feat: runtime error

refactor: less unwrap
refactor: flatten Ir::Const & Value::Const; add Ir::Builtin to represent
2026-01-10 10:28:48 +08:00 · 2026-01-10 10:28:48 +08:00 · 2026-01-10 10:27:55 +08:00 · 2026-01-09 17:57:22 +08:00
25 changed files with 622 additions and 539 deletions
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/conversion.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/conversion.ts
@@ -5,21 +5,21 @@
 import type { NixValue } from "../types";

 export const fromJSON = (e: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: fromJSON";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: fromJSON");
 };

 export const fromTOML = (e: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: fromTOML";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: fromTOML");
 };

 export const toJSON = (e: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: toJSON";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: toJSON");
 };

 export const toXML = (e: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: toXML";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: toXML");
 };

 export const toString = (name: NixValue, s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: toString";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: toString");
 };
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/derivation.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/derivation.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import type { NixValue } from "../types";

 export const derivation = (args: NixValue) => {
-  throw "Not implemented: derivation";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: derivation");
 };

 export const derivationStrict = (args: NixValue) => {
-  throw "Not implemented: derivationStrict";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: derivationStrict");
 };
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/functional.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/functional.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 * Functional programming builtin functions
 */

-import type { NixValue } from "../types";
+import { CatchableError, type NixValue } from "../types";
 import { force } from "../thunk";
+import { force_string } from "../type-assert";

 export const seq =
  (e1: NixValue) =>
@@ -15,15 +16,15 @@ export const seq =
 export const deepSeq =
  (e1: NixValue) =>
  (e2: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: deepSeq";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: deepSeq");
  };

 export const abort = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw `evaluation aborted with the following error message: '${force(s)}'`;
+  throw new Error(`evaluation aborted with the following error message: '${force(s)}'`);
 };

 export const throwFunc = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw force(s);
+  throw new CatchableError(force_string(s));
 };

 export const trace = (e1: NixValue, e2: NixValue): NixValue => {
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/index.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/index.ts
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ export const builtins: any = {

  builtins: create_thunk(() => builtins),
  currentSystem: create_thunk(() => {
-    throw "Not implemented: currentSystem";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: currentSystem");
  }),
  currentTime: create_thunk(() => Date.now()),

--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/io.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/io.ts
@@ -25,39 +25,39 @@ export const importFunc = (path: NixValue): NixValue => {
 export const scopedImport =
  (scope: NixValue) =>
  (path: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: scopedImport";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: scopedImport");
  };

 export const storePath = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: storePath";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: storePath");
 };

 export const fetchClosure = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: fetchClosure";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: fetchClosure");
 };

 export const fetchMercurial = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: fetchMercurial";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: fetchMercurial");
 };

 export const fetchGit = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: fetchGit";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: fetchGit");
 };

 export const fetchTarball = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: fetchTarball";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: fetchTarball");
 };

 export const fetchTree = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: fetchTree";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: fetchTree");
 };

 export const fetchurl = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: fetchurl";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: fetchurl");
 };

 export const readDir = (path: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: readDir";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: readDir");
 };

 export const readFile = (path: NixValue): string => {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export const readFile = (path: NixValue): string => {
 };

 export const readFileType = (path: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: readFileType";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: readFileType");
 };

 export const pathExists = (path: NixValue): boolean => {
@@ -75,27 +75,27 @@ export const pathExists = (path: NixValue): boolean => {
 };

 export const path = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: path";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: path");
 };

 export const toFile = (name: NixValue, s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: toFile";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: toFile");
 };

 export const toPath = (name: NixValue, s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: toPath";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: toPath");
 };

 export const filterSource = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: filterSource";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: filterSource");
 };

 export const findFile =
  (search: NixValue) =>
  (lookup: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: findFile";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: findFile");
  };

 export const getEnv = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: getEnv";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: getEnv");
 };
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/misc.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/misc.ts
@@ -2,141 +2,155 @@
 * Miscellaneous unimplemented builtin functions
 */

-import type { NixValue } from "../types";
+import { force } from "../thunk";
+import { CatchableError } from "../types";
+import type { NixBool, NixStrictValue, NixValue } from "../types";

 export const addErrorContext =
  (e1: NixValue) =>
  (e2: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: addErrorContext";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: addErrorContext");
  };

 export const appendContext =
  (e1: NixValue) =>
  (e2: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: appendContext";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: appendContext");
  };

 export const getContext = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: getContext";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: getContext");
 };

 export const hasContext = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: hasContext";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: hasContext");
 };

 export const hashFile =
  (type: NixValue) =>
  (p: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: hashFile";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: hashFile");
  };

 export const hashString =
  (type: NixValue) =>
  (p: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: hashString";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: hashString");
  };

 export const convertHash = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: convertHash";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: convertHash");
 };

 export const unsafeDiscardOutputDependency = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: unsafeDiscardOutputDependency";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: unsafeDiscardOutputDependency");
 };

 export const unsafeDiscardStringContext = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: unsafeDiscardStringContext";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: unsafeDiscardStringContext");
 };

 export const unsafeGetAttrPos = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: unsafeGetAttrPos";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: unsafeGetAttrPos");
 };

 export const addDrvOutputDependencies = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: addDrvOutputDependencies";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: addDrvOutputDependencies");
 };

 export const compareVersions =
  (s1: NixValue) =>
  (s2: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: compareVersions";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: compareVersions");
  };

 export const dirOf = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: dirOf";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: dirOf");
 };

 export const flakeRefToString = (attrs: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: flakeRefToString";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: flakeRefToString");
 };

 export const functionArgs = (f: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: functionArgs";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: functionArgs");
 };

 export const genericClosure = (args: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: genericClosure";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: genericClosure");
 };

 export const getFlake = (attrs: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: getFlake";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: getFlake");
 };

 export const match =
  (regex: NixValue) =>
  (str: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: match";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: match");
  };

 export const outputOf =
  (drv: NixValue) =>
  (out: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: outputOf";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: outputOf");
  };

 export const parseDrvName = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: parseDrvName";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: parseDrvName");
 };

 export const parseFlakeName = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: parseFlakeName";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: parseFlakeName");
 };

 export const parseFlakeRef = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: parseFlakeRef";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: parseFlakeRef");
 };

 export const placeholder = (output: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: placeholder";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: placeholder");
 };

 export const replaceStrings =
  (from: NixValue) =>
  (to: NixValue) =>
  (s: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: replaceStrings";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: replaceStrings");
  };

 export const split = (regex: NixValue, str: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: split";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: split");
 };

 export const splitVersion = (s: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: splitVersion";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: splitVersion");
 };

 export const traceVerbose = (e1: NixValue, e2: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: traceVerbose";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: traceVerbose");
 };

-export const tryEval =
-  (e1: NixValue) =>
-  (e2: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: tryEval";
-  };
+export const tryEval = (e: NixValue): { success: NixBool; value: NixStrictValue } => {
+  try {
+    return {
+      success: true,
+      value: force(e),
+    };
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (err instanceof CatchableError) {
+      return {
+        success: false,
+        value: false,
+      };
+    } else {
+      throw err;
+    }
+  }
+};

 export const zipAttrsWith =
  (f: NixValue) =>
  (list: NixValue): never => {
-    throw "Not implemented: zipAttrsWith";
+    throw new Error("Not implemented: zipAttrsWith");
  };
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/type-check.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/type-check.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import type {
  NixInt,
  NixList,
  NixNull,
+  NixStrictValue,
  NixString,
  NixValue,
 } from "../types";
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ export const isList = (e: NixValue): e is NixList => Array.isArray(force(e));
 export const isNull = (e: NixValue): e is NixNull => force(e) === null;

 export const isPath = (e: NixValue): never => {
-  throw "Not implemented: isPath";
+  throw new Error("Not implemented: isPath");
 };

 export const isString = (e: NixValue): e is NixString => typeof force(e) === "string";
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/helpers.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/helpers.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 * Helper functions for nix-js runtime
 */

-import type { NixValue, NixAttrs } from "./types";
+import type { NixValue, NixAttrs, NixBool } from "./types";
 import { force_attrs, force_string } from "./type-assert";
+import { isAttrs } from "./builtins/type-check";

 /**
 * Resolve a path (handles both absolute and relative paths)
@@ -47,14 +48,9 @@ export const select = (obj: NixValue, key: NixValue): NixValue => {
 * @returns obj[key] if exists, otherwise default_val
 */
 export const select_with_default = (obj: NixValue, key: NixValue, default_val: NixValue): NixValue => {
-  const forced_obj = force_attrs(obj);
+  const attrs = force_attrs(obj);
  const forced_key = force_string(key);

-  if (forced_obj === null || forced_obj === undefined) {
-    return default_val;
-  }
-
-  const attrs = forced_obj;
  if (!(forced_key in attrs)) {
    return default_val;
  }
@@ -62,6 +58,23 @@ export const select_with_default = (obj: NixValue, key: NixValue, default_val: N
  return attrs[forced_key];
 };

+export const has_attr = (obj: NixValue, attrpath: NixValue[]): NixBool => {
+  if (!isAttrs(obj)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  let attrs = obj;
+
+  for (const attr of attrpath.slice(0, -1)) {
+    const cur = attrs[force_string(attr)];
+    if (!isAttrs(cur)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    attrs = cur;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+};
+
 /**
 * Validate function parameters
 * Used for pattern matching in function parameters
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/index.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/index.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 */

 import { create_thunk, force, is_thunk, IS_THUNK } from "./thunk";
-import { select, select_with_default, validate_params, resolve_path } from "./helpers";
+import { select, select_with_default, validate_params, resolve_path, has_attr } from "./helpers";
 import { op } from "./operators";
 import { builtins, PRIMOP_METADATA } from "./builtins";

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ export const Nix = {
  is_thunk,
  IS_THUNK,

+  has_attr,
  select,
  select_with_default,
  validate_params,
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/thunk.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/thunk.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 * Implements thunks for lazy evaluation of Nix expressions
 */

-import type { NixValue, NixThunkInterface } from "./types";
+import type { NixValue, NixThunkInterface, NixStrictValue } from "./types";

 /**
 * Symbol used to mark objects as thunks
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ export const IS_THUNK = Symbol("is_thunk");
 export class NixThunk implements NixThunkInterface {
  [key: symbol]: any;
  readonly [IS_THUNK] = true as const;
-  func: (() => NixValue) | null;
-  result: Exclude<NixValue, NixThunkInterface> | null;
+  func: (() => NixValue) | undefined;
+  result: NixStrictValue | undefined;

  constructor(func: () => NixValue) {
    this.func = func;
-    this.result = null;
+    this.result = undefined;
  }
 }

@@ -46,20 +46,20 @@ export const is_thunk = (value: unknown): value is NixThunkInterface => {
 * @param value - Value to force (may be a thunk)
 * @returns The forced/evaluated value
 */
-export const force = (value: NixValue): Exclude<NixValue, NixThunkInterface> => {
+export const force = (value: NixValue): NixStrictValue => {
  if (!is_thunk(value)) {
    return value;
  }

  // Already evaluated - return cached result
-  if (value.func === null) {
+  if (value.func === undefined) {
    return value.result!;
  }

  // Evaluate and cache
  const result = force(value.func());
  value.result = result;
-  value.func = null;
+  value.func = undefined;

  return result;
 };
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/type-assert.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/type-assert.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ const typeName = (value: NixValue): string => {
  if (typeof val === "object") return "attribute set";

  throw new TypeError(`Unknown Nix type: ${typeof val}`);
-}
+};

 /**
 * Force a value and assert it's a list
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ export const force_function = (value: NixValue): NixFunction => {
 */
 export const force_attrs = (value: NixValue): NixAttrs => {
  const forced = force(value);
-  if (!isAttrs(forced)) {
+  if (typeof forced !== "object" || Array.isArray(forced) || forced === null) {
    throw new TypeError(`Expected attribute set, got ${typeName(forced)}`);
  }
  return forced;
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/types.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/types.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 * Core TypeScript type definitions for nix-js runtime
 */

+import { IS_THUNK } from "./thunk";
+
 // Nix primitive types
 export type NixInt = bigint;
 export type NixFloat = number;
@@ -20,9 +22,9 @@ export type NixFunction = (...args: any[]) => any;
 * Thunks delay evaluation until forced
 */
 export interface NixThunkInterface {
-  readonly [key: symbol]: true; // IS_THUNK marker
-  func: (() => NixValue) | null;
-  result: Exclude<NixValue, NixThunkInterface> | null;
+  readonly [IS_THUNK]: true;
+  func: (() => NixValue) | undefined;
+  result: NixStrictValue | undefined;
 }

 // Union of all Nix primitive types
@@ -34,6 +36,18 @@ export type NixPrimitive = NixNull | NixBool | NixInt | NixFloat | NixString;
 */
 export type NixValue = NixPrimitive | NixList | NixAttrs | NixFunction | NixThunkInterface;

+export type NixStrictValue = Exclude<NixValue, NixThunkInterface>;
+
+/**
+ * CatchableError: Error type thrown by `builtins.throw`
+ * This can be caught by `builtins.tryEval`
+ */
+export class CatchableError extends Error {
+  constructor(msg: string) {
+    super(msg);
+  }
+}
+
 // Operator function signatures
 export type BinaryOp<T = NixValue, U = NixValue, R = NixValue> = (a: T, b: U) => R;
 export type UnaryOp<T = NixValue, R = NixValue> = (a: T) => R;
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/types/global.d.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/types/global.d.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 import type { NixRuntime } from "..";

-export {};
-
 declare global {
  var Nix: NixRuntime;
  namespace Deno {
--- a/nix-js/src/bin/eval.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/bin/eval.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
    }
    args.next();
    let expr = args.next().unwrap();
-    match Context::new().eval_code(&expr) {
+    match Context::new()?.eval_code(&expr) {
        Ok(value) => {
            println!("{value}");
            Ok(())
--- a/nix-js/src/bin/repl.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/bin/repl.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use nix_js::context::Context;

 fn main() -> Result<()> {
    let mut rl = DefaultEditor::new()?;
-    let mut context = Context::new();
+    let mut context = Context::new()?;
    let re = Regex::new(r"^\s*([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_'-]*)\s*=(.*)$").unwrap();
    loop {
        let readline = rl.readline("nix-js-repl> ");
--- a/nix-js/src/codegen.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/codegen.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ use itertools::Itertools as _;

 use crate::ir::*;

-pub trait Compile<Ctx: CodegenContext> {
+pub(crate) trait Compile<Ctx: CodegenContext> {
    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String;
 }

-pub trait CodegenContext {
+pub(crate) trait CodegenContext {
    fn get_ir(&self, id: ExprId) -> &Ir;
    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> &str;
 }
@@ -14,22 +14,24 @@ pub trait CodegenContext {
 impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Ir {
    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String {
        match self {
-            Ir::Const(Const { val }) => match val {
-                crate::value::Const::Null => "null".to_string(),
-                crate::value::Const::Int(val) => format!("{}n", val), // Generate BigInt literal
-                crate::value::Const::Float(val) => val.to_string(),
-                crate::value::Const::Bool(val) => val.to_string(),
-            },
+            Ir::Int(int) => format!("{int}n"), // Generate BigInt literal
+            Ir::Float(float) => float.to_string(),
            Ir::Str(s) => {
                // Escape string for JavaScript
-                let escaped = s
-                    .val
-                    .replace('\\', "\\\\")
-                    .replace('"', "\\\"")
-                    .replace('\n', "\\n")
-                    .replace('\r', "\\r")
-                    .replace('\t', "\\t");
-                format!("\"{}\"", escaped)
+                let mut escaped = String::with_capacity(s.val.len() + 2);
+                escaped.push('"');
+                for c in s.val.chars() {
+                    match c {
+                        '\\' => escaped.push_str("\\\\"),
+                        '\"' => escaped.push_str("\\\""),
+                        '\n' => escaped.push_str("\\n"),
+                        '\r' => escaped.push_str("\\r"),
+                        '\t' => escaped.push_str("\\t"),
+                        _ => escaped.push(c),
+                    }
+                }
+                escaped.push('"');
+                escaped
            }
            Ir::Path(p) => {
                // Path needs runtime resolution for interpolated paths
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Ir {
                format!("expr{}", expr_id.0)
            }
            Ir::Builtins(_) => "Nix.builtins".to_string(),
+            &Ir::Builtin(Builtin(name)) => format!("Nix.builtins[\"{}\"]", ctx.get_sym(name)),
            Ir::ConcatStrings(x) => x.compile(ctx),
            Ir::HasAttr(x) => x.compile(ctx),
            &Ir::Assert(Assert { assertion, expr }) => {
@@ -91,8 +94,8 @@ impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for BinOp {
            Leq => format!("Nix.op.lte({},{})", lhs, rhs),
            Geq => format!("Nix.op.gte({},{})", lhs, rhs),
            // Short-circuit operators: use JavaScript native && and ||
-            And => format!("(Nix.force({}) && Nix.force({}))", lhs, rhs),
-            Or => format!("(Nix.force({}) || Nix.force({}))", lhs, rhs),
+            And => format!("Nix.force({}) && Nix.force({})", lhs, rhs),
+            Or => format!("Nix.force({}) || Nix.force({})", lhs, rhs),
            Impl => format!("(!Nix.force({}) || Nix.force({}))", lhs, rhs),
            Con => format!("Nix.op.concat({},{})", lhs, rhs),
            Upd => format!("Nix.op.update({},{})", lhs, rhs),
@@ -205,13 +208,13 @@ impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Select {

        for (i, attr) in self.attrpath.iter().enumerate() {
            let is_last = i == attr_count - 1;
-            let has_default = self.default.is_some() && is_last;
-
            result = match attr {
                Attr::Str(sym) => {
                    let key = ctx.get_sym(*sym);
-                    if has_default {
-                        let default_val = ctx.get_ir(self.default.unwrap()).compile(ctx);
+                    if let Some(default) = self.default
+                        && is_last
+                    {
+                        let default_val = ctx.get_ir(default).compile(ctx);
                        format!(
                            "Nix.select_with_default({}, \"{}\", {})",
                            result, key, default_val
@@ -222,8 +225,10 @@ impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Select {
                }
                Attr::Dynamic(expr_id) => {
                    let key = ctx.get_ir(*expr_id).compile(ctx);
-                    if has_default {
-                        let default_val = ctx.get_ir(self.default.unwrap()).compile(ctx);
+                    if let Some(default) = self.default
+                        && is_last
+                    {
+                        let default_val = ctx.get_ir(default).compile(ctx);
                        format!(
                            "Nix.select_with_default({}, {}, {})",
                            result, key, default_val
@@ -292,29 +297,16 @@ impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for ConcatStrings {
 impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for HasAttr {
    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx) -> String {
        let lhs = ctx.get_ir(self.lhs).compile(ctx);
-
-        // Build attrpath check
-        let mut current = format!("Nix.force({})", lhs);
-
-        for attr in &self.rhs {
-            match attr {
+        let attrpath = self
+            .rhs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|attr| match attr {
                Attr::Str(sym) => {
-                    let key = ctx.get_sym(*sym);
-                    current = format!(
-                        "(Nix.force({}) !== null && Nix.force({}) !== undefined && \"{}\" in Nix.force({}))",
-                        current, current, key, current
-                    );
+                    format!("\"{}\"", ctx.get_sym(*sym))
                }
-                Attr::Dynamic(expr_id) => {
-                    let key = ctx.get_ir(*expr_id).compile(ctx);
-                    current = format!(
-                        "(Nix.force({}) !== null && Nix.force({}) !== undefined && Nix.force({}) in Nix.force({}))",
-                        current, current, key, current
-                    );
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        current
+                Attr::Dynamic(expr_id) => ctx.get_ir(*expr_id).compile(ctx),
+            })
+            .join(",");
+        format!("Nix.has_attr({lhs}, [{attrpath}])")
    }
 }
--- a/nix-js/src/context.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/context.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use string_interner::DefaultStringInterner;

 use crate::codegen::{CodegenContext, Compile};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
-use crate::ir::{DowngradeContext, ExprId, Ir, SymId};
+use crate::ir::{Builtin, DowngradeContext, ExprId, Ir, SymId};
 use crate::runtime::Runtime;
 use crate::value::Value;

@@ -18,43 +18,58 @@ mod downgrade;

 pub struct Context {
    ctx: Pin<Box<Ctx>>,
-    pub(crate) runtime: Runtime,
+    runtime: Runtime,
 }

-impl Default for Context {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
+pub(crate) struct CtxPtr(NonNull<Ctx>);
+impl CtxPtr {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn as_ref(&self) -> &Ctx {
+        unsafe { self.0.as_ref() }
+    }
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn as_mut(&mut self) -> Pin<&mut Ctx> {
+        unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(self.0.as_mut()) }
    }
 }

 impl Context {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
        let mut ctx = Box::pin(Ctx::new());
-        let ptr = unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(Pin::get_unchecked_mut(ctx.as_mut())) };
-        let runtime = Runtime::new(ptr);
+        let ptr = unsafe { CtxPtr(NonNull::new_unchecked(Pin::get_unchecked_mut(ctx.as_mut()))) };
+        let runtime = Runtime::new(ptr)?;

-        Self { ctx, runtime }
+        Ok(Self { ctx, runtime })
    }

    pub fn eval_code(&mut self, expr: &str) -> Result<Value> {
        // Initialize `path_stack` with current directory for relative path resolution
-        let mut guard = PathDropGuard::new_cwd(self.ctx.as_mut());
+        let mut guard = PathDropGuard::new_cwd(self.ctx.as_mut())?;
        let ctx = guard.as_ctx();

        let root = rnix::Root::parse(expr);
        if !root.errors().is_empty() {
            return Err(Error::parse_error(root.errors().iter().join("; ")));
        }
-        let root = ctx.as_mut().downgrade_ctx().downgrade(root.tree().expr().unwrap())?;
+
+        #[allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
+        // Always `Some` since there is no parse error
+        let root = ctx
+            .as_mut()
+            .downgrade_ctx()
+            .downgrade(root.tree().expr().unwrap())?;
        let code = ctx.get_ir(root).compile(Pin::get_ref(ctx.as_ref()));
        let code = format!("Nix.force({})", code);
        println!("[DEBUG] generated code: {}", &code);
        self.runtime.eval(code)
    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) fn eval_js(&mut self, code: String) -> Result<Value> {
+        self.runtime.eval(code)
+    }
 }

 #[pin_project::pin_project(PinnedDrop)]
-pub struct Ctx {
+pub(crate) struct Ctx {
    irs: Vec<Ir>,
    symbols: DefaultStringInterner,
    global: NonNull<HashMap<SymId, ExprId>>,
@@ -72,22 +87,23 @@ impl PinnedDrop for Ctx {
    }
 }

-pub struct PathDropGuard<'ctx> {
+pub(crate) struct PathDropGuard<'ctx> {
    ctx: Pin<&'ctx mut Ctx>,
 }

 impl<'ctx> PathDropGuard<'ctx> {
-    pub fn new(path: PathBuf, mut ctx: Pin<&'ctx mut Ctx>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(path: PathBuf, mut ctx: Pin<&'ctx mut Ctx>) -> Self {
        ctx.as_mut().project().path_stack.push(path);
        Self { ctx }
    }
-    pub fn new_cwd(mut ctx: Pin<&'ctx mut Ctx>) -> Self {
-        let cwd = std::env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    pub(crate) fn new_cwd(mut ctx: Pin<&'ctx mut Ctx>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let cwd = std::env::current_dir()
+            .map_err(|err| Error::downgrade_error(format!("cannot get cwd: {err}")))?;
        let virtual_file = cwd.join("__eval__.nix");
        ctx.as_mut().project().path_stack.push(virtual_file);
-        Self { ctx }
+        Ok(Self { ctx })
    }
-    pub fn as_ctx<'a>(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut Pin<&'ctx mut Ctx> {
+    pub(crate) fn as_ctx<'a>(&'a mut self) -> &'a mut Pin<&'ctx mut Ctx> {
        &mut self.ctx
    }
 }
@@ -100,7 +116,7 @@ impl Drop for PathDropGuard<'_> {

 impl Default for Ctx {
    fn default() -> Self {
-        use crate::ir::{Attr, Builtins, Select, ToIr};
+        use crate::ir::{Builtins, ToIr as _};

        let mut symbols = DefaultStringInterner::new();
        let mut irs = Vec::new();
@@ -139,14 +155,9 @@ impl Default for Ctx {

        for name in free_globals {
            let name_sym = symbols.get_or_intern(name);
-            let select_ir = Select {
-                expr: builtins_expr,
-                attrpath: vec![Attr::Str(name_sym)],
-                default: None,
-            };
-            let select_expr = ExprId(irs.len());
-            irs.push(select_ir.to_ir());
-            global.insert(name_sym, select_expr);
+            let id = ExprId(irs.len());
+            irs.push(Builtin(name_sym).to_ir());
+            global.insert(name_sym, id);
        }

        Self {
@@ -160,98 +171,108 @@ impl Default for Ctx {
 }

 impl Ctx {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

-    pub fn downgrade_ctx<'a>(self: Pin<&'a mut Self>) -> DowngradeCtx<'a> {
-        // SAFETY: `global` is readonly
+    pub(crate) fn downgrade_ctx<'a>(self: Pin<&'a mut Self>) -> DowngradeCtx<'a> {
        let global_ref = unsafe { self.global.as_ref() };
        DowngradeCtx::new(self, global_ref)
    }

-    pub fn get_current_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+    pub(crate) fn get_current_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
        self.path_stack
            .last()
-            .unwrap()
+            .expect(
+                "path_stack should never be empty when get_current_dir is called. this is a bug",
+            )
            .parent()
-            .unwrap()
+            .expect("path in path_stack should always have a parent dir. this is a bug")
            .to_path_buf()
    }
 }

 impl CodegenContext for Ctx {
    fn get_ir(&self, id: ExprId) -> &Ir {
-        self.irs.get(id.0).unwrap()
+        self.irs.get(id.0).expect("ExprId out of bounds")
    }

    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> &str {
-        self.symbols.resolve(id).unwrap()
+        self.symbols.resolve(id).expect("SymId out of bounds")
    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
+#[allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
 mod test {
    use std::collections::BTreeMap;

    use super::*;
-    use crate::value::{AttrSet, Const, List, Symbol};
+    use crate::value::{AttrSet, List, Symbol};

    #[test]
    fn basic_eval() {
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("1 + 1").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(2))
+            Context::new().unwrap().eval_code("1 + 1").unwrap(),
+            Value::Int(2)
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("(x: x) 1").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(1))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("(x: y: x - y) 2 1").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(1))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("rec { b = a; a = 1; }.b").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(1))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("let b = a; a = 1; in b").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(1))
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("let fib = n: if n == 1 || n == 2 then 1 else (fib (n - 1)) + (fib (n - 2)); in fib 30").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(832040))
+            Context::new().unwrap().eval_code("(x: x) 1").unwrap(),
+            Value::Int(1)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("(x: y: x - y) 2 1")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::Int(1)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("rec { b = a; a = 1; }.b")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::Int(1)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("let b = a; a = 1; in b")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::Int(1)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new().unwrap().eval_code("let fib = n: if n == 1 || n == 2 then 1 else (fib (n - 1)) + (fib (n - 2)); in fib 30").unwrap(),
+            Value::Int(832040)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("((f: let x = f x; in x)(self: { x = 1; y = self.x + 1; })).y")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(2))
+            Value::Int(2)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_binop() {
        let tests = [
-            ("1 + 1", Value::Const(Const::Int(2))),
-            ("2 - 1", Value::Const(Const::Int(1))),
-            ("1. * 1", Value::Const(Const::Float(1.))),
-            ("1 / 1.", Value::Const(Const::Float(1.))),
-            ("1 == 1", Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))),
-            ("1 != 1", Value::Const(Const::Bool(false))),
-            ("2 < 1", Value::Const(Const::Bool(false))),
-            ("2 > 1", Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))),
-            ("1 <= 1", Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))),
-            ("1 >= 1", Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))),
+            ("1 + 1", Value::Int(2)),
+            ("2 - 1", Value::Int(1)),
+            ("1. * 1", Value::Float(1.)),
+            ("1 / 1.", Value::Float(1.)),
+            ("1 == 1", Value::Bool(true)),
+            ("1 != 1", Value::Bool(false)),
+            ("2 < 1", Value::Bool(false)),
+            ("2 > 1", Value::Bool(true)),
+            ("1 <= 1", Value::Bool(true)),
+            ("1 >= 1", Value::Bool(true)),
            // Short-circuit evaluation: true || <expr> should not evaluate <expr>
-            ("true || (1 / 0)", Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))),
-            ("true && 1 == 0", Value::Const(Const::Bool(false))),
+            ("true || (1 / 0)", Value::Bool(true)),
+            ("true && 1 == 0", Value::Bool(false)),
            (
                "[ 1 2 3 ] ++ [ 4 5 6 ]",
-                Value::List(List::new(
-                    (1..=6).map(Const::Int).map(Value::Const).collect(),
-                )),
+                Value::List(List::new((1..=6).map(Value::Int).collect())),
            ),
            (
                "{ a.b = 1; b = 2; } // { a.c = 2; }",
@@ -260,15 +281,15 @@ mod test {
                        Symbol::from("a"),
                        Value::AttrSet(AttrSet::new(BTreeMap::from([(
                            Symbol::from("c"),
-                            Value::Const(Const::Int(2)),
+                            Value::Int(2),
                        )]))),
                    ),
-                    (Symbol::from("b"), Value::Const(Const::Int(2))),
+                    (Symbol::from("b"), Value::Int(2)),
                ]))),
            ),
        ];
        for (expr, expected) in tests {
-            assert_eq!(Context::new().eval_code(expr).unwrap(), expected);
+            assert_eq!(Context::new().unwrap().eval_code(expr).unwrap(), expected);
        }
    }

@@ -277,36 +298,43 @@ mod test {
        // Test function with required parameters
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 2; }")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
+            Value::Int(3)
        );

        // Test missing required parameter should fail
-        let result = Context::new().eval_code("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; }");
+        let result = Context::new()
+            .unwrap()
+            .eval_code("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; }");
        assert!(result.is_err());

        // Test all required parameters present
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("({ x, y, z }: x + y + z) { x = 1; y = 2; z = 3; }")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(6))
+            Value::Int(6)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_param_check_allowed() {
        // Test function without ellipsis - should reject unexpected arguments
-        let result = Context::new().eval_code("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; }");
+        let result = Context::new()
+            .unwrap()
+            .eval_code("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; }");
        assert!(result.is_err());

        // Test function with ellipsis - should accept extra arguments
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("({ a, b, ... }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; }")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
+            Value::Int(3)
        );
    }

@@ -315,17 +343,19 @@ mod test {
        // Test function with default parameters
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("({ a, b ? 5 }: a + b) { a = 1; }")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(6))
+            Value::Int(6)
        );

        // Test overriding default parameter
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("({ a, b ? 5 }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 10; }")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(11))
+            Value::Int(11)
        );
    }

@@ -334,9 +364,10 @@ mod test {
        // Test function with @ pattern (alias)
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("(args@{ a, b }: args.a + args.b) { a = 1; b = 2; }")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
+            Value::Int(3)
        );
    }

@@ -345,22 +376,23 @@ mod test {
        // Test simple parameter (no pattern) should not have validation
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("(x: x.a + x.b) { a = 1; b = 2; }")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
+            Value::Int(3)
        );

        // Simple parameter accepts any argument
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("(x: x) 42").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(42))
+            Context::new().unwrap().eval_code("(x: x) 42").unwrap(),
+            Value::Int(42)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_builtins_basic_access() {
        // Test that builtins identifier is accessible
-        let result = Context::new().eval_code("builtins").unwrap();
+        let result = Context::new().unwrap().eval_code("builtins").unwrap();
        // Should return an AttrSet with builtin functions
        assert!(matches!(result, Value::AttrSet(_)));
    }
@@ -368,7 +400,10 @@ mod test {
    #[test]
    fn test_builtins_self_reference() {
        // Test builtins.builtins (self-reference as thunk)
-        let result = Context::new().eval_code("builtins.builtins").unwrap();
+        let result = Context::new()
+            .unwrap()
+            .eval_code("builtins.builtins")
+            .unwrap();
        assert!(matches!(result, Value::AttrSet(_)));
    }

@@ -376,8 +411,11 @@ mod test {
    fn test_builtin_function_add() {
        // Test calling builtin function: builtins.add 1 2
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("builtins.add 1 2").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("builtins.add 1 2")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::Int(3)
        );
    }

@@ -385,8 +423,11 @@ mod test {
    fn test_builtin_function_length() {
        // Test builtin with list: builtins.length [1 2 3]
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("builtins.length [1 2 3]").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("builtins.length [1 2 3]")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::Int(3)
        );
    }

@@ -394,12 +435,13 @@ mod test {
    fn test_builtin_function_map() {
        // Test higher-order builtin: map (x: x * 2) [1 2 3]
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("map (x: x * 2) [1 2 3]").unwrap(),
-            Value::List(List::new(vec![
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(2)),
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(4)),
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(6)),
-            ]))
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("map (x: x * 2) [1 2 3]")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::List(List::new(
+                vec![Value::Int(2), Value::Int(4), Value::Int(6),]
+            ))
        );
    }

@@ -408,12 +450,10 @@ mod test {
        // Test predicate builtin: builtins.filter (x: x > 1) [1 2 3]
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("builtins.filter (x: x > 1) [1 2 3]")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::List(List::new(vec![
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(2)),
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(3)),
-            ]))
+            Value::List(List::new(vec![Value::Int(2), Value::Int(3),]))
        );
    }

@@ -421,6 +461,7 @@ mod test {
    fn test_builtin_function_attrnames() {
        // Test builtins.attrNames { a = 1; b = 2; }
        let result = Context::new()
+            .unwrap()
            .eval_code("builtins.attrNames { a = 1; b = 2; }")
            .unwrap();
        // Should return a list of attribute names
@@ -435,8 +476,11 @@ mod test {
    fn test_builtin_function_head() {
        // Test builtins.head [1 2 3]
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("builtins.head [1 2 3]").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(1))
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("builtins.head [1 2 3]")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::Int(1)
        );
    }

@@ -444,11 +488,11 @@ mod test {
    fn test_builtin_function_tail() {
        // Test builtins.tail [1 2 3]
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("builtins.tail [1 2 3]").unwrap(),
-            Value::List(List::new(vec![
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(2)),
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(3)),
-            ]))
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("builtins.tail [1 2 3]")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::List(List::new(vec![Value::Int(2), Value::Int(3),]))
        );
    }

@@ -457,9 +501,10 @@ mod test {
        // Test builtins in let binding
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("let b = builtins; in b.add 5 3")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(8))
+            Value::Int(8)
        );
    }

@@ -468,9 +513,10 @@ mod test {
        // Test builtins with 'with' expression
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("with builtins; add 10 20")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(30))
+            Value::Int(30)
        );
    }

@@ -479,9 +525,10 @@ mod test {
        // Test nested function calls with builtins
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("builtins.add (builtins.mul 2 3) (builtins.sub 10 5)")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(11)) // (2*3) + (10-5) = 6 + 5 = 11
+            Value::Int(11) // (2*3) + (10-5 = 6 + 5 = 11
        );
    }

@@ -489,28 +536,39 @@ mod test {
    fn test_builtin_type_checks() {
        // Test type checking functions
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("builtins.isList [1 2 3]").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("builtins.isList [1 2 3]")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::Bool(true)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("builtins.isAttrs { a = 1; }")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))
+            Value::Bool(true)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("builtins.isFunction (x: x)")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))
+            Value::Bool(true)
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("builtins.isNull null").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("builtins.isNull null")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::Bool(true)
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("builtins.isBool true").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("builtins.isBool true")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::Bool(true)
        );
    }

@@ -519,9 +577,10 @@ mod test {
        // Test that user can shadow builtins (Nix allows this)
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("let builtins = { add = x: y: x - y; }; in builtins.add 5 3")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(2)) // Uses shadowed version
+            Value::Int(2) // Uses shadowed version
        );
    }

@@ -530,33 +589,34 @@ mod test {
        // Test that builtins.builtins is lazy (thunk)
        // This should not cause infinite recursion
        let result = Context::new()
+            .unwrap()
            .eval_code("builtins.builtins.builtins.add 1 1")
            .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, Value::Const(Const::Int(2)));
+        assert_eq!(result, Value::Int(2));
    }

    // Free globals tests
    #[test]
    fn test_free_global_true() {
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("true").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))
+            Context::new().unwrap().eval_code("true").unwrap(),
+            Value::Bool(true)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_free_global_false() {
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("false").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(false))
+            Context::new().unwrap().eval_code("false").unwrap(),
+            Value::Bool(false)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_free_global_null() {
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("null").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Null)
+            Context::new().unwrap().eval_code("null").unwrap(),
+            Value::Null
        );
    }

@@ -564,12 +624,13 @@ mod test {
    fn test_free_global_map() {
        // Test free global function: map (x: x * 2) [1 2 3]
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("map (x: x * 2) [1 2 3]").unwrap(),
-            Value::List(List::new(vec![
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(2)),
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(4)),
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(6)),
-            ]))
+            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
+                .eval_code("map (x: x * 2) [1 2 3]")
+                .unwrap(),
+            Value::List(List::new(
+                vec![Value::Int(2), Value::Int(4), Value::Int(6),]
+            ))
        );
    }

@@ -577,12 +638,12 @@ mod test {
    fn test_free_global_isnull() {
        // Test isNull function
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("isNull null").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))
+            Context::new().unwrap().eval_code("isNull null").unwrap(),
+            Value::Bool(true)
        );
        assert_eq!(
-            Context::new().eval_code("isNull 5").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(false))
+            Context::new().unwrap().eval_code("isNull 5").unwrap(),
+            Value::Bool(false)
        );
    }

@@ -591,15 +652,17 @@ mod test {
        // Test shadowing of free globals
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("let true = false; in true")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(false))
+            Value::Bool(false)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("let map = x: y: x; in map 1 2")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(1))
+            Value::Int(1)
        );
    }

@@ -608,12 +671,10 @@ mod test {
        // Test mixing free globals in expressions
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("if true then map (x: x + 1) [1 2] else []")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::List(List::new(vec![
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(2)),
-                Value::Const(Const::Int(3)),
-            ]))
+            Value::List(List::new(vec![Value::Int(2), Value::Int(3),]))
        );
    }

@@ -622,64 +683,65 @@ mod test {
        // Test free globals in let bindings
        assert_eq!(
            Context::new()
+                .unwrap()
                .eval_code("let x = true; y = false; in x && y")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(false))
+            Value::Bool(false)
        );
    }

    // BigInt and numeric type tests
    #[test]
    fn test_bigint_precision() {
-        let mut ctx = Context::new();
+        let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();

        // Test large i64 values
        assert_eq!(
            ctx.eval_code("9223372036854775807").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(9223372036854775807))
+            Value::Int(9223372036854775807)
        );

        // Test negative large value
        // Can't use -9223372036854775808 since unary minus is actually desugared to (0 - <expr>)
        assert_eq!(
            ctx.eval_code("-9223372036854775807").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(-9223372036854775807))
+            Value::Int(-9223372036854775807)
        );

        // Test large number arithmetic
        assert_eq!(
            ctx.eval_code("5000000000000000000 + 3000000000000000000")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(8000000000000000000i64))
+            Value::Int(8000000000000000000i64)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_int_float_distinction() {
-        let mut ctx = Context::new();
+        let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();

        // isInt tests
        assert_eq!(
            ctx.eval_code("builtins.isInt 42").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))
+            Value::Bool(true)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ctx.eval_code("builtins.isInt 42.0").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(false))
+            Value::Bool(false)
        );

        // isFloat tests
        assert_eq!(
            ctx.eval_code("builtins.isFloat 42").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(false))
+            Value::Bool(false)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ctx.eval_code("builtins.isFloat 42.5").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))
+            Value::Bool(true)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            ctx.eval_code("builtins.isFloat 1.0").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Bool(true))
+            Value::Bool(true)
        );

        // typeOf tests
@@ -697,13 +759,13 @@ mod test {
        );

        // literal tests
-        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("1").unwrap(), Value::Const(Const::Int(1)));
-        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("1.").unwrap(), Value::Const(Const::Float(1.)))
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("1").unwrap(), Value::Int(1));
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("1.").unwrap(), Value::Float(1.))
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arithmetic_type_preservation() {
-        let mut ctx = Context::new();
+        let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();

        // int + int = int
        assert_eq!(
@@ -732,55 +794,43 @@ mod test {

    #[test]
    fn test_integer_division() {
-        let mut ctx = Context::new();
+        let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();

-        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("5 / 2").unwrap(), Value::Const(Const::Int(2)));
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("5 / 2").unwrap(), Value::Int(2));

-        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("7 / 3").unwrap(), Value::Const(Const::Int(2)));
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("7 / 3").unwrap(), Value::Int(2));

-        assert_eq!(
-            ctx.eval_code("10 / 3").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(3))
-        );
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("10 / 3").unwrap(), Value::Int(3));

        // Float division returns float
-        assert_eq!(
-            ctx.eval_code("5 / 2.0").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Float(2.5))
-        );
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("5 / 2.0").unwrap(), Value::Float(2.5));

-        assert_eq!(
-            ctx.eval_code("7.0 / 2").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Float(3.5))
-        );
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("7.0 / 2").unwrap(), Value::Float(3.5));

-        assert_eq!(
-            ctx.eval_code("(-7) / 3").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(-2))
-        );
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code("(-7) / 3").unwrap(), Value::Int(-2));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_builtin_arithmetic_with_bigint() {
-        let mut ctx = Context::new();
+        let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();

        // Test builtin add with large numbers
        assert_eq!(
            ctx.eval_code("builtins.add 5000000000000000000 3000000000000000000")
                .unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(8000000000000000000i64))
+            Value::Int(8000000000000000000i64)
        );

        // Test builtin mul with large numbers
        assert_eq!(
            ctx.eval_code("builtins.mul 1000000000 1000000000").unwrap(),
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(1000000000000000000i64))
+            Value::Int(1000000000000000000i64)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_import_absolute_path() {
-        let mut ctx = Context::new();
+        let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();

        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let lib_path = temp_dir.path().join("nix_test_lib.nix");
@@ -788,12 +838,12 @@ mod test {
        std::fs::write(&lib_path, "{ add = a: b: a + b; }").unwrap();

        let expr = format!(r#"(import "{}").add 3 5"#, lib_path.display());
-        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code(&expr).unwrap(), Value::Const(Const::Int(8)));
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code(&expr).unwrap(), Value::Int(8));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_import_nested() {
-        let mut ctx = Context::new();
+        let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();

        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();

@@ -808,12 +858,12 @@ mod test {
        std::fs::write(&main_path, main_content).unwrap();

        let expr = format!(r#"(import "{}").result"#, main_path.display());
-        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code(&expr).unwrap(), Value::Const(Const::Int(30)));
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code(&expr).unwrap(), Value::Int(30));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_import_relative_path() {
-        let mut ctx = Context::new();
+        let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();

        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let subdir = temp_dir.path().join("subdir");
@@ -827,32 +877,32 @@ mod test {

        let main_path = temp_dir.path().join("main.nix");
        let main_content = r#"
-let
-  lib = import ./lib.nix;
-  helper = import ./subdir/helper.nix;
-in {
-  result1 = lib.multiply 3 4;
-  result2 = helper.subtract 10 3;
-}
-"#;
+            let
+              lib = import ./lib.nix;
+              helper = import ./subdir/helper.nix;
+            in {
+              result1 = lib.multiply 3 4;
+              result2 = helper.subtract 10 3;
+            }
+        "#;
        std::fs::write(&main_path, main_content).unwrap();

        let expr = format!(r#"let x = import "{}"; in x.result1"#, main_path.display());
-        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code(&expr).unwrap(), Value::Const(Const::Int(12)));
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code(&expr).unwrap(), Value::Int(12));

        let expr = format!(r#"let x = import "{}"; in x.result2"#, main_path.display());
-        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code(&expr).unwrap(), Value::Const(Const::Int(7)));
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code(&expr).unwrap(), Value::Int(7));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_import_returns_function() {
-        let mut ctx = Context::new();
+        let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();

        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let func_path = temp_dir.path().join("nix_test_func.nix");
        std::fs::write(&func_path, "x: x * 2").unwrap();

        let expr = format!(r#"(import "{}") 5"#, func_path.display());
-        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code(&expr).unwrap(), Value::Const(Const::Int(10)));
+        assert_eq!(ctx.eval_code(&expr).unwrap(), Value::Int(10));
    }
 }
--- a/nix-js/src/context/downgrade.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/context/downgrade.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use std::pin::Pin;

 use hashbrown::HashMap;

+use crate::codegen::CodegenContext;
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::ir::{ArgId, Downgrade, DowngradeContext, ExprId, Ir, SymId, ToIr};

@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ impl DowngradeContext for DowngradeCtx<'_> {
    }

    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> &str {
-        self.ctx.symbols.resolve(id).unwrap()
+        self.ctx.get_sym(id)
    }

    fn lookup(&mut self, sym: SymId) -> Result<ExprId> {
@@ -117,12 +118,20 @@ impl DowngradeContext for DowngradeCtx<'_> {

    fn extract_expr(&mut self, id: ExprId) -> Ir {
        let local_id = id.0 - self.ctx.irs.len();
-        self.irs.get_mut(local_id).unwrap().take().unwrap()
+        self.irs
+            .get_mut(local_id)
+            .expect("ExprId out of bounds")
+            .take()
+            .expect("extract_expr called on an already extracted expr")
    }

    fn replace_expr(&mut self, id: ExprId, expr: Ir) {
        let local_id = id.0 - self.ctx.irs.len();
-        let _ = self.irs.get_mut(local_id).unwrap().insert(expr);
+        let _ = self
+            .irs
+            .get_mut(local_id)
+            .expect("ExprId out of bounds")
+            .insert(expr);
    }

    #[allow(refining_impl_trait)]
--- a/nix-js/src/error.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/error.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use thiserror::Error;

 pub type Result<T> = core::result::Result<T, Error>;
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
    DowngradeError(String),
    #[error("error occurred during evaluation stage: {0}")]
    EvalError(String),
+    #[error("internal error occurred: {0}")]
+    InternalError(String),
    #[error("{0}")]
    Catchable(String),
    #[error("an unknown or unexpected error occurred")]
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ pub enum ErrorKind {
 pub struct Error {
    pub kind: ErrorKind,
    pub span: Option<rnix::TextRange>,
-    pub source: Option<Rc<str>>,
+    pub source: Option<Arc<str>>,
 }

 impl std::fmt::Display for Error {
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ impl Error {
        self
    }

-    pub fn with_source(mut self, source: Rc<str>) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_source(mut self, source: Arc<str>) -> Self {
        self.source = Some(source);
        self
    }
@@ -115,6 +117,9 @@ impl Error {
    pub fn eval_error(msg: String) -> Self {
        Self::new(ErrorKind::EvalError(msg))
    }
+    pub fn internal(msg: String) -> Self {
+        Self::new(ErrorKind::InternalError(msg))
+    }
    pub fn catchable(msg: String) -> Self {
        Self::new(ErrorKind::Catchable(msg))
    }
--- a/nix-js/src/ir.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/ir.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use rnix::ast;
 use string_interner::symbol::SymbolU32;

 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
-use crate::value::Const as PubConst;
 use crate::value::format_symbol;
 use nix_js_macros::ir;

@@ -44,8 +43,12 @@ pub trait DowngradeContext {
 ir! {
    Ir,

+    Int(i64),
+    Float(f64),
+    Str,
    AttrSet,
    List,
+
    HasAttr,
    BinOp,
    UnOp,
@@ -54,8 +57,6 @@ ir! {
    Call,
    Assert,
    ConcatStrings,
-    Const,
-    Str,
    Path,
    Func,
    Let,
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ ir! {
    ExprRef(ExprId),
    Thunk(ExprId),
    Builtins,
+    Builtin,
 }

 impl AttrSet {
@@ -139,7 +141,9 @@ impl AttrSet {
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let mut path = path.into_iter();
        // The last part of the path is the name of the attribute to be inserted.
-        let name = path.next_back().unwrap();
+        let name = path
+            .next_back()
+            .expect("empty attrpath passed. this is a bug");
        self._insert(path, name, value, ctx)
    }
 }
@@ -354,18 +358,6 @@ pub struct ConcatStrings {
    pub parts: Vec<ExprId>,
 }

-/// Represents a constant value (e.g., integer, float, boolean, null).
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
-pub struct Const {
-    pub val: PubConst,
-}
-
-impl<T: Into<PubConst>> From<T> for Const {
-    fn from(value: T) -> Self {
-        Self { val: value.into() }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Represents a simple, non-interpolated string literal.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Str {
@@ -386,4 +378,4 @@ pub struct Builtins;

 /// Represents an attribute in `builtins`.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Builtin(pub String);
+pub struct Builtin(pub SymId);
--- a/nix-js/src/ir/downgrade.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/ir/downgrade.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Assume no parse error
+#![allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
+
 use rnix::ast::{self, Expr, HasEntry};

 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
@@ -139,8 +142,8 @@ impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::Str {
 impl<Ctx: DowngradeContext> Downgrade<Ctx> for ast::Literal {
    fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut Ctx) -> Result<ExprId> {
        Ok(ctx.new_expr(match self.kind() {
-            ast::LiteralKind::Integer(int) => Const::from(int.value().unwrap()).to_ir(),
-            ast::LiteralKind::Float(float) => Const::from(float.value().unwrap()).to_ir(),
+            ast::LiteralKind::Integer(int) => Ir::Int(int.value().unwrap()),
+            ast::LiteralKind::Float(float) => Ir::Float(float.value().unwrap()),
            ast::LiteralKind::Uri(uri) => Str {
                val: uri.to_string(),
            }
--- a/nix-js/src/ir/utils.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/ir/utils.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// Assume no parse error
+#![allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
+
 use hashbrown::hash_map::Entry;
 use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use rnix::ast;
--- a/nix-js/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-pub mod codegen;
+#![warn(clippy::unwrap_used)]
+
+mod codegen;
 pub mod context;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod ir;
-pub mod runtime;
+mod runtime;
 pub mod value;

 #[global_allocator]
--- a/nix-js/src/runtime.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/runtime.rs
@@ -1,89 +1,90 @@
 use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::ptr::NonNull;
 use std::sync::Once;

-use deno_core::{Extension, ExtensionFileSource, JsRuntime, OpState, RuntimeOptions, v8};
-use deno_error::js_error_wrapper;
+use deno_core::{Extension, ExtensionFileSource, JsRuntime, OpDecl, OpState, RuntimeOptions, v8};
+use deno_error::JsErrorClass;

 use crate::codegen::{CodegenContext, Compile};
-use crate::context::{Ctx, PathDropGuard};
+use crate::context::{CtxPtr, PathDropGuard};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
 use crate::ir::DowngradeContext;
-use crate::value::{AttrSet, Const, List, Symbol, Value};
+use crate::value::{AttrSet, List, Symbol, Value};

 type ScopeRef<'p, 's> = v8::PinnedRef<'p, v8::HandleScope<'s>>;
+type LocalValue<'a> = v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>;
+type LocalSymbol<'a> = v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>;

-fn runtime_extension(ctx: NonNull<Ctx>) -> Extension {
+fn runtime_extension(ctx: CtxPtr) -> Extension {
    const ESM: &[ExtensionFileSource] =
        &deno_core::include_js_files!(nix_runtime dir "runtime-ts/dist", "runtime.js");
+    const OPS: &[OpDecl] = &[
+        op_import(),
+        op_read_file(),
+        op_path_exists(),
+        op_resolve_path(),
+    ];

    Extension {
        name: "nix_runtime",
        esm_files: Cow::Borrowed(ESM),
        esm_entry_point: Some("ext:nix_runtime/runtime.js"),
-        ops: Cow::Owned(vec![
-            op_import(),
-            op_read_file(),
-            op_path_exists(),
-            op_resolve_path(),
-        ]),
+        ops: Cow::Borrowed(OPS),
        op_state_fn: Some(Box::new(move |state| {
-            state.put(RefCell::new(ctx));
+            state.put(ctx);
        })),
        enabled: true,
        ..Default::default()
    }
 }

-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct SimpleErrorWrapper(String);
+mod private {
+    use deno_error::js_error_wrapper;
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct SimpleErrorWrapper(pub(crate) String);
+    impl std::fmt::Display for SimpleErrorWrapper {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+        }
+    }
+    impl std::error::Error for SimpleErrorWrapper {}

-impl std::fmt::Display for SimpleErrorWrapper {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        std::fmt::Debug::fmt(self, f)
+    js_error_wrapper!(SimpleErrorWrapper, NixError, "Error");
+
+    impl From<String> for NixError {
+        fn from(value: String) -> Self {
+            NixError(SimpleErrorWrapper(value))
+        }
+    }
+    impl From<&str> for NixError {
+        fn from(value: &str) -> Self {
+            NixError(SimpleErrorWrapper(value.to_string()))
+        }
    }
 }
-
-impl std::error::Error for SimpleErrorWrapper {
-    fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn std::error::Error> {
-        None
-    }
-    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
-        None
-    }
-    fn description(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.0
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<String> for NixError {
-    fn from(value: String) -> Self {
-        NixError(SimpleErrorWrapper(value))
-    }
-}
-
-js_error_wrapper!(SimpleErrorWrapper, NixError, "EvalError");
+use private::NixError;

 #[deno_core::op2]
 #[string]
 fn op_import(state: &mut OpState, #[string] path: String) -> std::result::Result<String, NixError> {
-    let mut ptr = state.borrow::<RefCell<NonNull<Ctx>>>().borrow_mut();
-    let ctx = unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(ptr.as_mut()) };
+    let ptr = state.borrow_mut::<CtxPtr>();
+    let ctx = unsafe { ptr.as_mut() };

    let current_dir = ctx.get_current_dir();
-    let absolute_path = current_dir
+    let mut absolute_path = current_dir
        .join(&path)
        .canonicalize()
-        .map_err(|e| -> NixError { format!("Failed to resolve path {}: {}", path, e).into() })?;
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to resolve path {}: {}", path, e))?;
+    if absolute_path.is_dir() {
+        absolute_path.push("default.nix")
+    }

    let mut guard = PathDropGuard::new(absolute_path.clone(), ctx);
    let ctx = guard.as_ctx();

-    let content = std::fs::read_to_string(&absolute_path).map_err(|e| -> NixError {
-        format!("Failed to read {}: {}", absolute_path.display(), e).into()
-    })?;
+    let content = std::fs::read_to_string(&absolute_path)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read {}: {}", absolute_path.display(), e))?;

    let root = rnix::Root::parse(&content);
    if !root.errors().is_empty() {
@@ -95,15 +96,12 @@ fn op_import(state: &mut OpState, #[string] path: String) -> std::result::Result
        .into());
    }

-    let expr = root
-        .tree()
-        .expr()
-        .ok_or_else(|| -> NixError { "No expression in file".to_string().into() })?;
+    let expr = root.tree().expr().ok_or("No expression in file")?;
    let expr_id = ctx
        .as_mut()
        .downgrade_ctx()
        .downgrade(expr)
-        .map_err(|e| -> NixError { format!("Downgrade error: {}", e).into() })?;
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Downgrade error: {}", e))?;

    Ok(ctx.get_ir(expr_id).compile(Pin::get_ref(ctx.as_ref())))
 }
@@ -111,8 +109,7 @@ fn op_import(state: &mut OpState, #[string] path: String) -> std::result::Result
 #[deno_core::op2]
 #[string]
 fn op_read_file(#[string] path: String) -> std::result::Result<String, NixError> {
-    std::fs::read_to_string(&path)
-        .map_err(|e| -> NixError { format!("Failed to read {}: {}", path, e).into() })
+    Ok(std::fs::read_to_string(&path).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read {}: {}", path, e))?)
 }

 #[deno_core::op2(fast)]
@@ -126,7 +123,7 @@ fn op_resolve_path(
    state: &mut OpState,
    #[string] path: String,
 ) -> std::result::Result<String, NixError> {
-    let ptr = state.borrow::<RefCell<NonNull<Ctx>>>().borrow();
+    let ptr = state.borrow::<CtxPtr>();
    let ctx = unsafe { ptr.as_ref() };

    // If already absolute, return as-is
@@ -137,21 +134,21 @@ fn op_resolve_path(
    // Resolve relative path against current file directory (or CWD)
    let current_dir = ctx.get_current_dir();

-    current_dir
+    Ok(current_dir
        .join(&path)
        .canonicalize()
        .map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().to_string())
-        .map_err(|e| -> NixError { format!("Failed to resolve path {}: {}", path, e).into() })
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to resolve path {}: {}", path, e))?)
 }

-pub struct Runtime {
+pub(crate) struct Runtime {
    js_runtime: JsRuntime,
    is_thunk_symbol: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
    primop_metadata_symbol: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
 }

 impl Runtime {
-    pub fn new(ctx: NonNull<Ctx>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(ctx: CtxPtr) -> Result<Self> {
        // Initialize V8 once
        static INIT: Once = Once::new();
        INIT.call_once(|| {
@@ -168,21 +165,21 @@ impl Runtime {

        let (is_thunk_symbol, primop_metadata_symbol) = {
            deno_core::scope!(scope, &mut js_runtime);
-            Self::get_symbols(scope)
+            Self::get_symbols(scope)?
        };

-        Self {
+        Ok(Self {
            js_runtime,
            is_thunk_symbol,
            primop_metadata_symbol,
-        }
+        })
    }

-    pub fn eval(&mut self, script: String) -> Result<Value> {
+    pub(crate) fn eval(&mut self, script: String) -> Result<Value> {
        let global_value = self
            .js_runtime
            .execute_script("<eval>", script)
-            .map_err(|e| Error::eval_error(format!("Execution error: {:?}", e)))?;
+            .map_err(|e| Error::eval_error(format!("{}", e.get_message())))?;

        // Retrieve scope from JsRuntime
        deno_core::scope!(scope, self.js_runtime);
@@ -190,77 +187,100 @@ impl Runtime {
        let is_thunk_symbol = v8::Local::new(scope, &self.is_thunk_symbol);
        let primop_metadata_symbol = v8::Local::new(scope, &self.primop_metadata_symbol);

-        Ok(to_value(local_value, scope, is_thunk_symbol, primop_metadata_symbol))
+        Ok(to_value(
+            local_value,
+            scope,
+            is_thunk_symbol,
+            primop_metadata_symbol,
+        ))
    }

    /// get (IS_THUNK, PRIMOP_METADATA)
-    fn get_symbols(
-        scope: &v8::PinnedRef<'_, v8::HandleScope<'_>>,
-    ) -> (v8::Global<v8::Symbol>, v8::Global<v8::Symbol>) {
+    fn get_symbols(scope: &ScopeRef) -> Result<(v8::Global<v8::Symbol>, v8::Global<v8::Symbol>)> {
        let global = scope.get_current_context().global(scope);
-        let nix_key = v8::String::new(scope, "Nix").unwrap();
+        let nix_key = v8::String::new(scope, "Nix")
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to create V8 String".into()))?;
        let nix_obj = global
            .get(scope, nix_key.into())
-            .unwrap()
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to get global Nix object".into()))?
            .to_object(scope)
-            .unwrap();
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                Error::internal("failed to convert global Nix Value to object".into())
+            })?;

-        let is_thunk_sym_key = v8::String::new(scope, "IS_THUNK").unwrap();
-        let is_thunk_sym = nix_obj.get(scope, is_thunk_sym_key.into()).unwrap();
-        let is_thunk = is_thunk_sym.try_cast::<v8::Symbol>().unwrap();
+        let is_thunk_sym_key = v8::String::new(scope, "IS_THUNK")
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to create V8 String".into()))?;
+        let is_thunk_sym = nix_obj
+            .get(scope, is_thunk_sym_key.into())
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to get IS_THUNK Symbol".into()))?;
+        let is_thunk = is_thunk_sym.try_cast::<v8::Symbol>().map_err(|err| {
+            Error::internal(format!(
+                "failed to convert IS_THUNK Value to Symbol ({err})"
+            ))
+        })?;
        let is_thunk = v8::Global::new(scope, is_thunk);

-        let primop_metadata_sym_key = v8::String::new(scope, "PRIMOP_METADATA").unwrap();
-        let primop_metadata_sym = nix_obj.get(scope, primop_metadata_sym_key.into()).unwrap();
-        let primop_metadata = primop_metadata_sym.try_cast::<v8::Symbol>().unwrap();
+        let primop_metadata_sym_key = v8::String::new(scope, "PRIMOP_METADATA")
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to create V8 String".into()))?;
+        let primop_metadata_sym = nix_obj
+            .get(scope, primop_metadata_sym_key.into())
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to get PRIMOP_METADATA Symbol".into()))?;
+        let primop_metadata = primop_metadata_sym
+            .try_cast::<v8::Symbol>()
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                Error::internal(format!(
+                    "failed to convert PRIMOP_METADATA Value to Symbol ({err})"
+                ))
+            })?;
        let primop_metadata = v8::Global::new(scope, primop_metadata);

-        (is_thunk, primop_metadata)
+        Ok((is_thunk, primop_metadata))
    }
 }

 fn to_value<'a>(
-    val: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
+    val: LocalValue<'a>,
    scope: &ScopeRef<'a, '_>,
-    is_thunk_symbol: v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>,
-    primop_metadata_symbol: v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>,
+    is_thunk_symbol: LocalSymbol<'a>,
+    primop_metadata_symbol: LocalSymbol<'a>,
 ) -> Value {
    match () {
        _ if val.is_big_int() => {
-            let (val, lossless) = val.to_big_int(scope).unwrap().i64_value();
+            let (val, lossless) = val
+                .to_big_int(scope)
+                .expect("infallible conversion")
+                .i64_value();
            if !lossless {
                panic!("BigInt value out of i64 range: conversion lost precision");
            }
-            Value::Const(Const::Int(val))
+            Value::Int(val)
        }
        _ if val.is_number() => {
-            let val = val.to_number(scope).unwrap().value();
+            let val = val.to_number(scope).expect("infallible conversion").value();
            // number is always NixFloat
-            Value::Const(Const::Float(val))
+            Value::Float(val)
        }
-        _ if val.is_true() => Value::Const(Const::Bool(true)),
-        _ if val.is_false() => Value::Const(Const::Bool(false)),
-        _ if val.is_null() => Value::Const(Const::Null),
+        _ if val.is_true() => Value::Bool(true),
+        _ if val.is_false() => Value::Bool(false),
+        _ if val.is_null() => Value::Null,
        _ if val.is_string() => {
-            let val = val.to_string(scope).unwrap();
+            let val = val.to_string(scope).expect("infallible conversion");
            Value::String(val.to_rust_string_lossy(scope))
        }
        _ if val.is_array() => {
-            let val = val.try_cast::<v8::Array>().unwrap();
+            let val = val.try_cast::<v8::Array>().expect("infallible conversion");
            let len = val.length();
            let list = (0..len)
                .map(|i| {
-                    let val = val.get_index(scope, i).unwrap();
+                    let val = val.get_index(scope, i).expect("infallible index operation");
                    to_value(val, scope, is_thunk_symbol, primop_metadata_symbol)
                })
                .collect();
            Value::List(List::new(list))
        }
        _ if val.is_function() => {
-            if let Some(name) = primop_app_name(val, scope, primop_metadata_symbol) {
-                Value::PrimOpApp(name)
-            } else if let Some(name) = primop_name(val, scope, primop_metadata_symbol) {
-                Value::PrimOp(name)
+            if let Some(primop) = to_primop(val, scope, primop_metadata_symbol) {
+                primop
            } else {
                Value::Func
            }
@@ -270,17 +290,22 @@ fn to_value<'a>(
                return Value::Thunk;
            }

-            let val = val.to_object(scope).unwrap();
+            let val = val.to_object(scope).expect("infallible conversion");
            let keys = val
                .get_own_property_names(scope, v8::GetPropertyNamesArgsBuilder::new().build())
-                .unwrap();
+                .expect("infallible operation");
            let len = keys.length();
            let attrs = (0..len)
                .map(|i| {
-                    let key = keys.get_index(scope, i).unwrap();
-                    let val = val.get(scope, key).unwrap();
+                    let key = keys
+                        .get_index(scope, i)
+                        .expect("infallible index operation");
+                    let val = val.get(scope, key).expect("infallible operation");
                    let key = key.to_rust_string_lossy(scope);
-                    (Symbol::new(key), to_value(val, scope, is_thunk_symbol, primop_metadata_symbol))
+                    (
+                        Symbol::new(key),
+                        to_value(val, scope, is_thunk_symbol, primop_metadata_symbol),
+                    )
                })
                .collect();
            Value::AttrSet(AttrSet::new(attrs))
@@ -289,61 +314,54 @@ fn to_value<'a>(
    }
 }

-fn is_thunk<'a>(val: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>, scope: &ScopeRef<'a, '_>, symbol: v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>) -> bool {
+fn is_thunk<'a>(val: LocalValue<'a>, scope: &ScopeRef<'a, '_>, symbol: LocalSymbol<'a>) -> bool {
    if !val.is_object() {
        return false;
    }

-    let obj = val.to_object(scope).unwrap();
+    let obj = val.to_object(scope).expect("infallible conversion");
    matches!(obj.get(scope, symbol.into()), Some(v) if v.is_true())
 }

-fn primop_name<'a>(val: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>, scope: &ScopeRef<'a, '_>, symbol: v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>) -> Option<String> {
+fn to_primop<'a>(
+    val: LocalValue<'a>,
+    scope: &ScopeRef<'a, '_>,
+    symbol: LocalSymbol<'a>,
+) -> Option<Value> {
    if !val.is_function() {
        return None;
    }

-    let obj = val.to_object(scope).unwrap();
+    let obj = val.to_object(scope).expect("infallible conversion");
+    let metadata = obj.get(scope, symbol.into())?.to_object(scope)?;

-    if let Some(metadata) = obj.get(scope, symbol.into())
-        && let Some(metadata_obj) = metadata.to_object(scope)
-        && let Some(name_key) = v8::String::new(scope, "name")
-        && let Some(name_val) = metadata_obj.get(scope, name_key.into())
-    {
-        Some(name_val.to_rust_string_lossy(scope))
+    let name_key = v8::String::new(scope, "name")?;
+    let name = metadata
+        .get(scope, name_key.into())?
+        .to_rust_string_lossy(scope);
+
+    let applied_key = v8::String::new(scope, "applied")?;
+    let applied_val = metadata.get(scope, applied_key.into())?;
+    let applied = applied_val.to_number(scope)?.value();
+
+    if applied == 0.0 {
+        Some(Value::PrimOp(name))
    } else {
-        None
-    }
-}
-
-fn primop_app_name<'a>(val: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>, scope: &ScopeRef<'a, '_>, symbol: v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>) -> Option<String> {
-    let name = primop_name(val, scope, symbol)?;
-
-    let obj = val.to_object(scope).unwrap();
-
-    if let Some(metadata) = obj.get(scope, symbol.into())
-        && let Some(metadata_obj) = metadata.to_object(scope)
-        && let Some(applied_key) = v8::String::new(scope, "applied")
-        && let Some(applied_val) = metadata_obj.get(scope, applied_key.into())
-        && let Some(applied_num) = applied_val.to_number(scope)
-        && applied_num.value() > 0.0
-    {
-        Some(name)
-    } else {
-        None
+        Some(Value::PrimOpApp(name))
    }
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
+#[allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
 mod test {
    use super::*;
    use crate::context::Context;

    #[test]
    fn to_value_working() {
-        let mut ctx = Context::new();
+        let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
-            ctx.runtime.eval(
+            ctx.eval_js(
                "({
                  test: [1., 9223372036854775807n, true, false, 'hello world!']
                })"
@@ -353,10 +371,10 @@ mod test {
            Value::AttrSet(AttrSet::new(std::collections::BTreeMap::from([(
                Symbol::from("test"),
                Value::List(List::new(vec![
-                    Value::Const(Const::Float(1.)),
-                    Value::Const(Const::Int(9223372036854775807)),
-                    Value::Const(Const::Bool(true)),
-                    Value::Const(Const::Bool(false)),
+                    Value::Float(1.),
+                    Value::Int(9223372036854775807),
+                    Value::Bool(true),
+                    Value::Bool(false),
                    Value::String("hello world!".to_string())
                ]))
            )])))
--- a/nix-js/src/value.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/value.rs
@@ -9,49 +9,6 @@ use std::sync::LazyLock;
 use derive_more::{Constructor, IsVariant, Unwrap};
 use regex::Regex;

-/// Represents a constant, primitive value in Nix.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, IsVariant, Unwrap)]
-pub enum Const {
-    /// A boolean value (`true` or `false`).
-    Bool(bool),
-    /// A 64-bit signed integer.
-    Int(i64),
-    /// A 64-bit floating-point number.
-    Float(f64),
-    /// The `null` value.
-    Null,
-}
-
-impl Display for Const {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
-        use Const::*;
-        match self {
-            Int(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
-            Float(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
-            Bool(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
-            Null => write!(f, "null"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<bool> for Const {
-    fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
-        Const::Bool(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<i64> for Const {
-    fn from(value: i64) -> Self {
-        Const::Int(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<f64> for Const {
-    fn from(value: f64) -> Self {
-        Const::Float(value)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Represents a Nix symbol, which is used as a key in attribute sets.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Constructor)]
 pub struct Symbol(String);
@@ -82,8 +39,9 @@ impl Display for Symbol {
    }
 }

-static REGEX: LazyLock<Regex> =
-    LazyLock::new(|| Regex::new(r"^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_'-]*$").unwrap());
+static REGEX: LazyLock<Regex> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    Regex::new(r"^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_'-]*$").expect("hardcoded regex is always valid")
+});
 impl Symbol {
    /// Checks if the symbol is a "normal" identifier that doesn't require quotes.
    fn normal(&self) -> bool {
@@ -172,8 +130,14 @@ impl Display for List {
 /// Represents any possible Nix value that can be returned from an evaluation.
 #[derive(IsVariant, Unwrap, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Value {
-    /// A constant value (int, float, bool, null).
-    Const(Const),
+    /// An integer value.
+    Int(i64),
+    /// An floating-point value.
+    Float(f64),
+    /// An boolean value.
+    Bool(bool),
+    /// An null value.
+    Null,
    /// A string value.
    String(String),
    /// An attribute set.
@@ -197,7 +161,10 @@ impl Display for Value {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
        use Value::*;
        match self {
-            Const(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            &Int(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            &Float(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            &Bool(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            Null => write!(f, "null"),
            String(x) => write!(f, r#""{x}""#),
            AttrSet(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
            List(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
imxyy_soope_	e29e432328	feat: runtime error	2026-01-10 10:28:48 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	cc53963df0	refactor: less unwrap	2026-01-10 10:28:48 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	0376621982	refactor: flatten Ir::Const & Value::Const; add Ir::Builtin to represent globally available builtins	2026-01-10 10:27:55 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	9cfffc440f	refactor: tidy	2026-01-09 17:57:22 +08:00