with_with_scope(namespace, |ctx| self.body().unwrap().downgrade(ctx))?;
+
+        Ok(expr)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades a lambda (function) expression.
+/// This involves desugaring pattern-matching arguments into `let` bindings.
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::Lambda {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let arg = ctx.new_arg();
+
+        let ident;
+        let required;
+        let allowed;
+        let body;
+
+        match self.param().unwrap() {
+            ast::Param::IdentParam(id) => {
+                // Simple case: `x: body`
+                let param_sym = ctx.new_sym(id.to_string());
+                ident = Some(param_sym);
+                required = None;
+                allowed = None;
+
+                // Downgrade body in Param scope
+                body = ctx
+                    .with_param_scope(param_sym, arg, |ctx| self.body().unwrap().downgrade(ctx))?;
+            }
+            ast::Param::Pattern(pattern) => {
+                // Complex case: `{ a, b ? 2, ... }@args: body`
+                let alias = pattern
+                    .pat_bind()
+                    .map(|alias| ctx.new_sym(alias.ident().unwrap().to_string()));
+                ident = alias;
+
+                let entries = pattern
+                    .pat_entries()
+                    .map(|entry| {
+                        let ident = ctx.new_sym(entry.ident().unwrap().to_string());
+                        if entry.default().is_none() {
+                            Ok((ident, None))
+                        } else {
+                            entry
+                                .default()
+                                .unwrap()
+                                .downgrade(ctx)
+                                .map(|ok| (ident, Some(ok)))
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+                required = Some(
+                    entries
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter_map(|(k, d)| if d.is_none() { Some(*k) } else { None })
+                        .collect(),
+                );
+                allowed = if pattern.ellipsis_token().is_some() {
+                    None // `...` means any attribute is allowed.
+                } else {
+                    Some(entries.iter().map(|(k, _)| *k).collect())
+                };
+
+                // Desugar pattern matching in function arguments into a `let` expression.
+                // For example, `({ a, b ? 2 }): a + b` is desugared into:
+                // `arg: let a = arg.a; b = arg.b or 2; in a + b`
+                let mut bindings: HashMap<_, _> = entries
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|(k, default)| {
+                        // For each formal parameter, create a `Select` expression to extract it from the argument set.
+                        (
+                            k,
+                            ctx.new_expr(
+                                Select {
+                                    expr: arg,
+                                    attrpath: vec![Attr::Str(k)],
+                                    default,
+                                }
+                                .to_ir(),
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+
+                // If there's an alias (`... }@alias`), bind the alias name to the raw argument set.
+                if let Some(alias) = alias {
+                    bindings.insert(alias, arg);
+                }
+
+                // Downgrade body in Let scope and create Let expression
+                let bindings_vec: Vec<ExprId> = bindings.values().copied().collect();
+                let inner_body = ctx.with_let_scope(bindings, |ctx| self.body().unwrap().downgrade(ctx))?;
+
+                // Create Let expression to wrap the bindings
+                body = ctx.new_expr(Let {
+                    bindings: bindings_vec,
+                    body: inner_body,
+                }.to_ir());
+            }
+        }
+
+        let param = Param {
+            ident,
+            required,
+            allowed,
+        };
+        // The function's body and parameters are now stored directly in the `Func` node.
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(Func { body, param, arg }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades a function application.
+/// In Nix, function application is left-associative, so `f a b` should be parsed as `((f a) b)`.
+/// Each Apply node represents a single function call with one argument.
+impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::Apply {
+    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
+        let func = self.lambda().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        let arg = maybe_thunk(self.argument().unwrap(), ctx)?;
+        Ok(ctx.new_expr(Call { func, arg }.to_ir()))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/nix-js/src/ir/utils.rs b/nix-js/src/ir/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..341b364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/ir/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use hashbrown::hash_map::Entry;
+use rnix::ast;
+
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::ir::{Attr, AttrSet, ConcatStrings, ExprId, Ir, Select, Str, SymId};
+use crate::value::format_symbol;
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub fn maybe_thunk(mut expr: ast::Expr, ctx: &mut impl DowngradeContext) -> Result<ExprId> {
+    use ast::Expr::*;
+    let expr = loop {
+        expr = match expr {
+            Paren(paren) => paren.expr().unwrap(),
+            Root(root) => root.expr().unwrap(),
+            expr => break expr,
+        }
+    };
+    match expr {
+        Error(error) => return Err(self::Error::downgrade_error(error.to_string())),
+        Ident(ident) => return ident.downgrade(ctx),
+        Literal(lit) => return lit.downgrade(ctx),
+        Str(str) => return str.downgrade(ctx),
+        Path(path) => return path.downgrade(ctx),
+
+        _ => (),
+    }
+    let id = match expr {
+        Apply(apply) => apply.downgrade(ctx),
+        Assert(assert) => assert.downgrade(ctx),
+        IfElse(ifelse) => ifelse.downgrade(ctx),
+        Select(select) => select.downgrade(ctx),
+        Lambda(lambda) => lambda.downgrade(ctx),
+        LegacyLet(let_) => let_.downgrade(ctx),
+        LetIn(letin) => letin.downgrade(ctx),
+        List(list) => list.downgrade(ctx),
+        BinOp(op) => op.downgrade(ctx),
+        AttrSet(attrs) => attrs.downgrade(ctx),
+        UnaryOp(op) => op.downgrade(ctx),
+        With(with) => with.downgrade(ctx),
+        HasAttr(has) => has.downgrade(ctx),
+
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    }?;
+    Ok(ctx.new_expr(Ir::Thunk(id)))
+}
+
+/// Downgrades the entries of an attribute set.
+/// This handles `inherit` and `attrpath = value;` entries.
+pub fn downgrade_attrs(
+    attrs: impl ast::HasEntry,
+    ctx: &mut impl DowngradeContext,
+) -> Result<AttrSet> {
+    let entries = attrs.entries();
+    let mut attrs = AttrSet {
+        stcs: HashMap::new(),
+        dyns: Vec::new(),
+    };
+
+    for entry in entries {
+        match entry {
+            ast::Entry::Inherit(inherit) => downgrade_inherit(inherit, &mut attrs.stcs, ctx)?,
+            ast::Entry::AttrpathValue(value) => downgrade_attrpathvalue(value, &mut attrs, ctx)?,
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(attrs)
+}
+
+/// Downgrades attribute set entries for a `let...in` expression.
+/// This is a stricter version of `downgrade_attrs` that disallows dynamic attributes,
+/// as `let` bindings must be statically known.
+pub fn downgrade_static_attrs(
+    attrs: impl ast::HasEntry,
+    ctx: &mut impl DowngradeContext,
+) -> Result<HashMap<SymId, ExprId>> {
+    let entries = attrs.entries();
+    let mut attrs = AttrSet {
+        stcs: HashMap::new(),
+        dyns: Vec::new(),
+    };
+
+    for entry in entries {
+        match entry {
+            ast::Entry::Inherit(inherit) => downgrade_inherit(inherit, &mut attrs.stcs, ctx)?,
+            ast::Entry::AttrpathValue(value) => {
+                downgrade_static_attrpathvalue(value, &mut attrs, ctx)?
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(attrs.stcs)
+}
+
+/// Downgrades an `inherit` statement.
+/// `inherit (from) a b;` is translated into `a = from.a; b = from.b;`.
+/// `inherit a b;` is translated into `a = a; b = b;` (i.e., bringing variables into scope).
+pub fn downgrade_inherit(
+    inherit: ast::Inherit,
+    stcs: &mut HashMap<SymId, ExprId>,
+    ctx: &mut impl DowngradeContext,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    // Downgrade the `from` expression if it exists.
+    let from = if let Some(from) = inherit.from() {
+        Some(from.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    for attr in inherit.attrs() {
+        let ident = match downgrade_attr(attr, ctx)? {
+            Attr::Str(ident) => ident,
+            _ => {
+                // `inherit` does not allow dynamic attributes.
+                return Err(Error::downgrade_error(
+                    "dynamic attributes not allowed in inherit".to_string(),
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+        let expr = if let Some(expr) = from {
+            ctx.new_expr(
+                Select {
+                    expr,
+                    attrpath: vec![Attr::Str(ident)],
+                    default: None,
+                }
+                .to_ir(),
+            )
+        } else {
+            ctx.lookup(ident)?
+        };
+        match stcs.entry(ident) {
+            Entry::Occupied(occupied) => {
+                return Err(Error::eval_error(format!(
+                    "attribute '{}' already defined",
+                    format_symbol(ctx.get_sym(*occupied.key()))
+                )));
+            }
+            Entry::Vacant(vacant) => vacant.insert(expr),
+        };
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Downgrades a single attribute key (part of an attribute path).
+/// An attribute can be a static identifier, an interpolated string, or a dynamic expression.
+pub fn downgrade_attr(attr: ast::Attr, ctx: &mut impl DowngradeContext) -> Result<Attr> {
+    use ast::Attr::*;
+    use ast::InterpolPart::*;
+    match attr {
+        Ident(ident) => Ok(Attr::Str(ctx.new_sym(ident.to_string()))),
+        Str(string) => {
+            let parts = string.normalized_parts();
+            if parts.is_empty() {
+                Ok(Attr::Str(ctx.new_sym("".to_string())))
+            } else if parts.len() == 1 {
+                // If the string has only one part, it's either a literal or a single interpolation.
+                match parts.into_iter().next().unwrap() {
+                    Literal(ident) => Ok(Attr::Str(ctx.new_sym(ident))),
+                    Interpolation(interpol) => {
+                        Ok(Attr::Dynamic(interpol.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?))
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // If the string has multiple parts, it's an interpolated string that must be concatenated.
+                let parts = parts
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|part| match part {
+                        Literal(lit) => Ok(ctx.new_expr(self::Str { val: lit }.to_ir())),
+                        Interpolation(interpol) => interpol.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx),
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+                Ok(Attr::Dynamic(ctx.new_expr(ConcatStrings { parts }.to_ir())))
+            }
+        }
+        Dynamic(dynamic) => Ok(Attr::Dynamic(dynamic.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?)),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downgrades an attribute path (e.g., `a.b."${c}".d`) into a `Vec<Attr>`.
+pub fn downgrade_attrpath(
+    attrpath: ast::Attrpath,
+    ctx: &mut impl DowngradeContext,
+) -> Result<Vec<Attr>> {
+    attrpath
+        .attrs()
+        .map(|attr| downgrade_attr(attr, ctx))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()
+}
+
+/// Downgrades an `attrpath = value;` expression and inserts it into an `AttrSet`.
+pub fn downgrade_attrpathvalue(
+    value: ast::AttrpathValue,
+    attrs: &mut AttrSet,
+    ctx: &mut impl DowngradeContext,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let path = downgrade_attrpath(value.attrpath().unwrap(), ctx)?;
+    let value = maybe_thunk(value.value().unwrap(), ctx)?;
+    attrs.insert(path, value, ctx)
+}
+
+/// A stricter version of `downgrade_attrpathvalue` for `let...in` bindings.
+/// It ensures that the attribute path contains no dynamic parts.
+pub fn downgrade_static_attrpathvalue(
+    value: ast::AttrpathValue,
+    attrs: &mut AttrSet,
+    ctx: &mut impl DowngradeContext,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let path = downgrade_attrpath(value.attrpath().unwrap(), ctx)?;
+    if path.iter().any(|attr| matches!(attr, Attr::Dynamic(_))) {
+        return Err(Error::downgrade_error(
+            "dynamic attributes not allowed in let bindings".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+    let value = value.value().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+    attrs.insert(path, value, ctx)
+}
+
+/// Helper function to downgrade entries with let bindings semantics.
+/// This extracts common logic for both `rec` attribute sets and `let...in` expressions.
+///
+/// Returns a tuple of (binding slots, body result) where:
+/// - binding slots: pre-allocated expression slots for the bindings
+/// - body result: the result of calling `body_fn` in the let scope
+pub fn downgrade_let_bindings<Ctx, F, R>(
+    entries: Vec<ast::Entry>,
+    ctx: &mut Ctx,
+    body_fn: F,
+) -> Result<(Vec<ExprId>, R)>
+where
+    Ctx: DowngradeContext,
+    F: FnOnce(&mut Ctx, &[SymId]) -> Result<R>,
+{
+    // 1. Collect all top-level binding keys
+    let mut binding_syms = HashSet::new();
+
+    for entry in &entries {
+        match entry {
+            ast::Entry::Inherit(inherit) => {
+                for attr in inherit.attrs() {
+                    if let ast::Attr::Ident(ident) = attr {
+                        binding_syms.insert(ctx.new_sym(ident.to_string()));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ast::Entry::AttrpathValue(value) => {
+                let attrpath = value.attrpath().unwrap();
+                if let Some(first_attr) = attrpath.attrs().next()
+                    && let ast::Attr::Ident(ident) = first_attr
+                {
+                    binding_syms.insert(ctx.new_sym(ident.to_string()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let binding_keys: Vec<_> = binding_syms.into_iter().collect();
+
+    // 2. Reserve slots for bindings
+    let slots_iter = ctx.reserve_slots(binding_keys.len());
+    let slots_clone = slots_iter.clone();
+
+    // 3. Create let scope bindings
+    let let_bindings: HashMap<_, _> = binding_keys.iter().copied().zip(slots_iter).collect();
+
+    // 4. Process entries in let scope
+    let body = ctx.with_let_scope(let_bindings, |ctx| {
+        // Collect all bindings in a temporary AttrSet
+        let mut temp_attrs = AttrSet {
+            stcs: HashMap::new(),
+            dyns: Vec::new(),
+        };
+
+        for entry in entries {
+            match entry {
+                ast::Entry::Inherit(inherit) => {
+                    downgrade_inherit(inherit, &mut temp_attrs.stcs, ctx)?;
+                }
+                ast::Entry::AttrpathValue(value) => {
+                    downgrade_static_attrpathvalue(value, &mut temp_attrs, ctx)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Fill pre-allocated slots with top-level bindings
+        for (sym, slot) in binding_keys.iter().copied().zip(slots_clone.clone()) {
+            if let Some(&expr) = temp_attrs.stcs.get(&sym) {
+                ctx.replace_expr(slot, Ir::Thunk(expr));
+            } else {
+                return Err(Error::downgrade_error(format!(
+                    "binding '{}' not found",
+                    format_symbol(ctx.get_sym(sym))
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Call the body function with the binding keys
+        body_fn(ctx, &binding_keys)
+    })?;
+
+    // 5. Return the slots and body
+    Ok((slots_clone.collect(), body))
+}
diff --git a/nix-js/src/lib.rs b/nix-js/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f11b95c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+pub mod codegen;
+pub mod context;
+pub mod error;
+pub mod ir;
+pub mod runtime;
+pub mod value;
+
+#[global_allocator]
+static GLOBAL: mimalloc::MiMalloc = mimalloc::MiMalloc;
diff --git a/nix-js/src/runtime.rs b/nix-js/src/runtime.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56541ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/runtime.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::sync::Once;
+
+use crate::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::value::{AttrSet, Const, List, Symbol, Value};
+
+static INIT: Once = Once::new();
+
+thread_local! {
+    static ISOLATE: RefCell<v8::OwnedIsolate> =
+        RefCell::new(v8::Isolate::new(Default::default()));
+}
+
+pub fn run(script: &str) -> Result<Value> {
+    INIT.call_once(|| {
+        v8::V8::initialize_platform(v8::new_default_platform(0, false).make_shared());
+        v8::V8::initialize();
+    });
+
+    ISOLATE.with_borrow_mut(|isolate| run_impl(script, isolate))
+}
+
+fn run_impl(script: &str, isolate: &mut v8::Isolate) -> Result<Value> {
+    let handle_scope = std::pin::pin!(v8::HandleScope::new(isolate));
+    let handle_scope = &mut handle_scope.init();
+    let context = v8::Context::new(handle_scope, v8::ContextOptions::default());
+    let scope = &mut v8::ContextScope::new(handle_scope, context);
+
+    let runtime_code = include_str!("./runtime/runtime.js");
+    let runtime_source = v8::String::new(scope, runtime_code).unwrap();
+    let runtime_script = v8::Script::compile(scope, runtime_source, None).unwrap();
+
+    if runtime_script.run(scope).is_none() {
+        return Err(Error::eval_error("Failed to initialize runtime".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    let source = v8::String::new(scope, script).unwrap();
+
+    // Use TryCatch to capture JavaScript exceptions
+    let try_catch = std::pin::pin!(v8::TryCatch::new(scope));
+    let try_catch = &mut try_catch.init();
+    let script = match v8::Script::compile(try_catch, source, None) {
+        Some(script) => script,
+        None => {
+            if let Some(exception) = try_catch.exception() {
+                let exception_string = exception
+                    .to_string(try_catch)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .to_rust_string_lossy(try_catch);
+                return Err(Error::eval_error(format!("Compilation error: {}", exception_string)));
+            } else {
+                return Err(Error::eval_error("Unknown compilation error".to_string()));
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    match script.run(try_catch) {
+        Some(result) => Ok(to_value(result, try_catch)),
+        None => {
+            if let Some(exception) = try_catch.exception() {
+                let exception_string = exception
+                    .to_string(try_catch)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .to_rust_string_lossy(try_catch);
+                Err(Error::eval_error(format!("Runtime error: {}", exception_string)))
+            } else {
+                Err(Error::eval_error("Unknown runtime error".to_string()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn to_value<'a>(
+    val: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
+    scope: &v8::PinnedRef<'a, v8::HandleScope>,
+) -> Value {
+    match () {
+        _ if val.is_int32() => {
+            let val = val.to_int32(scope).unwrap().value();
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(val as i64))
+        }
+        _ if val.is_big_int() => {
+            let (val, true) = val.to_big_int(scope).unwrap().i64_value() else {
+                todo!()
+            };
+            Value::Const(Const::Int(val))
+        }
+        _ if val.is_number() => {
+            let val = val.to_number(scope).unwrap().value();
+            Value::Const(Const::Float(val))
+        }
+        _ if val.is_true() => Value::Const(Const::Bool(true)),
+        _ if val.is_false() => Value::Const(Const::Bool(false)),
+        _ if val.is_null() => Value::Const(Const::Bool(true)),
+        _ if val.is_string() => {
+            let val = val.to_string(scope).unwrap();
+            Value::String(val.to_rust_string_lossy(scope))
+        }
+        _ if val.is_array() => {
+            let val = val.try_cast::<v8::Array>().unwrap();
+            let len = val.length();
+            let list = (0..len)
+                .map(|i| {
+                    let val = val.get_index(scope, i).unwrap();
+                    to_value(val, scope)
+                })
+                .collect();
+            Value::List(List::new(list))
+        }
+        _ if val.is_object() => {
+            let val = val.to_object(scope).unwrap();
+            let keys = val
+                .get_own_property_names(scope, v8::GetPropertyNamesArgsBuilder::new().build())
+                .unwrap();
+            let len = keys.length();
+            let attrs = (0..len)
+                .map(|i| {
+                    let key = keys.get_index(scope, i).unwrap();
+                    let val = val.get(scope, key).unwrap();
+                    let key = key.to_rust_string_lossy(scope);
+                    (Symbol::new(key), to_value(val, scope))
+                })
+                .collect();
+            Value::AttrSet(AttrSet::new(attrs))
+        }
+        _ if val.is_function_template() => Value::PrimOp,
+        _ if val.is_function() => Value::Func,
+        _ => todo!("{}", val.type_repr()),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_value_working() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        run("({
+              test: [1, 9223372036854775807n, true, false, 'hello world!']
+            })").unwrap(),
+        Value::AttrSet(AttrSet::new(std::collections::BTreeMap::from([(
+            Symbol::from("test"),
+            Value::List(List::new(vec![
+                Value::Const(Const::Int(1)),
+                Value::Const(Const::Int(9223372036854775807)),
+                Value::Const(Const::Bool(true)),
+                Value::Const(Const::Bool(false)),
+                Value::String("hello world!".to_string())
+            ]))
+        )])))
+    );
+}
diff --git a/nix-js/src/runtime/runtime.js b/nix-js/src/runtime/runtime.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba17dcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/runtime/runtime.js
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+const NixRuntime = (() => {
+    const IS_THUNK = Symbol("is_thunk");
+
+    class NixThunk {
+        constructor(func) {
+            this[IS_THUNK] = true;
+            this.func = func;
+            this.is_forced = false;
+            this.result = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const is_thunk = (value) => {
+        return value !== null && typeof value === "object" && value[IS_THUNK] === true;
+    };
+
+    const force = (value) => {
+        if (!is_thunk(value)) {
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        if (value.is_forced) {
+            return value.result;
+        }
+
+        const result = force(value.func());
+        value.result = result;
+        value.is_forced = true;
+
+        value.func = null;
+
+        return result;
+    };
+
+    const create_thunk = (func) => new NixThunk(func);
+
+    const create_lazy_set = (definitions) => {
+        const cache = new Map();
+        return new Proxy({}, {
+            get: (_target, key) => {
+                if (cache.has(key)) {
+                    return cache.get(key);
+                }
+
+                if (key in definitions) {
+                    const value = definitions[key]();
+                    cache.set(key, value);
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                return undefined;
+            }
+        });
+    };
+
+    const trace = (msg, value) => {
+        console.log(`[TRACE] ${msg}`);
+        return force(value);
+    };
+
+    const select = (obj, key) => {
+        const forced_obj = force(obj);
+        const forced_key = force(key);
+
+        if (forced_obj === null || forced_obj === undefined) {
+            throw new Error(`Cannot select '${forced_key}' from null/undefined`);
+        }
+
+        if (!(forced_key in forced_obj)) {
+            throw new Error(`Attribute '${forced_key}' not found`);
+        }
+
+        return forced_obj[forced_key];
+    };
+
+    const select_with_default = (obj, key, default_val) => {
+        const forced_obj = force(obj);
+        const forced_key = force(key);
+
+        if (forced_obj === null || forced_obj === undefined) {
+            return force(default_val);
+        }
+
+        if (!(forced_key in forced_obj)) {
+            return force(default_val);
+        }
+
+        return forced_obj[forced_key];
+    };
+
+    const validate_params = (arg, required, allowed) => {
+        const forced_arg = force(arg);
+
+        // Check required parameters
+        if (required) {
+            for (const key of required) {
+                if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(forced_arg, key)) {
+                    throw new Error(`Function called without required argument '${key}'`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check allowed parameters (if not using ellipsis)
+        if (allowed) {
+            const allowed_set = new Set(allowed);
+            for (const key in forced_arg) {
+                if (!allowed_set.has(key)) {
+                    throw new Error(`Function called with unexpected argument '${key}'`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return forced_arg;
+    };
+
+    const op = {
+        add: (a, b) => force(a) + force(b),
+        sub: (a, b) => force(a) - force(b),
+        mul: (a, b) => force(a) * force(b),
+        div: (a, b) => force(a) / force(b),
+
+        eq:  (a, b) => force(a) === force(b),
+        neq: (a, b) => force(a) !== force(b),
+        lt:  (a, b) => force(a) < force(b),
+        lte: (a, b) => force(a) <= force(b),
+        gt:  (a, b) => force(a) > force(b),
+        gte: (a, b) => force(a) >= force(b),
+
+        band: (a, b) => force(a) && force(b),
+        bor:  (a, b) => force(a) || force(b),
+        bnot: (a) => !force(a)
+    };
+
+    return {
+        create_thunk,
+        force,
+        is_thunk,
+        create_lazy_set,
+        trace,
+        select,
+        select_with_default,
+        validate_params,
+        op
+    };
+})();
diff --git a/nix-js/src/value.rs b/nix-js/src/value.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31faf4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nix-js/src/value.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+use core::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result as FmtResult};
+use core::hash::Hash;
+use core::ops::Deref;
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
+
+use derive_more::{Constructor, IsVariant, Unwrap};
+use regex::Regex;
+
+/// Represents a constant, primitive value in Nix.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, IsVariant, Unwrap)]
+pub enum Const {
+    /// A boolean value (`true` or `false`).
+    Bool(bool),
+    /// A 64-bit signed integer.
+    Int(i64),
+    /// A 64-bit floating-point number.
+    Float(f64),
+    /// The `null` value.
+    Null,
+}
+
+impl Display for Const {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
+        use Const::*;
+        match self {
+            Int(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            Float(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            Bool(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            Null => write!(f, "null"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<bool> for Const {
+    fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
+        Const::Bool(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<i64> for Const {
+    fn from(value: i64) -> Self {
+        Const::Int(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<f64> for Const {
+    fn from(value: f64) -> Self {
+        Const::Float(value)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a Nix symbol, which is used as a key in attribute sets.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Constructor)]
+pub struct Symbol(String);
+
+impl<T: Into<String>> From<T> for Symbol {
+    fn from(value: T) -> Self {
+        Symbol(value.into())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Formats a string slice as a Nix symbol, quoting it if necessary.
+pub fn format_symbol<'a>(sym: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>) -> Cow<'a, str> {
+    let sym = sym.into();
+    if REGEX.is_match(&sym) {
+        sym
+    } else {
+        Cow::Owned(format!(r#""{sym}""#))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Symbol {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
+        if self.normal() {
+            write!(f, "{}", self.0)
+        } else {
+            write!(f, r#""{}""#, self.0)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static REGEX: LazyLock<Regex> =
+    LazyLock::new(|| Regex::new(r"^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_'-]*$").unwrap());
+impl Symbol {
+    /// Checks if the symbol is a "normal" identifier that doesn't require quotes.
+    fn normal(&self) -> bool {
+        REGEX.is_match(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for Symbol {
+    type Target = str;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Symbol {
+    /// Consumes the `Symbol`, returning its inner `String`.
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> String {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the inner `String`.
+    pub fn as_inner(&self) -> &String {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a Nix attribute set, which is a map from symbols to values.
+#[derive(Constructor, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct AttrSet {
+    data: BTreeMap<Symbol, Value>,
+}
+
+impl Debug for AttrSet {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
+        use Value::*;
+        write!(f, "{{")?;
+        for (k, v) in self.data.iter() {
+            write!(f, " {k:?} = ")?;
+            match v {
+                List(_) => write!(f, "[ ... ];")?,
+                AttrSet(_) => write!(f, "{{ ... }};")?,
+                v => write!(f, "{v:?};")?,
+            }
+        }
+        write!(f, " }}")
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for AttrSet {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
+        use Value::*;
+        write!(f, "{{ ")?;
+        let mut first = true;
+        for (k, v) in self.data.iter() {
+            if !first {
+                write!(f, "; ")?;
+            }
+            write!(f, "{k} = ")?;
+            match v {
+                AttrSet(_) => write!(f, "{{ ... }}"),
+                List(_) => write!(f, "[ ... ]"),
+                v => write!(f, "{v}"),
+            }?;
+            first = false;
+        }
+        write!(f, " }}")
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a Nix list, which is a vector of values.
+#[derive(Constructor, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct List {
+    data: Vec<Value>,
+}
+
+impl Display for List {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
+        write!(f, "[ ")?;
+        for v in self.data.iter() {
+            write!(f, "{v} ")?;
+        }
+        write!(f, "]")
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents any possible Nix value that can be returned from an evaluation.
+#[derive(IsVariant, Unwrap, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Value {
+    /// A constant value (int, float, bool, null).
+    Const(Const),
+    /// A string value.
+    String(String),
+    /// An attribute set.
+    AttrSet(AttrSet),
+    /// A list.
+    List(List),
+    /// A thunk, representing a delayed computation.
+    Thunk,
+    /// A function (lambda).
+    Func,
+    /// A primitive (built-in) operation.
+    PrimOp,
+    /// A partially applied primitive operation.
+    PrimOpApp,
+    /// A marker for a value that has been seen before during serialization, to break cycles.
+    /// This is used to prevent infinite recursion when printing or serializing cyclic data structures.
+    Repeated,
+}
+
+impl Display for Value {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
+        use Value::*;
+        match self {
+            Const(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            String(x) => write!(f, r#""{x}""#),
+            AttrSet(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            List(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            Thunk => write!(f, "<CODE>"),
+            Func => write!(f, "<LAMBDA>"),
+            PrimOp => write!(f, "<PRIMOP>"),
+            PrimOpApp => write!(f, "<PRIMOP-APP>"),
+            Repeated => write!(f, "<REPEATED>"),
+        }
+    }
+}