temp

fmt: group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"
feat: bytecode
2026-03-13 21:57:23 +08:00 · 2026-03-08 17:41:06 +08:00 · 2026-03-08 17:41:06 +08:00 · 2026-03-08 16:57:34 +08:00 · 2026-02-25 21:14:35 +08:00 · 2026-02-25 21:14:27 +08:00
491 changed files with 5733 additions and 2669 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -7,3 +7,6 @@ flamegraph*.svg
 perf.data*
 profile.json.gz
 prof.json
+*.cpuprofile
+*.cpuprofile.gz
+*v8.log*
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -41,6 +41,12 @@ version = "0.2.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "683d7910e743518b0e34f1186f92494becacb047c7b6bf616c96772180fef923"

+[[package]]
+name = "allocator-api2"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c880a97d28a3681c0267bd29cff89621202715b065127cd445fa0f0fe0aa2880"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "anes"
 version = "0.1.6"
@@ -276,6 +282,15 @@ dependencies = [
 "syn",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "boxing"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7a817f12ef805b34fe1565bea00630d84f8f08bf26200b05c41456c77cdada88"
+dependencies = [
+ "sptr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bstr"
 version = "1.12.1"
@@ -289,9 +304,12 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
-version = "3.19.1"
+version = "3.20.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5dd9dc738b7a8311c7ade152424974d8115f2cdad61e8dab8dac9f2362298510"
+checksum = "5d20789868f4b01b2f2caec9f5c4e0213b41e3e5702a50157d699ae31ced2fcb"
+dependencies = [
+ "allocator-api2 0.2.21",
+]

 [[package]]
 name = "bytes"
@@ -429,9 +447,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.58"
+version = "4.5.59"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "63be97961acde393029492ce0be7a1af7e323e6bae9511ebfac33751be5e6806"
+checksum = "c5caf74d17c3aec5495110c34cc3f78644bfa89af6c8993ed4de2790e49b6499"
 dependencies = [
 "clap_builder",
 "clap_derive",
@@ -439,9 +457,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.58"
+version = "4.5.59"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7f13174bda5dfd69d7e947827e5af4b0f2f94a4a3ee92912fba07a66150f21e2"
+checksum = "370daa45065b80218950227371916a1633217ae42b2715b2287b606dcd618e24"
 dependencies = [
 "anstream",
 "anstyle",
@@ -491,6 +509,15 @@ version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b05b61dc5112cbb17e4b6cd61790d9845d13888356391624cbe7e41efeac1e75"

+[[package]]
+name = "colored"
+version = "3.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "faf9468729b8cbcea668e36183cb69d317348c2e08e994829fb56ebfdfbaac34"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "combine"
 version = "4.6.7"
@@ -516,15 +543,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "unicode-segmentation",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "convert_case"
-version = "0.11.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "affbf0190ed2caf063e3def54ff444b449371d55c58e513a95ab98eca50adb49"
-dependencies = [
- "unicode-segmentation",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cooked-waker"
 version = "5.0.0"
@@ -835,7 +853,7 @@ version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "799a97264921d8623a957f6c3b9011f3b5492f557bbb7a5a19b7fa6d06ba8dcb"
 dependencies = [
- "convert_case 0.10.0",
+ "convert_case",
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
 "rustc_version",
@@ -959,6 +977,27 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c34f04666d835ff5d62e058c3995147c06f42fe86ff053337632bca83e42702d"

+[[package]]
+name = "env_filter"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7a1c3cc8e57274ec99de65301228b537f1e4eedc1b8e0f9411c6caac8ae7308f"
+dependencies = [
+ "log",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "env_logger"
+version = "0.11.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b2daee4ea451f429a58296525ddf28b45a3b64f1acf6587e2067437bb11e218d"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstream",
+ "anstyle",
+ "env_filter",
+ "log",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "equivalent"
 version = "1.0.2"
@@ -1142,9 +1181,9 @@ checksum = "e6d5a32815ae3f33302d95fdcb2ce17862f8c65363dcfd29360480ba1001fc9c"

 [[package]]
 name = "futures"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "65bc07b1a8bc7c85c5f2e110c476c7389b4554ba72af57d8445ea63a576b0876"
+checksum = "8b147ee9d1f6d097cef9ce628cd2ee62288d963e16fb287bd9286455b241382d"
 dependencies = [
 "futures-channel",
 "futures-core",
@@ -1157,9 +1196,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "futures-channel"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2dff15bf788c671c1934e366d07e30c1814a8ef514e1af724a602e8a2fbe1b10"
+checksum = "07bbe89c50d7a535e539b8c17bc0b49bdb77747034daa8087407d655f3f7cc1d"
 dependencies = [
 "futures-core",
 "futures-sink",
@@ -1167,15 +1206,15 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "futures-core"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "05f29059c0c2090612e8d742178b0580d2dc940c837851ad723096f87af6663e"
+checksum = "7e3450815272ef58cec6d564423f6e755e25379b217b0bc688e295ba24df6b1d"

 [[package]]
 name = "futures-executor"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e28d1d997f585e54aebc3f97d39e72338912123a67330d723fdbb564d646c9f"
+checksum = "baf29c38818342a3b26b5b923639e7b1f4a61fc5e76102d4b1981c6dc7a7579d"
 dependencies = [
 "futures-core",
 "futures-task",
@@ -1184,15 +1223,15 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "futures-io"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e5c1b78ca4aae1ac06c48a526a655760685149f0d465d21f37abfe57ce075c6"
+checksum = "cecba35d7ad927e23624b22ad55235f2239cfa44fd10428eecbeba6d6a717718"

 [[package]]
 name = "futures-macro"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "162ee34ebcb7c64a8abebc059ce0fee27c2262618d7b60ed8faf72fef13c3650"
+checksum = "e835b70203e41293343137df5c0664546da5745f82ec9b84d40be8336958447b"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -1201,21 +1240,21 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "futures-sink"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e575fab7d1e0dcb8d0c7bcf9a63ee213816ab51902e6d244a95819acacf1d4f7"
+checksum = "c39754e157331b013978ec91992bde1ac089843443c49cbc7f46150b0fad0893"

 [[package]]
 name = "futures-task"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f90f7dce0722e95104fcb095585910c0977252f286e354b5e3bd38902cd99988"
+checksum = "037711b3d59c33004d3856fbdc83b99d4ff37a24768fa1be9ce3538a1cde4393"

 [[package]]
 name = "futures-util"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9fa08315bb612088cc391249efdc3bc77536f16c91f6cf495e6fbe85b20a4a81"
+checksum = "389ca41296e6190b48053de0321d02a77f32f8a5d2461dd38762c0593805c6d6"
 dependencies = [
 "futures-channel",
 "futures-core",
@@ -1225,10 +1264,33 @@ dependencies = [
 "futures-task",
 "memchr",
 "pin-project-lite",
- "pin-utils",
 "slab",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "gc-arena"
+version = "0.5.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3cd70cf88a32937834aae9614ff2569b5d9467fa0c42c5d7762fd94a8de88266"
+dependencies = [
+ "allocator-api2 0.2.21",
+ "gc-arena-derive",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.5",
+ "sptr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "gc-arena-derive"
+version = "0.5.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c612a69f5557a11046b77a7408d2836fe77077f842171cd211c5ef504bd3cddd"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "synstructure",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "generic-array"
 version = "0.14.7"
@@ -1279,6 +1341,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "wasip3",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "ghost-cell"
+version = "0.2.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d8449d342b1c67f49169e92e71deb7b9b27f30062301a16dbc27a4cc8d2351b7"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "gimli"
 version = "0.32.3"
@@ -1316,6 +1384,9 @@ name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.14.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e5274423e17b7c9fc20b6e7e208532f9b19825d82dfd615708b70edd83df41f1"
+dependencies = [
+ "allocator-api2 0.2.21",
+]

 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
@@ -1332,7 +1403,7 @@ version = "0.16.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "841d1cc9bed7f9236f321df977030373f4a4163ae1a7dbfe1a51a2c1a51d9100"
 dependencies = [
- "allocator-api2",
+ "allocator-api2 0.2.21",
 "equivalent",
 "foldhash 0.2.0",
 ]
@@ -1987,7 +2058,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "nix-compat"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://git.snix.dev/snix/snix.git#9d414bec7c7fff1fca6ba6d14dda6c4295521260"
+source = "git+https://git.snix.dev/snix/snix.git#1b37f68842a7e5e226d9dc009e9a90d400c5fb14"
 dependencies = [
 "bitflags",
 "bstr",
@@ -2010,7 +2081,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "nix-compat-derive"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://git.snix.dev/snix/snix.git#9d414bec7c7fff1fca6ba6d14dda6c4295521260"
+source = "git+https://git.snix.dev/snix/snix.git#1b37f68842a7e5e226d9dc009e9a90d400c5fb14"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -2021,10 +2092,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "nix-js"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "allocator-api2 0.4.0",
 "anyhow",
 "base64 0.22.1",
+ "boxing",
+ "bumpalo",
 "bzip2",
 "clap",
+ "colored",
 "criterion",
 "deno_core",
 "deno_error",
@@ -2033,6 +2108,8 @@ dependencies = [
 "ere",
 "fastwebsockets",
 "flate2",
+ "gc-arena",
+ "ghost-cell",
 "hashbrown 0.16.1",
 "hex",
 "http",
@@ -2044,7 +2121,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "miette",
 "mimalloc",
 "nix-compat",
- "nix-js-macros",
 "nix-nar",
 "num_enum",
 "regex",
@@ -2058,10 +2134,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde_json",
 "sha1",
 "sha2",
+ "smallvec",
 "string-interner",
 "tap",
 "tar",
 "tempfile",
+ "test-log",
 "thiserror 2.0.18",
 "tokio",
 "toml",
@@ -2071,15 +2149,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "xz2",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "nix-js-macros"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "convert_case 0.11.0",
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "nix-nar"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -2678,9 +2747,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "rnix"
-version = "0.13.0"
+version = "0.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0b8276b540c344ec04cd215fb3d35db378c2b1861cc44802c2c097f3490f6e52"
+checksum = "c163bd17372eecdf10d351c34584b7de7c1a33be4e92a32f3fb3f5a7fe3f579b"
 dependencies = [
 "rowan",
 ]
@@ -3150,6 +3219,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "der",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "sptr"
+version = "0.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3b9b39299b249ad65f3b7e96443bad61c02ca5cd3589f46cb6d610a0fd6c0d6a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlite-wasm-rs"
 version = "0.5.2"
@@ -3261,9 +3336,9 @@ checksum = "a7973cce6668464ea31f176d85b13c7ab3bba2cb3b77a2ed26abd7801688010a"

 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.115"
+version = "2.0.116"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6e614ed320ac28113fa64972c4262d5dbc89deacdfd00c34a3e4cea073243c12"
+checksum = "3df424c70518695237746f84cede799c9c58fcb37450d7b23716568cc8bc69cb"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -3272,9 +3347,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "syn-match"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "783c4140d7ed89f37116e865b49e5a9fdd28608b9071a9dd1e158b50fc0a31fc"
+checksum = "54b8f0a9004d6aafa6a588602a1119e6cdaacec9921aa1605383e6e7d6258fd6"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -3394,6 +3469,28 @@ dependencies = [
 "windows-sys 0.60.2",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "test-log"
+version = "0.2.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "37d53ac171c92a39e4769491c4b4dde7022c60042254b5fc044ae409d34a24d4"
+dependencies = [
+ "env_logger",
+ "test-log-macros",
+ "tracing-subscriber",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "test-log-macros"
+version = "0.2.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be35209fd0781c5401458ab66e4f98accf63553e8fae7425503e92fdd319783b"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "text-size"
 version = "1.1.1"
@@ -3547,9 +3644,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "toml"
-version = "0.9.12+spec-1.1.0"
+version = "0.9.9+spec-1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cf92845e79fc2e2def6a5d828f0801e29a2f8acc037becc5ab08595c7d5e9863"
+checksum = "eb5238e643fc34a1d5d7e753e1532a91912d74b63b92b3ea51fde8d1b7bc79dd"
 dependencies = [
 "indexmap",
 "serde_core",
@@ -3583,9 +3680,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "toml_parser"
-version = "1.0.8+spec-1.1.0"
+version = "1.0.9+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0742ff5ff03ea7e67c8ae6c93cac239e0d9784833362da3f9a9c1da8dfefcbdc"
+checksum = "702d4415e08923e7e1ef96cd5727c0dfed80b4d2fa25db9647fe5eb6f7c5a4c4"
 dependencies = [
 "winnow",
 ]
@@ -3722,9 +3819,9 @@ checksum = "81b79ad29b5e19de4260020f8919b443b2ef0277d242ce532ec7b7a2cc8b6007"

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.23"
+version = "1.0.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "537dd038a89878be9b64dd4bd1b260315c1bb94f4d784956b81e27a088d9a09e"
+checksum = "e6e4313cd5fcd3dad5cafa179702e2b244f760991f45397d14d4ebf38247da75"

 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-linebreak"
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 [workspace]
 resolver = "3"
 members = [
-    "nix-js",
-    "nix-js-macros"
+    "nix-js"
 ]

 [profile.profiling]
--- a/8
+++ b/8
@@ -21,3 +21,11 @@
 [no-exit-message]
@evali expr:
  cargo run --release --features inspector -- --inspect-brk 127.0.0.1:9229 eval --expr '{{expr}}'
+
+[no-exit-message]
+@replp:
+  cargo run --release --features prof -- repl
+
+[no-exit-message]
+@evalp expr:
+  cargo run --release --features prof -- eval --expr '{{expr}}'
--- a/nix-js-macros/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nix-js-macros/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "nix-js-macros"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2024"
-
-[lib]
-proc-macro = true
-
-[dependencies]
-convert_case = "0.11"
-quote = "1.0"
-syn = { version = "2.0", features = ["full"] }
--- a/nix-js-macros/src/ir.rs
+++ b/nix-js-macros/src/ir.rs
@@ -1,252 +0,0 @@
-//! Implements the `ir!` procedural macro.
-//!
-//! This macro is designed to reduce the boilerplate associated with defining
-//! an Intermediate Representation (IR) that follows a specific pattern. It generates:
-//! 1. An enum representing the different kinds of IR nodes.
-//! 2. Structs for each of the variants that have fields.
-//! 3. `Ref` and `Mut` versions of the main enum for ergonomic pattern matching on references.
-//! 4. `From` implementations to easily convert from a struct variant (e.g., `BinOp`) to the main enum (`Ir::BinOp`).
-//! 5. A `To[IrName]` trait to provide a convenient `.to_ir()` method on the variant structs.
-
-use convert_case::{Case, Casing};
-use proc_macro::TokenStream;
-use quote::{format_ident, quote};
-use syn::{
-    FieldsNamed, Ident, Token, Type, parenthesized,
-    parse::{Parse, ParseStream, Result},
-    punctuated::Punctuated,
-    token,
-};
-
-/// Represents one of the variants passed to the `ir!` macro.
-pub enum VariantInput {
-    /// A unit-like variant, e.g., `Arg`.
-    Unit(Ident),
-    /// A tuple-like variant with one unnamed field, e.g., `ExprRef(ExprId)`.
-    Tuple(Ident, Type),
-    /// A struct-like variant with named fields, e.g., `BinOp { lhs: ExprId, rhs: ExprId, kind: BinOpKind }`.
-    Struct(Ident, FieldsNamed),
-}
-
-/// The top-level input for the `ir!` macro.
-pub struct MacroInput {
-    /// The name of the main IR enum to be generated (e.g., `Ir`).
-    pub base_name: Ident,
-    /// The list of variants for the enum.
-    pub variants: Punctuated<VariantInput, Token![,]>,
-}
-
-impl Parse for VariantInput {
-    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> Result<Self> {
-        let name: Ident = input.parse()?;
-
-        if input.peek(token::Paren) {
-            // Parse a tuple-like variant: `Variant(Type)`
-            let content;
-            parenthesized!(content in input);
-            let ty: Type = content.parse()?;
-
-            if !content.is_empty() {
-                return Err(content.error("Expected a single type inside parentheses"));
-            }
-
-            Ok(VariantInput::Tuple(name, ty))
-        } else if input.peek(token::Brace) {
-            // Parse a struct-like variant: `Variant { field: Type, ... }`
-            let fields: FieldsNamed = input.parse()?;
-            Ok(VariantInput::Struct(name, fields))
-        } else {
-            // Parse a unit-like variant: `Variant`
-            Ok(VariantInput::Unit(name))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Parse for MacroInput {
-    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> Result<Self> {
-        // The macro input is expected to be: `IrName, Variant1, Variant2, ...`
-        let base_name = input.parse()?;
-        input.parse::<Token![,]>()?;
-        let variants = Punctuated::parse_terminated(input)?;
-
-        Ok(MacroInput {
-            base_name,
-            variants,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// The implementation of the `ir!` macro.
-pub fn ir_impl(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    let parsed_input = syn::parse_macro_input!(input as MacroInput);
-
-    let base_name = &parsed_input.base_name;
-    let ref_name = format_ident!("{}Ref", base_name);
-    let mut_name = format_ident!("{}Mut", base_name);
-    let to_trait_name = format_ident!("To{}", base_name);
-    let to_trait_fn_name = format_ident!("to_{}", base_name.to_string().to_case(Case::Snake));
-
-    let mut enum_variants = Vec::new();
-    let mut struct_defs = Vec::new();
-    let mut ref_variants = Vec::new();
-    let mut mut_variants = Vec::new();
-    let mut as_ref_arms = Vec::new();
-    let mut as_mut_arms = Vec::new();
-    let mut span_arms = Vec::new();
-    let mut from_impls = Vec::new();
-    let mut to_trait_impls = Vec::new();
-
-    for variant in parsed_input.variants {
-        match variant {
-            VariantInput::Unit(name) => {
-                let inner_type = name.clone();
-
-                struct_defs.push(quote! {
-                    #[derive(Debug)]
-                    pub struct #name {
-                        pub span: rnix::TextRange,
-                    }
-                });
-
-                enum_variants.push(quote! { #name(#inner_type) });
-                ref_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a #inner_type) });
-                mut_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a mut #inner_type) });
-                as_ref_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #ref_name::#name(inner) });
-                as_mut_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #mut_name::#name(inner) });
-                span_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => inner.span });
-                from_impls.push(quote! {
-                    impl From<#inner_type> for #base_name {
-                        fn from(val: #inner_type) -> Self { #base_name::#name(val) }
-                    }
-                });
-                to_trait_impls.push(quote! {
-                    impl #to_trait_name for #name {
-                        fn #to_trait_fn_name(self) -> #base_name { #base_name::from(self) }
-                    }
-                });
-            }
-            VariantInput::Tuple(name, ty) => {
-                let field_name = format_ident!("inner");
-
-                struct_defs.push(quote! {
-                    #[derive(Debug)]
-                    pub struct #name {
-                        pub #field_name: #ty,
-                        pub span: rnix::TextRange,
-                    }
-                });
-
-                let inner_type = name.clone();
-                enum_variants.push(quote! { #name(#inner_type) });
-                ref_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a #inner_type) });
-                mut_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a mut #inner_type) });
-                as_ref_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #ref_name::#name(inner) });
-                as_mut_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #mut_name::#name(inner) });
-                span_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => inner.span });
-                from_impls.push(quote! {
-                    impl From<#inner_type> for #base_name {
-                        fn from(val: #inner_type) -> Self { #base_name::#name(val) }
-                    }
-                });
-                to_trait_impls.push(quote! {
-                    impl #to_trait_name for #name {
-                        fn #to_trait_fn_name(self) -> #base_name { #base_name::from(self) }
-                    }
-                });
-            }
-            VariantInput::Struct(name, mut fields) => {
-                let inner_type = name.clone();
-
-                fields.named.push(syn::Field {
-                    attrs: vec![],
-                    vis: syn::Visibility::Public(syn::token::Pub::default()),
-                    mutability: syn::FieldMutability::None,
-                    ident: Some(format_ident!("span")),
-                    colon_token: Some(syn::token::Colon::default()),
-                    ty: syn::parse_quote!(rnix::TextRange),
-                });
-
-                struct_defs.push(quote! {
-                    #[derive(Debug)]
-                    pub struct #name #fields
-                });
-                enum_variants.push(quote! { #name(#inner_type) });
-                ref_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a #inner_type) });
-                mut_variants.push(quote! { #name(&'a mut #inner_type) });
-                as_ref_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #ref_name::#name(inner) });
-                as_mut_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => #mut_name::#name(inner) });
-                span_arms.push(quote! { Self::#name(inner) => inner.span });
-                from_impls.push(quote! {
-                    impl From<#inner_type> for #base_name {
-                        fn from(val: #inner_type) -> Self { #base_name::#name(val) }
-                    }
-                });
-                to_trait_impls.push(quote! {
-                    impl #to_trait_name for #name {
-                        fn #to_trait_fn_name(self) -> #base_name { #base_name::from(self) }
-                    }
-                });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Assemble the final generated code.
-    let expanded = quote! {
-        /// The main IR enum, generated by the `ir!` macro.
-        #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, TryUnwrap)]
-        pub enum #base_name {
-            #( #enum_variants ),*
-        }
-
-        // The struct definitions for the enum variants.
-        #( #struct_defs )*
-
-        /// An immutable reference version of the IR enum.
-        #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, TryUnwrap)]
-        pub enum #ref_name<'a> {
-            #( #ref_variants ),*
-        }
-
-        /// A mutable reference version of the IR enum.
-        #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, TryUnwrap)]
-        pub enum #mut_name<'a> {
-            #( #mut_variants ),*
-        }
-
-        impl #base_name {
-            /// Converts a `&Ir` into a `IrRef`.
-            pub fn as_ref(&self) -> #ref_name<'_> {
-                match self {
-                    #( #as_ref_arms ),*
-                }
-            }
-
-            /// Converts a `&mut Ir` into a `IrMut`.
-            pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> #mut_name<'_> {
-                match self {
-                    #( #as_mut_arms ),*
-                }
-            }
-
-            pub fn span(&self) -> rnix::TextRange {
-                match self {
-                    #( #span_arms ),*
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // `From` implementations for converting variant structs into the main enum.
-        #( #from_impls )*
-
-        /// A trait for converting a variant struct into the main IR enum.
-        pub trait #to_trait_name {
-            /// Performs the conversion.
-            fn #to_trait_fn_name(self) -> #base_name;
-        }
-
-        // Implement the `ToIr` trait for each variant struct.
-        #( #to_trait_impls )*
-    };
-
-    TokenStream::from(expanded)
-}
--- a/nix-js-macros/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nix-js-macros/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-//! This crate provides procedural macros for the nix-js project.
-use proc_macro::TokenStream;
-
-mod ir;
-
-/// A procedural macro to reduce boilerplate when defining an Intermediate Representation (IR).
-///
-/// It generates an enum for the IR, along with `Ref` and `Mut` variants,
-/// `From` implementations, and a `ToIr` trait.
-#[proc_macro]
-pub fn ir(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    ir::ir_impl(input)
-}
--- a/nix-js/Cargo.toml
+++ b/nix-js/Cargo.toml
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 name = "nix-js"
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2024"
-build = "build.rs"

 [dependencies]
 mimalloc = "0.1"
@@ -27,6 +26,7 @@ miette = { version = "7.4", features = ["fancy"] }

 hashbrown = "0.16"
 string-interner = "0.19"
+bumpalo = { version = "3.20", features = ["allocator-api2", "boxed", "collections"] }

 rust-embed="8.11"

@@ -53,15 +53,14 @@ bzip2 = "0.6"
 serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1.0"
 # spec 1.0.0
-toml = "0.9.9"
+toml = "=0.9.9"
 dirs = "6.0"
 tempfile = "3.24"
 rusqlite = { version = "0.38", features = ["bundled"] }

-rnix = "0.13"
+rnix = "0.14"
 rowan = "0.16"

-nix-js-macros = { path = "../nix-js-macros" }
 ere = "0.2.4"
 num_enum = "0.7.5"
 tap = "1.0.1"
@@ -74,11 +73,20 @@ http-body-util = { version = "0.1", optional = true }
 http = { version = "1", optional = true }
 uuid = { version = "1", features = ["v4"], optional = true }

+ghost-cell = "0.2"
+colored = "3.1"
+boxing = "0.1"
+gc-arena = { version = "0.5.3", features = ["allocator-api2"] }
+allocator-api2 = "0.4.0"
+smallvec = "1.15.1"
+
 [features]
 inspector = ["dep:fastwebsockets", "dep:hyper", "dep:hyper-util", "dep:http-body-util", "dep:http", "dep:uuid"]
+prof = []

 [dev-dependencies]
 criterion = { version = "0.8", features = ["html_reports"] }
+test-log = { version = "0.2", features = ["trace"] }

 [[bench]]
 name = "basic_ops"
--- a/nix-js/benches/basic_ops.rs
+++ b/nix-js/benches/basic_ops.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 mod utils;

-use criterion::{Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use std::hint::black_box;
+
+use criterion::{Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use utils::eval;

 fn bench_arithmetic(c: &mut Criterion) {
--- a/nix-js/benches/builtins.rs
+++ b/nix-js/benches/builtins.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 mod utils;

-use criterion::{Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use std::hint::black_box;
+
+use criterion::{Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use utils::eval;

 fn bench_builtin_math(c: &mut Criterion) {
--- a/nix-js/benches/compile_time.rs
+++ b/nix-js/benches/compile_time.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 mod utils;

+use std::hint::black_box;
+
 use criterion::{Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use nix_js::context::Context;
-use std::hint::black_box;
 use utils::compile;

 fn bench_parse_and_downgrade(c: &mut Criterion) {
--- a/nix-js/benches/thunk_scope.rs
+++ b/nix-js/benches/thunk_scope.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 mod utils;

-use criterion::{Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use std::hint::black_box;
+
+use criterion::{Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 use utils::eval;

 fn bench_non_recursive(c: &mut Criterion) {
--- a/nix-js/build.rs
+++ b/nix-js/build.rs
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::process::Command;
-
-fn main() {
-    let runtime_ts_dir = Path::new("runtime-ts");
-    let dist_runtime = runtime_ts_dir.join("dist/runtime.js");
-
-    if !runtime_ts_dir.exists() {
-        println!("cargo::warning=runtime-ts directory not found, using existing runtime.js");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=runtime-ts/src");
-    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=runtime-ts/package.json");
-    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=runtime-ts/tsconfig.json");
-    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=runtime-ts/build.mjs");
-
-    if !runtime_ts_dir.join("node_modules").exists() {
-        println!("Installing npm dependencies...");
-        let npm_cmd = if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
-            "npm.cmd"
-        } else {
-            "npm"
-        };
-        let status = Command::new(npm_cmd)
-            .arg("install")
-            .current_dir(runtime_ts_dir)
-            .status()
-            .expect("Failed to run npm install. Is Node.js installed?");
-
-        if !status.success() {
-            panic!("npm install failed. Please check your Node.js installation.");
-        }
-    }
-
-    println!("Running TypeScript type checking...");
-    let npm_cmd = if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
-        "npm.cmd"
-    } else {
-        "npm"
-    };
-    let status = Command::new(npm_cmd)
-        .arg("run")
-        .arg("typecheck")
-        .current_dir(runtime_ts_dir)
-        .status()
-        .expect("Failed to run type checking");
-
-    if !status.success() {
-        panic!("TypeScript type checking failed! Fix type errors before building.");
-    }
-
-    println!("Building runtime.js from TypeScript...");
-    let status = Command::new(npm_cmd)
-        .arg("run")
-        .arg("build")
-        .current_dir(runtime_ts_dir)
-        .status()
-        .expect("Failed to build runtime");
-
-    if !status.success() {
-        panic!("Runtime build failed!");
-    }
-
-    if dist_runtime.exists() {
-        println!("Successfully built runtime.js",);
-    } else {
-        panic!("dist/runtime.js not found after build");
-    }
-}
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/package-lock.json
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/package-lock.json
@@ -8,16 +8,15 @@
      "name": "nix-js-runtime",
      "version": "0.1.0",
      "dependencies": {
-        "@eslint/json": "^1.0.1",
-        "eslint": "^9.39.2",
        "globals": "^17.3.0",
-        "jiti": "^2.6.1",
-        "js-sdsl": "^4.4.2",
-        "typescript-eslint": "^8.55.0"
+        "js-sdsl": "^4.4.2"
      },
      "devDependencies": {
        "esbuild": "^0.24.2",
-        "typescript": "^5.7.2"
+        "eslint": "^9.39.2",
+        "jiti": "^2.6.1",
+        "typescript": "^5.7.2",
+        "typescript-eslint": "^8.55.0"
      }
    },
    "node_modules/@esbuild/aix-ppc64": {
@@ -449,6 +448,7 @@
      "version": "4.9.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint-community/eslint-utils/-/eslint-utils-4.9.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-phrYmNiYppR7znFEdqgfWHXR6NCkZEK7hwWDHZUjit/2/U0r6XvkDl0SYnoM51Hq7FhCGdLDT6zxCCOY1hexsQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
        "eslint-visitor-keys": "^3.4.3"
@@ -467,6 +467,7 @@
      "version": "3.4.3",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/eslint-visitor-keys/-/eslint-visitor-keys-3.4.3.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-wpc+LXeiyiisxPlEkUzU6svyS1frIO3Mgxj1fdy7Pm8Ygzguax2N3Fa/D/ag1WqbOprdI+uY6wMUl8/a2G+iag==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "Apache-2.0",
      "engines": {
        "node": "^12.22.0 || ^14.17.0 || >=16.0.0"
@@ -479,6 +480,7 @@
      "version": "4.12.2",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint-community/regexpp/-/regexpp-4.12.2.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-EriSTlt5OC9/7SXkRSCAhfSxxoSUgBm33OH+IkwbdpgoqsSsUg7y3uh+IICI/Qg4BBWr3U2i39RpmycbxMq4ew==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
        "node": "^12.0.0 || ^14.0.0 || >=16.0.0"
@@ -488,6 +490,7 @@
      "version": "0.21.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint/config-array/-/config-array-0.21.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-aw1gNayWpdI/jSYVgzN5pL0cfzU02GT3NBpeT/DXbx1/1x7ZKxFPd9bwrzygx/qiwIQiJ1sw/zD8qY/kRvlGHA==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "Apache-2.0",
      "dependencies": {
        "@eslint/object-schema": "^2.1.7",
@@ -502,6 +505,7 @@
      "version": "0.4.2",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint/config-helpers/-/config-helpers-0.4.2.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-gBrxN88gOIf3R7ja5K9slwNayVcZgK6SOUORm2uBzTeIEfeVaIhOpCtTox3P6R7o2jLFwLFTLnC7kU/RGcYEgw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "Apache-2.0",
      "dependencies": {
        "@eslint/core": "^0.17.0"
@@ -514,6 +518,7 @@
      "version": "0.17.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint/core/-/core-0.17.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-yL/sLrpmtDaFEiUj1osRP4TI2MDz1AddJL+jZ7KSqvBuliN4xqYY54IfdN8qD8Toa6g1iloph1fxQNkjOxrrpQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "Apache-2.0",
      "dependencies": {
        "@types/json-schema": "^7.0.15"
@@ -522,22 +527,11 @@
        "node": "^18.18.0 || ^20.9.0 || >=21.1.0"
      }
    },
-    "node_modules/@eslint/core": {
-      "version": "1.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint/core/-/core-1.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-/nr9K9wkr3P1EzFTdFdMoLuo1PmIxjmwvPozwoSodjNBdefGujXQUF93u1DDZpEaTuDvMsIQddsd35BwtrW9Xw==",
-      "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@types/json-schema": "^7.0.15"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "^20.19.0 || ^22.13.0 || >=24"
-      }
-    },
    "node_modules/@eslint/eslintrc": {
      "version": "3.3.3",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint/eslintrc/-/eslintrc-3.3.3.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-Kr+LPIUVKz2qkx1HAMH8q1q6azbqBAsXJUxBl/ODDuVPX45Z9DfwB8tPjTi6nNZ8BuM3nbJxC5zCAg5elnBUTQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
        "ajv": "^6.12.4",
@@ -561,6 +555,7 @@
      "version": "14.0.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/globals/-/globals-14.0.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-oahGvuMGQlPw/ivIYBjVSrWAfWLBeku5tpPE2fOPLi+WHffIWbuh2tCjhyQhTBPMf5E9jDEH4FOmTYgYwbKwtQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
        "node": ">=18"
@@ -573,6 +568,7 @@
      "version": "9.39.2",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint/js/-/js-9.39.2.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-q1mjIoW1VX4IvSocvM/vbTiveKC4k9eLrajNEuSsmjymSDEbpGddtpfOoN7YGAqBK3NG+uqo8ia4PDTt8buCYA==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
        "node": "^18.18.0 || ^20.9.0 || >=21.1.0"
@@ -581,47 +577,21 @@
        "url": "https://eslint.org/donate"
      }
    },
-    "node_modules/@eslint/json": {
-      "version": "1.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint/json/-/json-1.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-bE2nGv8/U+uRvQEJWOgCsZCa65XsCBgxyyx/sXtTHVv0kqdauACLzyp7A1C3yNn7pRaWjIt5acxY+TAbSyIJXw==",
-      "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@eslint/core": "^1.1.0",
-        "@eslint/plugin-kit": "^0.6.0",
-        "@humanwhocodes/momoa": "^3.3.10",
-        "natural-compare": "^1.4.0"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "^20.19.0 || ^22.13.0 || >=24"
-      }
-    },
    "node_modules/@eslint/object-schema": {
      "version": "2.1.7",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint/object-schema/-/object-schema-2.1.7.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-VtAOaymWVfZcmZbp6E2mympDIHvyjXs/12LqWYjVw6qjrfF+VK+fyG33kChz3nnK+SU5/NeHOqrTEHS8sXO3OA==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "Apache-2.0",
      "engines": {
        "node": "^18.18.0 || ^20.9.0 || >=21.1.0"
      }
    },
-    "node_modules/@eslint/plugin-kit": {
-      "version": "0.6.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@eslint/plugin-kit/-/plugin-kit-0.6.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-bIZEUzOI1jkhviX2cp5vNyXQc6olzb2ohewQubuYlMXZ2Q/XjBO0x0XhGPvc9fjSIiUN0vw+0hq53BJ4eQSJKQ==",
-      "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@eslint/core": "^1.1.0",
-        "levn": "^0.4.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": "^20.19.0 || ^22.13.0 || >=24"
-      }
-    },
    "node_modules/@humanfs/core": {
      "version": "0.19.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@humanfs/core/-/core-0.19.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-5DyQ4+1JEUzejeK1JGICcideyfUbGixgS9jNgex5nqkW+cY7WZhxBigmieN5Qnw9ZosSNVC9KQKyb+GUaGyKUA==",
+      "dev": true,
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      "license": "Apache-2.0",
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@@ -653,19 +625,11 @@
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@@ -918,6 +896,7 @@
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@@ -973,6 +955,7 @@
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@@ -988,18 +971,21 @@
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@@ -1019,6 +1006,7 @@
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@@ -1047,18 +1036,21 @@
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@@ -1073,6 +1065,7 @@
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@@ -1090,6 +1083,7 @@
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@@ -1137,6 +1131,7 @@
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@@ -1149,6 +1144,7 @@
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@@ -1209,6 +1205,7 @@
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@@ -1225,6 +1222,7 @@
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@@ -1237,6 +1235,7 @@
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@@ -1249,6 +1248,7 @@
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+      "dev": true,
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@@ -1279,6 +1280,7 @@
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@@ -1291,6 +1293,7 @@
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+      "dev": true,
      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
      "engines": {
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@@ -1321,24 +1326,28 @@
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/fast-deep-equal/-/fast-deep-equal-3.1.3.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-f3qQ9oQy9j2AhBe/H9VC91wLmKBCCU/gDOnKNAYG5hswO7BLKj09Hc5HYNz9cGI++xlpDCIgDaitVs03ATR84Q==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT"
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    "node_modules/fast-json-stable-stringify": {
      "version": "2.1.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/fast-json-stable-stringify/-/fast-json-stable-stringify-2.1.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-lhd/wF+Lk98HZoTCtlVraHtfh5XYijIjalXck7saUtuanSDyLMxnHhSXEDJqHxD7msR8D0uCmqlkwjCV8xvwHw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT"
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    "node_modules/fast-levenshtein": {
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/fast-levenshtein/-/fast-levenshtein-2.0.6.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT"
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    "node_modules/fdir": {
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/fdir/-/fdir-6.5.0.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -1356,6 +1365,7 @@
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+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -1368,6 +1378,7 @@
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+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -1384,6 +1395,7 @@
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      "integrity": "sha512-f7ccFPK3SXFHpx15UIGyRJ/FJQctuKZ0zVuN3frBo4HnK3cay9VEW0R6yPYFHC0AgqhukPzKjq22t5DmAyqGyw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -1397,12 +1409,14 @@
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      "integrity": "sha512-GX+ysw4PBCz0PzosHDepZGANEuFCMLrnRTiEy9McGjmkCQYwRq4A/X786G/fjM/+OjsWSU1ZrY5qyARZmO/uwg==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "ISC"
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    "node_modules/glob-parent": {
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/glob-parent/-/glob-parent-6.0.2.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
      "license": "ISC",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1427,6 +1441,7 @@
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+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -1436,6 +1451,7 @@
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      "integrity": "sha512-hsBTNUqQTDwkWtcdYI2i06Y/nUBEsNEDJKjWdigLvegy8kDuJAS8uRlpkkcQpyEXL0Z/pjDy5HBmMjRCJ2gq+g==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -1445,6 +1461,7 @@
      "version": "3.3.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/import-fresh/-/import-fresh-3.3.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-TR3KfrTZTYLPB6jUjfx6MF9WcWrHL9su5TObK4ZkYgBdWKPOFoSoQIdEuTuR82pmtxH2spWG9h6etwfr1pLBqQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1461,6 +1478,7 @@
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/imurmurhash/-/imurmurhash-0.1.4.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-JmXMZ6wuvDmLiHEml9ykzqO6lwFbof0GG4IkcGaENdCRDDmMVnny7s5HsIgHCbaq0w2MyPhDqkhTUgS2LU2PHA==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -1470,6 +1488,7 @@
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/is-extglob/-/is-extglob-2.1.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-SbKbANkN603Vi4jEZv49LeVJMn4yGwsbzZworEoyEiutsN3nJYdbO36zfhGJ6QEDpOZIFkDtnq5JRxmvl3jsoQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
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@@ -1479,6 +1498,7 @@
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/is-glob/-/is-glob-4.0.3.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-xelSayHH36ZgE7ZWhli7pW34hNbNl8Ojv5KVmkJD4hBdD3th8Tfk9vYasLM+mXWOZhFkgZfxhLSnrwRr4elSSg==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1491,12 +1511,14 @@
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/isexe/-/isexe-2.0.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-RHxMLp9lnKHGHRng9QFhRCMbYAcVpn69smSGcq3f36xjgVVWThj4qqLbTLlq7Ssj8B+fIQ1EuCEGI2lKsyQeIw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "ISC"
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    "node_modules/jiti": {
      "version": "2.6.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/jiti/-/jiti-2.6.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-ekilCSN1jwRvIbgeg/57YFh8qQDNbwDb9xT/qu2DAHbFFZUicIl4ygVaAvzveMhMVr3LnpSKTNnwt8PoOfmKhQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "peer": true,
      "bin": {
@@ -1517,6 +1539,7 @@
      "version": "4.1.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-4.1.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-qQKT4zQxXl8lLwBtHMWwaTcGfFOZviOJet3Oy/xmGk2gZH677CJM9EvtfdSkgWcATZhj/55JZ0rmy3myCT5lsA==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
        "argparse": "^2.0.1"
@@ -1529,24 +1552,28 @@
      "version": "3.0.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/json-buffer/-/json-buffer-3.0.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-4bV5BfR2mqfQTJm+V5tPPdf+ZpuhiIvTuAB5g8kcrXOZpTT/QwwVRWBywX1ozr6lEuPdbHxwaJlm9G6mI2sfSQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT"
    },
    "node_modules/json-schema-traverse": {
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/json-schema-traverse/-/json-schema-traverse-0.4.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-xbbCH5dCYU5T8LcEhhuh7HJ88HXuW3qsI3Y0zOZFKfZEHcpWiHU/Jxzk629Brsab/mMiHQti9wMP+845RPe3Vg==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT"
    },
    "node_modules/json-stable-stringify-without-jsonify": {
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/json-stable-stringify-without-jsonify/-/json-stable-stringify-without-jsonify-1.0.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-Bdboy+l7tA3OGW6FjyFHWkP5LuByj1Tk33Ljyq0axyzdk9//JSi2u3fP1QSmd1KNwq6VOKYGlAu87CisVir6Pw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT"
    },
    "node_modules/keyv": {
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/keyv/-/keyv-4.5.4.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-oxVHkHR/EJf2CNXnWxRLW6mg7JyCCUcG0DtEGmL2ctUo1PNTin1PUil+r/+4r5MpVgC/fn1kjsx7mjSujKqIpw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1556,6 +1583,7 @@
      "version": "0.4.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/levn/-/levn-0.4.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-+bT2uH4E5LGE7h/n3evcS/sQlJXCpIp6ym8OWJ5eV6+67Dsql/LaaT7qJBAt2rzfoa/5QBGBhxDix1dMt2kQKQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1569,6 +1597,7 @@
      "version": "6.0.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/locate-path/-/locate-path-6.0.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-iPZK6eYjbxRu3uB4/WZ3EsEIMJFMqAoopl3R+zuq0UjcAm/MO6KCweDgPfP3elTztoKP3KtnVHxTn2NHBSDVUw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
        "p-locate": "^5.0.0"
@@ -1584,12 +1613,14 @@
      "version": "4.6.2",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/lodash.merge/-/lodash.merge-4.6.2.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-0KpjqXRVvrYyCsX1swR/XTK0va6VQkQM6MNo7PqW77ByjAhoARA8EfrP1N4+KlKj8YS0ZUCtRT/YUuhyYDujIQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT"
    },
    "node_modules/minimatch": {
      "version": "3.1.2",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/minimatch/-/minimatch-3.1.2.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-J7p63hRiAjw1NDEww1W7i37+ByIrOWO5XQQAzZ3VOcL0PNybwpfmV/N05zFAzwQ9USyEcX6t3UO+K5aqBQOIHw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "ISC",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1602,18 +1633,21 @@
      "version": "2.1.3",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/ms/-/ms-2.1.3.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-6FlzubTLZG3J2a/NVCAleEhjzq5oxgHyaCU9yYXvcLsvoVaHJq/s5xXI6/XXP6tz7R9xAOtHnSO/tXtF3WRTlA==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT"
    },
    "node_modules/natural-compare": {
      "version": "1.4.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/natural-compare/-/natural-compare-1.4.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-OWND8ei3VtNC9h7V60qff3SVobHr996CTwgxubgyQYEpg290h9J0buyECNNJexkFm5sOajh5G116RYA1c8ZMSw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT"
    },
    "node_modules/optionator": {
      "version": "0.9.4",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/optionator/-/optionator-0.9.4.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-6IpQ7mKUxRcZNLIObR0hz7lxsapSSIYNZJwXPGeF0mTVqGKFIXj1DQcMoT22S3ROcLyY/rz0PWaWZ9ayWmad9g==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
        "deep-is": "^0.1.3",
@@ -1631,6 +1665,7 @@
      "version": "3.1.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/p-limit/-/p-limit-3.1.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-TYOanM3wGwNGsZN2cVTYPArw454xnXj5qmWF1bEoAc4+cU/ol7GVh7odevjp1FNHduHc3KZMcFduxU5Xc6uJRQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1646,6 +1681,7 @@
      "version": "5.0.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/p-locate/-/p-locate-5.0.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-LaNjtRWUBY++zB5nE/NwcaoMylSPk+S+ZHNB1TzdbMJMny6dynpAGt7X/tl/QYq3TIeE6nxHppbo2LGymrG5Pw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1661,6 +1697,7 @@
      "version": "1.0.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/parent-module/-/parent-module-1.0.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-GQ2EWRpQV8/o+Aw8YqtfZZPfNRWZYkbidE9k5rpl/hC3vtHHBfGm2Ifi6qWV+coDGkrUKZAxE3Lot5kcsRlh+g==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
        "callsites": "^3.0.0"
@@ -1673,6 +1710,7 @@
      "version": "4.0.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/path-exists/-/path-exists-4.0.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-ak9Qy5Q7jYb2Wwcey5Fpvg2KoAc/ZIhLSLOSBmRmygPsGwkVVt0fZa0qrtMz+m6tJTAHfZQ8FnmB4MG4LWy7/w==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
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@@ -1682,6 +1720,7 @@
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/path-key/-/path-key-3.1.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-ojmeN0qd+y0jszEtoY48r0Peq5dwMEkIlCOu6Q5f41lfkswXuKtYrhgoTpLnyIcHm24Uhqx+5Tqm2InSwLhE6Q==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
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@@ -1691,6 +1730,7 @@
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/picomatch/-/picomatch-4.0.3.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-5gTmgEY/sqK6gFXLIsQNH19lWb4ebPDLA4SdLP7dsWkIXHWlG66oPuVvXSGFPppYZz8ZDZq0dYYrbHfBCVUb1Q==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "peer": true,
      "engines": {
@@ -1704,6 +1744,7 @@
      "version": "1.2.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/prelude-ls/-/prelude-ls-1.2.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-vkcDPrRZo1QZLbn5RLGPpg/WmIQ65qoWWhcGKf/b5eplkkarX0m9z8ppCat4mlOqUsWpyNuYgO3VRyrYHSzX5g==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
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@@ -1713,6 +1754,7 @@
      "version": "2.3.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/punycode/-/punycode-2.3.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-vYt7UD1U9Wg6138shLtLOvdAu+8DsC/ilFtEVHcH+wydcSpNE20AfSOduf6MkRFahL5FY7X1oU7nKVZFtfq8Fg==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
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@@ -1722,6 +1764,7 @@
      "version": "4.0.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/resolve-from/-/resolve-from-4.0.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-pb/MYmXstAkysRFx8piNI1tGFNQIFA3vkE3Gq4EuA1dF6gHp/+vgZqsCGJapvy8N3Q+4o7FwvquPJcnZ7RYy4g==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
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@@ -1731,6 +1774,7 @@
      "version": "7.7.4",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/semver/-/semver-7.7.4.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-vFKC2IEtQnVhpT78h1Yp8wzwrf8CM+MzKMHGJZfBtzhZNycRFnXsHk6E5TxIkkMsgNS7mdX3AGB7x2QM2di4lA==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "ISC",
      "bin": {
        "semver": "bin/semver.js"
@@ -1743,6 +1787,7 @@
      "version": "2.0.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/shebang-command/-/shebang-command-2.0.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-kHxr2zZpYtdmrN1qDjrrX/Z1rR1kG8Dx+gkpK1G4eXmvXswmcE1hTWBWYUzlraYw1/yZp6YuDY77YtvbN0dmDA==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1755,6 +1800,7 @@
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/shebang-regex/-/shebang-regex-3.0.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-7++dFhtcx3353uBaq8DDR4NuxBetBzC7ZQOhmTQInHEd6bSrXdiEyzCvG07Z44UYdLShWUyXt5M/yhz8ekcb1A==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
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@@ -1764,6 +1810,7 @@
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/strip-json-comments/-/strip-json-comments-3.1.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-6fPc+R4ihwqP6N/aIv2f1gMH8lOVtWQHoqC4yK6oSDVVocumAsfCqjkXnqiYMhmMwS/mEHLp7Vehlt3ql6lEig==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
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@@ -1776,6 +1823,7 @@
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      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/supports-color/-/supports-color-7.2.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-qpCAvRl9stuOHveKsn7HncJRvv501qIacKzQlO/+Lwxc9+0q2wLyv4Dfvt80/DPn2pqOBsJdDiogXGR9+OvwRw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1788,6 +1836,7 @@
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      "integrity": "sha512-j2Zq4NyQYG5XMST4cbs02Ak8iJUdxRM0XI5QyxXuZOzKOINmWurp3smXu3y5wDcJrptwpSjgXHzIQxR0omXljQ==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
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@@ -1804,6 +1853,7 @@
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+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
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@@ -1816,6 +1866,7 @@
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+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
        "prelude-ls": "^1.2.1"
@@ -1828,6 +1879,7 @@
      "version": "5.9.3",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/typescript/-/typescript-5.9.3.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-jl1vZzPDinLr9eUt3J/t7V6FgNEw9QjvBPdysz9KfQDD41fQrC2Y4vKQdiaUpFT4bXlb1RHhLpp8wtm6M5TgSw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "Apache-2.0",
      "peer": true,
      "bin": {
@@ -1842,6 +1894,7 @@
      "version": "8.55.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/typescript-eslint/-/typescript-eslint-8.55.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-HE4wj+r5lmDVS9gdaN0/+iqNvPZwGfnJ5lZuz7s5vLlg9ODw0bIiiETaios9LvFI1U94/VBXGm3CB2Y5cNFMpw==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "dependencies": {
        "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "8.55.0",
@@ -1865,6 +1918,7 @@
      "version": "4.4.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/uri-js/-/uri-js-4.4.1.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-7rKUyy33Q1yc98pQ1DAmLtwX109F7TIfWlW1Ydo8Wl1ii1SeHieeh0HHfPeL2fMXK6z0s8ecKs9frCuLJvndBg==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
      "dependencies": {
        "punycode": "^2.1.0"
@@ -1874,6 +1928,7 @@
      "version": "2.0.2",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/which/-/which-2.0.2.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-BLI3Tl1TW3Pvl70l3yq3Y64i+awpwXqsGBYWkkqMtnbXgrMD+yj7rhW0kuEDxzJaYXGjEW5ogapKNMEKNMjibA==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "ISC",
      "dependencies": {
        "isexe": "^2.0.0"
@@ -1889,6 +1944,7 @@
      "version": "1.2.5",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/word-wrap/-/word-wrap-1.2.5.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-BN22B5eaMMI9UMtjrGd5g5eCYPpCPDUy0FJXbYsaT5zYxjFOckS53SQDE3pWkVoWpHXVb3BrYcEN4Twa55B5cA==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
        "node": ">=0.10.0"
@@ -1898,6 +1954,7 @@
      "version": "0.1.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/yocto-queue/-/yocto-queue-0.1.0.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-rVksvsnNCdJ/ohGc6xgPwyN8eheCxsiLM8mxuE/t/mOVqJewPuO1miLpTHQiRgTKCLexL4MeAFVagts7HmNZ2Q==",
+      "dev": true,
      "license": "MIT",
      "engines": {
        "node": ">=10"
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/package.json
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/package.json
@@ -10,12 +10,13 @@
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "esbuild": "^0.24.2",
-    "typescript": "^5.7.2"
+    "eslint": "^9.39.2",
+    "typescript": "^5.7.2",
+    "typescript-eslint": "^8.55.0",
+    "jiti": "^2.6.1"
  },
  "dependencies": {
-    "eslint": "^9.39.2",
    "globals": "^17.3.0",
-    "js-sdsl": "^4.4.2",
-    "typescript-eslint": "^8.55.0"
+    "js-sdsl": "^4.4.2"
  }
 }
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/attrs.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/attrs.ts
@@ -149,13 +149,11 @@ export const unsafeGetAttrPos =
      return null;
    }

-    const positions = (attrs as NixAttrs & Record<symbol, unknown>)[ATTR_POSITIONS] as
-      | Record<string, string>
-      | undefined;
-    if (!positions || !(name in positions)) {
+    const positions = attrs[ATTR_POSITIONS];
+    if (!positions || !positions.has(name)) {
      return null;
    }

-    const span = positions[name];
+    const span = positions.get(name) as number;
    return mkPos(span);
  };
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/conversion.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/conversion.ts
@@ -2,11 +2,16 @@
 * Conversion and serialization builtin functions
 */

-import { addBuiltContext, mkStringWithContext, type NixStringContext } from "../string-context";
+import {
+  addBuiltContext,
+  mkStringWithContext,
+  type NixStringContext,
+  StringWithContext,
+} from "../string-context";
 import { force, isThunk } from "../thunk";
 import { forceFunction, forceStringNoCtx } from "../type-assert";
 import type { NixString, NixValue } from "../types";
-import { HAS_CONTEXT, IS_PATH, isNixPath, isStringWithContext } from "../types";
+import { isNixPath, isStringWithContext, NixPath } from "../types";
 import { isAttrs, isPath, typeOf } from "./type-check";

 export const fromJSON = (e: NixValue): NixValue => {
@@ -284,13 +289,14 @@ export const toStringFunc = (value: NixValue): NixString => {
  return coerceToStringWithContext(value, StringCoercionMode.ToString, false);
 };

+export type JsonValue = number | boolean | string | null | { [key: string]: JsonValue } | Array<JsonValue>;
 export const nixValueToJson = (
  value: NixValue,
  strict: boolean,
  outContext: NixStringContext,
  copyToStore: boolean,
  seen: Set<NixValue> = new Set(),
-): unknown => {
+): JsonValue => {
  const v = strict ? force(value) : value;

  if (isThunk(v) || typeof v === "function")
@@ -306,13 +312,13 @@ export const nixValueToJson = (
  if (typeof v === "number") return v;
  if (typeof v === "boolean") return v;
  if (typeof v === "string") return v;
-  if (typeof v === "object" && HAS_CONTEXT in v) {
+  if (v instanceof StringWithContext) {
    for (const elem of v.context) {
      outContext.add(elem);
    }
    return v.value;
  }
-  if (typeof v === "object" && IS_PATH in v) {
+  if (v instanceof NixPath) {
    if (copyToStore) {
      const storePath = Deno.core.ops.op_copy_path_to_store(v.value);
      outContext.add(storePath);
@@ -353,7 +359,7 @@ export const nixValueToJson = (
      return nixValueToJson(v.get("outPath") as NixValue, strict, outContext, copyToStore, seen);
    }

-    const result: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+    const result: { [key: string]: JsonValue } = {};
    const keys = Array.from(v.keys()).sort();
    for (const key of keys) {
      result[key] = nixValueToJson(v.get(key) as NixValue, strict, outContext, copyToStore, seen);
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/derivation.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/derivation.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
 import { force } from "../thunk";
 import { forceAttrs, forceList, forceStringNoCtx, forceStringValue } from "../type-assert";
 import type { NixAttrs, NixValue } from "../types";
-import { coerceToString, nixValueToJson, StringCoercionMode } from "./conversion";
+import { coerceToString, type JsonValue, nixValueToJson, StringCoercionMode } from "./conversion";

 export interface OutputInfo {
  path: string;
@@ -205,9 +205,9 @@ const structuredAttrsExcludedKeys = new Set([

 const specialAttrs = new Set(["args", "__ignoreNulls", "__contentAddressed", "__impure"]);

-const sortedJsonStringify = (obj: Record<string, unknown>): string => {
+const sortedJsonStringify = (obj: Record<string, JsonValue>): string => {
  const sortedKeys = Object.keys(obj).sort();
-  const sortedObj: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+  const sortedObj: Record<string, JsonValue> = {};
  for (const key of sortedKeys) {
    sortedObj[key] = obj[key];
  }
@@ -224,14 +224,14 @@ const extractEnv = (
  const env = new Map<string, string>();

  if (structuredAttrs) {
-    const jsonAttrs: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+    const jsonAttrs: Record<string, JsonValue> = {};
    for (const [key, value] of attrs) {
      if (!structuredAttrsExcludedKeys.has(key)) {
-        const forcedValue = force(value as NixValue);
+        const forcedValue = force(value);
        if (ignoreNulls && forcedValue === null) {
          continue;
        }
-        jsonAttrs[key] = nixValueToJson(value as NixValue, true, outContext, true);
+        jsonAttrs[key] = nixValueToJson(value, true, outContext, true);
      }

      if (key === "allowedReferences") {
@@ -377,16 +377,16 @@ export const derivationStrict = (args: NixValue): NixAttrs => {
  const rustResult: {
    drvPath: string;
    outputs: [string, string][];
-  } = Deno.core.ops.op_finalize_derivation({
-    name: drvName,
+  } = Deno.core.ops.op_finalize_derivation(
+    drvName,
    builder,
    platform,
    outputs,
-    args: drvArgs,
-    env: envEntries,
-    context: contextArray,
-    fixedOutput: fixedOutputInfo,
-  });
+    drvArgs,
+    envEntries,
+    contextArray,
+    fixedOutputInfo,
+  );

  const result: NixAttrs = new Map();

--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/functional.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/functional.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export const deepSeq =
          recurse(val);
        }
      } else if (isAttrs(forced)) {
-        for (const [_, val] of Object.entries(forced)) {
+        for (const [_, val] of forced.entries()) {
          recurse(val);
        }
      }
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/hash.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/hash.ts
@@ -30,9 +30,5 @@ export const convertHash = (args: NixValue): string => {

  const toHashFormat = forceStringNoCtx(select(attrs, ["toHashFormat"]));

-  return Deno.core.ops.op_convert_hash({
-    hash,
-    hashAlgo,
-    toHashFormat,
-  });
+  return Deno.core.ops.op_convert_hash(hash, hashAlgo, toHashFormat);
 };
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/index.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/index.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { createThunk, force } from "../thunk";
-import type { NixAttrs, NixValue } from "../types";
+import type { NixAttrs, NixFunction, NixValue } from "../types";
 import * as arithmetic from "./arithmetic";
 import * as attrs from "./attrs";
 import * as conversion from "./conversion";
@@ -24,31 +24,31 @@ export interface PrimopMetadata {
 }

 export const mkPrimop = (
-  func: (...args: NixValue[]) => NixValue,
+  func: NixFunction,
  name: string,
  arity: number,
  applied: number = 0,
 ): ((...args: NixValue[]) => NixValue) => {
-  (func as unknown as Record<symbol, unknown>)[PRIMOP_METADATA] = {
+  func[PRIMOP_METADATA] = {
    name,
    arity,
    applied,
  } satisfies PrimopMetadata;

  if (applied < arity - 1) {
-    const wrappedFunc = ((...args: NixValue[]) => {
-      const result = func(...args);
+    const wrappedFunc: NixFunction = ((arg: NixValue) => {
+      const result = func(arg);
      if (typeof result === "function") {
-        return mkPrimop(result, name, arity, applied + args.length);
+        return mkPrimop(result, name, arity, applied + 1);
      }
      return result;
-    }) as (...args: NixValue[]) => NixValue;
+    });

-    (wrappedFunc as unknown as Record<symbol, unknown>)[PRIMOP_METADATA] = {
+    wrappedFunc[PRIMOP_METADATA] = {
      name,
      arity,
      applied,
-    } satisfies PrimopMetadata;
+    };

    return wrappedFunc;
  }
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ export const mkPrimop = (
 };

 export const isPrimop = (
-  value: unknown,
-): value is ((...args: never[]) => unknown) & { [PRIMOP_METADATA]: PrimopMetadata } => {
+  value: NixValue,
+): value is NixFunction & { [PRIMOP_METADATA]: PrimopMetadata } => {
  return (
    typeof value === "function" &&
    PRIMOP_METADATA in value &&
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ export const isPrimop = (
  );
 };

-export const getPrimopMetadata = (func: unknown): PrimopMetadata | undefined => {
+export const getPrimopMetadata = (func: NixValue): PrimopMetadata | undefined => {
  if (isPrimop(func)) {
    return func[PRIMOP_METADATA];
  }
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/io.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/io.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@ import {
  forceStringNoCtx,
  forceStringValue,
 } from "../type-assert";
-import type { NixAttrs, NixPath, NixString, NixValue } from "../types";
-import { CatchableError, IS_PATH, isNixPath } from "../types";
+import type { NixAttrs, NixString, NixValue } from "../types";
+import { CatchableError, isNixPath, NixPath } from "../types";
 import { coerceToPath, coerceToString, StringCoercionMode } from "./conversion";
 import { baseNameOf } from "./path";
 import { isAttrs, isPath, isString } from "./type-check";
+import { execBytecode, execBytecodeScoped } from "../vm";

 const importCache = new Map<string, NixValue>();

@@ -49,8 +50,8 @@ export const importFunc = (path: NixValue): NixValue => {
    return cached;
  }

-  const code = Deno.core.ops.op_import(pathStr);
-  const result = Function(`return (${code})`)();
+  const [code, currentDir] = Deno.core.ops.op_import(pathStr);
+  const result = execBytecode(code, currentDir);

  importCache.set(pathStr, result);
  return result;
@@ -64,10 +65,8 @@ export const scopedImport =

    const pathStr = realisePath(path);

-    const code = Deno.core.ops.op_scoped_import(pathStr, scopeKeys);
-
-    const scopedFunc = Function(`return (${code})`)();
-    return scopedFunc(scopeAttrs);
+    const [code, currentDir] = Deno.core.ops.op_scoped_import(pathStr, scopeKeys);
+    return execBytecodeScoped(code, currentDir, scopeAttrs);
  };

 export const storePath = (pathArg: NixValue): StringWithContext => {
@@ -85,24 +84,24 @@ export const fetchClosure = (_args: NixValue): never => {
 };

 export interface FetchUrlResult {
-  store_path: string;
+  storePath: string;
  hash: string;
 }

 export interface FetchTarballResult {
-  store_path: string;
-  nar_hash: string;
+  storePath: string;
+  narHash: string;
 }

 export interface FetchGitResult {
-  out_path: string;
+  outPath: string;
  rev: string;
-  short_rev: string;
-  rev_count: number;
-  last_modified: number;
-  last_modified_date: string;
+  shortRev: string;
+  revCount: number;
+  lastModified: number;
+  lastModifiedDate: string;
  submodules: boolean;
-  nar_hash: string | null;
+  narHash: string | null;
 }

 const normalizeUrlInput = (
@@ -154,16 +153,16 @@ export const fetchurl = (args: NixValue): NixString => {
    executable ?? false,
  );
  const context: NixStringContext = new Set();
-  addOpaqueContext(context, result.store_path);
-  return mkStringWithContext(result.store_path, context);
+  addOpaqueContext(context, result.storePath);
+  return mkStringWithContext(result.storePath, context);
 };

 export const fetchTarball = (args: NixValue): NixString => {
  const { url, name, sha256 } = normalizeTarballInput(args);
  const result: FetchTarballResult = Deno.core.ops.op_fetch_tarball(url, name ?? null, sha256 ?? null);
  const context: NixStringContext = new Set();
-  addOpaqueContext(context, result.store_path);
-  return mkStringWithContext(result.store_path, context);
+  addOpaqueContext(context, result.storePath);
+  return mkStringWithContext(result.storePath, context);
 };

 export const fetchGit = (args: NixValue): NixAttrs => {
@@ -173,20 +172,20 @@ export const fetchGit = (args: NixValue): NixAttrs => {
    const url = coerceToString(forced, StringCoercionMode.Base, false, disposedContext);
    const result = Deno.core.ops.op_fetch_git(url, null, null, false, false, false, null);
    const outContext: NixStringContext = new Set();
-    addOpaqueContext(outContext, result.out_path);
+    addOpaqueContext(outContext, result.outPath);
    return new Map<string, NixValue>([
-      ["outPath", mkStringWithContext(result.out_path, outContext)],
+      ["outPath", mkStringWithContext(result.outPath, outContext)],
      ["rev", result.rev],
-      ["shortRev", result.short_rev],
-      ["revCount", BigInt(result.rev_count)],
-      ["lastModified", BigInt(result.last_modified)],
-      ["lastModifiedDate", result.last_modified_date],
+      ["shortRev", result.shortRev],
+      ["revCount", BigInt(result.revCount)],
+      ["lastModified", BigInt(result.lastModified)],
+      ["lastModifiedDate", result.lastModifiedDate],
      ["submodules", result.submodules],
-      ["narHash", result.nar_hash],
+      ["narHash", result.narHash],
    ]);
  }
  const attrs = forceAttrs(args);
-  const url = forceStringValue(select("attrs", ["url"]));
+  const url = forceStringValue(select(attrs, ["url"]));
  const gitRef = attrs.has("ref") ? forceStringValue(attrs.get("ref") as NixValue) : null;
  const rev = attrs.has("rev") ? forceStringValue(attrs.get("rev") as NixValue) : null;
  const shallow = attrs.has("shallow") ? forceBool(attrs.get("shallow") as NixValue) : false;
@@ -205,16 +204,16 @@ export const fetchGit = (args: NixValue): NixAttrs => {
  );

  const outContext: NixStringContext = new Set();
-  addOpaqueContext(outContext, result.out_path);
+  addOpaqueContext(outContext, result.outPath);
  return new Map<string, NixValue>([
-    ["outPath", mkStringWithContext(result.out_path, outContext)],
+    ["outPath", mkStringWithContext(result.outPath, outContext)],
    ["rev", result.rev],
-    ["shortRev", result.short_rev],
-    ["revCount", BigInt(result.rev_count)],
-    ["lastModified", BigInt(result.last_modified)],
-    ["lastModifiedDate", result.last_modified_date],
+    ["shortRev", result.shortRev],
+    ["revCount", BigInt(result.revCount)],
+    ["lastModified", BigInt(result.lastModified)],
+    ["lastModifiedDate", result.lastModifiedDate],
    ["submodules", result.submodules],
-    ["narHash", result.nar_hash],
+    ["narHash", result.narHash],
  ]);
 };

@@ -307,12 +306,7 @@ const autoDetectAndFetch = (attrs: NixAttrs): NixAttrs => {

 export const readDir = (path: NixValue): NixAttrs => {
  const pathStr = realisePath(path);
-  const entries: Record<string, string> = Deno.core.ops.op_read_dir(pathStr);
-  const result: NixAttrs = new Map();
-  for (const [name, type] of Object.entries(entries)) {
-    result.set(name, type);
-  }
-  return result;
+  return Deno.core.ops.op_read_dir(pathStr);
 };

 export const readFile = (path: NixValue): string => {
@@ -475,13 +469,13 @@ export const findFile =
        suffix.length > 0 ? Deno.core.ops.op_resolve_path(suffix, resolvedPath) : resolvedPath;

      if (Deno.core.ops.op_path_exists(candidatePath)) {
-        return { [IS_PATH]: true, value: candidatePath };
+        return new NixPath(candidatePath);
      }
    }

    if (lookupPathStr.startsWith("nix/")) {
      // FIXME: special path type
-      return { [IS_PATH]: true, value: `<${lookupPathStr}>` };
+      return new NixPath(`<${lookupPathStr}>`);
    }

    throw new CatchableError(`file '${lookupPathStr}' was not found in the Nix search path`);
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/misc.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/builtins/misc.ts
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ export const functionArgs = (f: NixValue): NixAttrs => {
      ret.set(key, true);
    }
    const positions = func.args.positions;
-    if (positions && Object.keys(positions).length > 0) {
+    if (positions) {
      ret[ATTR_POSITIONS] = positions;
    }
    return ret;
@@ -318,7 +318,9 @@ export const splitVersion = (s: NixValue): NixValue => {
  return components;
 };

-export const traceVerbose = (_e1: NixValue, e2: NixValue): NixStrictValue => {
+export const traceVerbose =
+  (_e1: NixValue) =>
+  (e2: NixValue): NixStrictValue => {
    // TODO: implement traceVerbose
    return force(e2);
  };
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/helpers.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/helpers.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import type { NixAttrs, NixBool, NixPath, NixString, NixValue } from "./types";
 import { CatchableError, isNixPath } from "./types";

 interface StackFrame {
-  span: string;
+  span: number;
  message: string;
 }

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ function enrichError(error: unknown): Error {
  return err;
 }

-const pushContext = (message: string, span: string): void => {
+const pushContext = (message: string, span: number): void => {
  if (callStack.length >= MAX_STACK_DEPTH) {
    callStack.shift();
  }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ const popContext = (): void => {
  callStack.pop();
 };

-export const withContext = <T>(message: string, span: string, fn: () => T): T => {
+export const withContext = <T>(message: string, span: number, fn: () => T): T => {
  pushContext(message, span);
  try {
    return fn();
@@ -142,19 +142,22 @@ export const resolvePath = (currentDir: string, path: NixValue): NixPath => {
  return mkPath(resolved);
 };

-export const select = (obj: NixValue, attrpath: NixValue[], span?: string): NixValue => {
-  if (span) {
-    const pathStrings = attrpath.map((a) => forceStringValue(a));
-    const path = pathStrings.join(".");
-    const message = path ? `while selecting attribute [${path}]` : "while selecting attribute";
-
+export const select = (obj: NixValue, attrpath: NixValue[], span?: number): NixValue => {
+  if (span !== undefined) {
    if (callStack.length >= MAX_STACK_DEPTH) {
      callStack.shift();
    }
-    callStack.push({ span, message });
+    const frame: StackFrame = { span, message: "while selecting attribute" };
+    callStack.push(frame);
    try {
      return selectImpl(obj, attrpath);
    } catch (error) {
+      try {
+        const path = attrpath.map((a) => forceStringValue(a)).join(".");
+        if (path) frame.message = `while selecting attribute [${path}]`;
+      } catch {
+        throw enrichError(error);
+      }
      throw enrichError(error);
    } finally {
      callStack.pop();
@@ -167,8 +170,8 @@ export const select = (obj: NixValue, attrpath: NixValue[], span?: string): NixV
 function selectImpl(obj: NixValue, attrpath: NixValue[]): NixValue {
  let attrs = forceAttrs(obj);

-  for (const attr of attrpath.slice(0, -1)) {
-    const key = forceStringValue(attr);
+  for (let i = 0; i < attrpath.length - 1; i++) {
+    const key = forceStringValue(attrpath[i]);
    if (!attrs.has(key)) {
      throw new Error(`Attribute '${key}' not found`);
    }
@@ -187,20 +190,23 @@ export const selectWithDefault = (
  obj: NixValue,
  attrpath: NixValue[],
  defaultVal: NixValue,
-  span?: string,
+  span?: number,
 ): NixValue => {
-  if (span) {
-    const pathStrings = attrpath.map((a) => forceStringValue(a));
-    const path = pathStrings.join(".");
-    const message = path ? `while selecting attribute [${path}]` : "while selecting attribute";
-
+  if (span !== undefined) {
    if (callStack.length >= MAX_STACK_DEPTH) {
      callStack.shift();
    }
-    callStack.push({ span, message });
+    const frame: StackFrame = { span, message: "while selecting attribute" };
+    callStack.push(frame);
    try {
      return selectWithDefaultImpl(obj, attrpath, defaultVal);
    } catch (error) {
+      try {
+        const path = attrpath.map((a) => forceStringValue(a)).join(".");
+        if (path) frame.message = `while selecting attribute [${path}]`;
+      } catch {
+        throw enrichError(error);
+      }
      throw enrichError(error);
    } finally {
      callStack.pop();
@@ -216,8 +222,8 @@ function selectWithDefaultImpl(obj: NixValue, attrpath: NixValue[], defaultVal:
    return defaultVal;
  }

-  for (const attr of attrpath.slice(0, -1)) {
-    const key = forceStringValue(attr);
+  for (let i = 0; i < attrpath.length - 1; i++) {
+    const key = forceStringValue(attrpath[i]);
    if (!attrs.has(key)) {
      return defaultVal;
    }
@@ -242,8 +248,8 @@ export const hasAttr = (obj: NixValue, attrpath: NixValue[]): NixBool => {
  }
  let attrs = forced;

-  for (const attr of attrpath.slice(0, -1)) {
-    const key = forceStringNoCtx(attr);
+  for (let i = 0; i < attrpath.length - 1; i++) {
+    const key = forceStringNoCtx(attrpath[i]);
    if (!attrs.has(key)) {
      return false;
    }
@@ -257,8 +263,8 @@ export const hasAttr = (obj: NixValue, attrpath: NixValue[]): NixBool => {
  return attrs.has(forceStringValue(attrpath[attrpath.length - 1]));
 };

-export const call = (func: NixValue, arg: NixValue, span?: string): NixValue => {
-  if (span) {
+export const call = (func: NixValue, arg: NixValue, span?: number): NixValue => {
+  if (span !== undefined) {
    if (callStack.length >= MAX_STACK_DEPTH) {
      callStack.shift();
    }
@@ -276,19 +282,19 @@ export const call = (func: NixValue, arg: NixValue, span?: string): NixValue =>
 };

 function callImpl(func: NixValue, arg: NixValue): NixValue {
-  const forcedFunc = force(func);
-  if (typeof forcedFunc === "function") {
-    forcedFunc.args?.check(arg);
-    return forcedFunc(arg);
+  const forced = force(func);
+  if (typeof forced === "function") {
+    forced.args?.check(arg);
+    return forced(arg);
  }
-  if (forcedFunc instanceof Map && forcedFunc.has("__functor")) {
-    const functor = forceFunction(forcedFunc.get("__functor") as NixValue);
-    return call(functor(forcedFunc), arg);
+  if (forced instanceof Map && forced.has("__functor")) {
+    const functor = forceFunction(forced.get("__functor") as NixValue);
+    return call(callImpl(functor, forced), arg);
  }
-  throw new Error(`attempt to call something which is not a function but ${typeOf(forcedFunc)}`);
+  throw new Error(`attempt to call something which is not a function but ${typeOf(forced)}`);
 }

-export const assert = (assertion: NixValue, expr: NixValue, assertionRaw: string, span: string): NixValue => {
+export const assert = (assertion: NixValue, expr: NixValue, assertionRaw: string, span: number): NixValue => {
  if (forceBool(assertion)) {
    return expr;
  }
@@ -298,15 +304,8 @@ export const assert = (assertion: NixValue, expr: NixValue, assertionRaw: string
  throw "unreachable";
 };

-export const ifFunc = (cond: NixValue, consq: NixValue, alter: NixValue) => {
-  if (forceBool(cond)) {
-    return consq;
-  }
-  return alter;
-};
-
-export const mkPos = (span: string): NixAttrs => {
-  return new Map(Object.entries(Deno.core.ops.op_decode_span(span)));
+export const mkPos = (span: number): NixAttrs => {
+  return Deno.core.ops.op_decode_span(span);
 };

 interface WithScope {
@@ -314,8 +313,8 @@ interface WithScope {
  last: WithScope | null;
 }

-export const lookupWith = (name: string, withScope: WithScope | null): NixValue => {
-  let current = withScope;
+export const lookupWith = (name: string, withScope: WithScope): NixValue => {
+  let current: WithScope | null = withScope;
  while (current !== null) {
    const attrs = forceAttrs(current.env);
    if (attrs.has(name)) {
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/index.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/index.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 */

 import { builtins, PRIMOP_METADATA } from "./builtins";
-import { coerceToString, StringCoercionMode } from "./builtins/conversion";
 import {
  assert,
  call,
@@ -16,40 +15,32 @@ import {
  resolvePath,
  select,
  selectWithDefault,
-  withContext,
 } from "./helpers";
 import { op } from "./operators";
 import { HAS_CONTEXT } from "./string-context";
-import {
-  createThunk,
-  DEBUG_THUNKS,
-  force,
-  forceDeep,
-  forceShallow,
-  IS_CYCLE,
-  IS_THUNK,
-  isThunk,
-} from "./thunk";
+import { createThunk, DEBUG_THUNKS, force, forceDeep, forceShallow, IS_CYCLE, IS_THUNK } from "./thunk";
 import { forceBool } from "./type-assert";
-import { ATTR_POSITIONS, IS_PATH, mkAttrs, mkAttrsWithPos, mkFunction, type NixValue } from "./types";
+import { IS_PATH, mkAttrs, mkFunction, type NixValue } from "./types";
+import { execBytecode, execBytecodeScoped, vmStrings, vmConstants } from "./vm";

 export type NixRuntime = typeof Nix;

-const replBindings: Record<string, NixValue> = {};
+const replBindings: Map<string, NixValue> = new Map();

 export const Nix = {
-  createThunk,
-  force,
-  forceShallow,
-  forceDeep,
-  forceBool,
-  isThunk,
  IS_THUNK,
  IS_CYCLE,
  HAS_CONTEXT,
  IS_PATH,
+  PRIMOP_METADATA,
  DEBUG_THUNKS,

+  createThunk,
+  force,
+  forceBool,
+  forceShallow,
+  forceDeep,
+
  assert,
  call,
  hasAttr,
@@ -57,26 +48,51 @@ export const Nix = {
  selectWithDefault,
  lookupWith,
  resolvePath,
-  coerceToString,
  concatStringsWithContext,
-  StringCoercionMode,
  mkAttrs,
-  mkAttrsWithPos,
  mkFunction,
  mkPos,
-  ATTR_POSITIONS,
-
-  withContext,

  op,
  builtins,
-  PRIMOP_METADATA,
+
+  strings: vmStrings,
+  constants: vmConstants,
+  execBytecode,
+  execBytecodeScoped,

  replBindings,
  setReplBinding: (name: string, value: NixValue) => {
-    replBindings[name] = value;
+    replBindings.set(name, value);
  },
-  getReplBinding: (name: string) => replBindings[name],
+  getReplBinding: (name: string) => replBindings.get(name),
 };

 globalThis.Nix = Nix;
+globalThis.$t = createThunk;
+globalThis.$f = force;
+globalThis.$fb = forceBool;
+globalThis.$a = assert;
+globalThis.$c = call;
+globalThis.$h = hasAttr;
+globalThis.$s = select;
+globalThis.$sd = selectWithDefault;
+globalThis.$l = lookupWith;
+globalThis.$r = resolvePath;
+globalThis.$cs = concatStringsWithContext;
+globalThis.$ma = mkAttrs;
+globalThis.$mf = mkFunction;
+globalThis.$mp = mkPos;
+globalThis.$gb = Nix.getReplBinding;
+
+globalThis.$oa = op.add;
+globalThis.$os = op.sub;
+globalThis.$om = op.mul;
+globalThis.$od = op.div;
+globalThis.$oe = op.eq;
+globalThis.$ol = op.lt;
+globalThis.$og = op.gt;
+globalThis.$oc = op.concat;
+globalThis.$ou = op.update;
+globalThis.$b = builtins;
+globalThis.$e = new Map();
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/operators.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/operators.ts
@@ -270,6 +270,12 @@ export const op = {
  update: (a: NixValue, b: NixValue): NixAttrs => {
    const mapA = forceAttrs(a);
    const mapB = forceAttrs(b);
+    if (mapA.size === 0) {
+      return mapB;
+    }
+    if (mapB.size === 0) {
+      return mapA;
+    }
    const result: NixAttrs = new Map(mapA);
    for (const [k, v] of mapB) {
      result.set(k, v);
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/path.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/path.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { IS_PATH, type NixPath } from "./types";
+import { NixPath } from "./types";

 const canonicalizePath = (path: string): string => {
  const parts: string[] = [];
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ const canonicalizePath = (path: string): string => {
 };

 export const mkPath = (value: string): NixPath => {
-  return { [IS_PATH]: true, value: canonicalizePath(value) };
+  return new NixPath(canonicalizePath(value));
 };

 export const getPathValue = (p: NixPath): string => {
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/print.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/print.ts
@@ -39,16 +39,10 @@ export const printValue = (value: NixValue, seen: WeakSet<object> = new WeakSet(
    return "<LAMBDA>";
  }

-  if (typeof value === "object") {
-    if (IS_CYCLE in value && (value as Record<symbol, unknown>)[IS_CYCLE] === true) {
+  if (IS_CYCLE in value) {
    return "«repeated»";
  }

-    if (seen.has(value)) {
-      return "«repeated»";
-    }
-    seen.add(value);
-
  if (isNixPath(value)) {
    return value.value;
  }
@@ -58,17 +52,27 @@ export const printValue = (value: NixValue, seen: WeakSet<object> = new WeakSet(
  }

  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    if (value.length > 0) {
+      if (seen.has(value)) {
+        return "«repeated»";
+      }
+      seen.add(value);
+    }
    const items = value.map((v) => printValue(v, seen)).join(" ");
    return `[ ${items} ]`;
  }

-    const entries = Object.entries(value)
+  if (seen.has(value)) {
+    return "«repeated»";
+  }
+  if (value.size > 0) {
+    seen.add(value);
+  }
+
+  const entries = [...value.entries()]
    .map(([k, v]) => `${printSymbol(k)} = ${printValue(v, seen)};`)
    .join(" ");
  return `{${entries ? ` ${entries} ` : " "}}`;
-  }
-
-  return "<unknown>";
 };

 const printString = (s: string): string => {
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/string-context.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/string-context.ts
@@ -22,18 +22,22 @@ export type StringContextElem = StringContextOpaque | StringContextDrvDeep | Str

 export type NixStringContext = Set<string>;

-export interface StringWithContext {
-  readonly [HAS_CONTEXT]: true;
+export class StringWithContext {
+  readonly [HAS_CONTEXT] = true as const;
  value: string;
  context: NixStringContext;
+  constructor(value: string, context: NixStringContext) {
+    this.value = value;
+    this.context = context;
+  }
 }

 export const isStringWithContext = (v: NixStrictValue): v is StringWithContext => {
-  return typeof v === "object" && v !== null && HAS_CONTEXT in v;
+  return v instanceof StringWithContext;
 };

 export const mkStringWithContext = (value: string, context: NixStringContext): StringWithContext => {
-  return { [HAS_CONTEXT]: true, value, context };
+  return new StringWithContext(value, context);
 };

 export const mkPlainString = (value: string): string => value;
@@ -45,11 +49,12 @@ export const getStringValue = (s: string | StringWithContext): string => {
  return s;
 };

+const emptyContext: NixStringContext = new Set();
 export const getStringContext = (s: string | StringWithContext): NixStringContext => {
  if (isStringWithContext(s)) {
    return s.context;
  }
-  return new Set();
+  return emptyContext;
 };

 export const mergeContexts = (...contexts: NixStringContext[]): NixStringContext => {
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/thunk.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/thunk.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { isAttrs, isList } from "./builtins/type-check";
-import { HAS_CONTEXT } from "./string-context";
-import type { NixAttrs, NixStrictValue, NixThunkInterface, NixValue } from "./types";
-import { IS_PATH } from "./types";
+import { StringWithContext } from "./string-context";
+import type { NixAttrs, NixStrictValue, NixValue } from "./types";
+import { NixPath } from "./types";

 export const IS_THUNK = Symbol("is_thunk");

@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ export const DEBUG_THUNKS = { enabled: true };
 * - Evaluating (blackhole): func is undefined, result is undefined
 * - Evaluated: func is undefined, result is defined
 */
-export class NixThunk implements NixThunkInterface {
-  [key: symbol]: unknown;
+export class NixThunk {
  readonly [IS_THUNK] = true as const;
  func: (() => NixValue) | undefined;
  result: NixStrictValue | undefined;
@@ -42,8 +41,8 @@ export class NixThunk implements NixThunkInterface {
  }
 }

-export const isThunk = (value: NixValue): value is NixThunkInterface => {
-  return value !== null && typeof value === "object" && IS_THUNK in value && value[IS_THUNK] === true;
+export const isThunk = (value: NixValue): value is NixThunk => {
+  return value instanceof NixThunk;
 };

 /**
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ export const force = (value: NixValue): NixStrictValue => {
  }
 };

-export const createThunk = (func: () => NixValue, label?: string): NixThunkInterface => {
+export const createThunk = (func: () => NixValue, label?: string): NixThunk => {
  return new NixThunk(func, label);
 };

@@ -133,16 +132,13 @@ export const forceDeep = (value: NixValue, seen: WeakSet<object> = new WeakSet()
  }

  if (seen.has(forced)) {
-    if (Array.isArray(forced)) {
-      return [CYCLE_MARKER];
-    }
    return CYCLE_MARKER;
  }
-  if (isAttrs(forced) || isList(forced)) {
+  if ((isAttrs(forced) && forced.size > 0) || (isList(forced) && forced.length > 0)) {
    seen.add(forced);
  }

-  if (HAS_CONTEXT in forced || IS_PATH in forced) {
+  if (forced instanceof StringWithContext || forced instanceof NixPath) {
    return forced;
  }

--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/types.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/types.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
+import { PRIMOP_METADATA, type PrimopMetadata } from "./builtins";
 import { HAS_CONTEXT, isStringWithContext, type StringWithContext } from "./string-context";
-import { type CYCLE_MARKER, force, IS_THUNK } from "./thunk";
+import { type CYCLE_MARKER, force, type NixThunk } from "./thunk";
 import { forceAttrs, forceStringNoCtx } from "./type-assert";
 export { HAS_CONTEXT, isStringWithContext };
 export type { StringWithContext };

 export const IS_PATH = Symbol("IS_PATH");

-export interface NixPath {
-  readonly [IS_PATH]: true;
+export class NixPath {
+  readonly [IS_PATH] = true as const;
  value: string;
+  constructor(value: string) {
+    this.value = value;
+  }
 }

 export const isNixPath = (v: NixStrictValue): v is NixPath => {
-  return typeof v === "object" && v !== null && IS_PATH in v;
+  return v instanceof NixPath;
 };

 export type NixInt = bigint;
@@ -24,15 +28,18 @@ export type NixNull = null;

 export const ATTR_POSITIONS = Symbol("attrPositions");
 export type NixList = NixValue[];
-export type NixAttrs = Map<string, NixValue> & { [ATTR_POSITIONS]?: Record<string, string> };
-export type NixFunction = ((arg: NixValue) => NixValue) & { args?: NixArgs };
+export type NixAttrs = Map<string, NixValue> & { [ATTR_POSITIONS]?: Map<string, number> };
+export type NixFunction = ((arg: NixValue) => NixValue) & {
+  args?: NixArgs;
+  [PRIMOP_METADATA]?: PrimopMetadata;
+};
 export class NixArgs {
  required: string[];
  optional: string[];
  allowed: Set<string>;
  ellipsis: boolean;
-  positions: Record<string, string>;
-  constructor(required: string[], optional: string[], positions: Record<string, string>, ellipsis: boolean) {
+  positions: Map<string, number>;
+  constructor(required: string[], optional: string[], positions: Map<string, number>, ellipsis: boolean) {
    this.required = required;
    this.optional = optional;
    this.positions = positions;
@@ -61,7 +68,7 @@ export const mkFunction = (
  f: (arg: NixValue) => NixValue,
  required: string[],
  optional: string[],
-  positions: Record<string, string>,
+  positions: Map<string, number>,
  ellipsis: boolean,
 ): NixFunction => {
  const func: NixFunction = f;
@@ -69,26 +76,11 @@ export const mkFunction = (
  return func;
 };

-export const mkAttrs = (attrs: NixAttrs, keys: NixValue[], values: NixValue[]): NixAttrs => {
-  const len = keys.length;
-  for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-    const key = force(keys[i]);
-    if (key === null) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    const str = forceStringNoCtx(key);
-    attrs.set(str, values[i]);
-  }
-  return attrs;
-};
-
-export const mkAttrsWithPos = (
-  obj: Record<string, NixValue>,
-  positions: Record<string, string>,
-  dyns?: { dynKeys: NixValue[]; dynVals: NixValue[]; dynSpans: string[] },
+export const mkAttrs = (
+  attrs: NixAttrs,
+  positions: Map<string, number>,
+  dyns?: { dynKeys: NixValue[]; dynVals: NixValue[]; dynSpans: number[] },
 ): NixAttrs => {
-  const attrs: NixAttrs = new Map(Object.entries(obj));
-
  if (dyns) {
    const len = dyns.dynKeys.length;
    for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
@@ -98,23 +90,17 @@ export const mkAttrsWithPos = (
      }
      const str = forceStringNoCtx(key);
      attrs.set(str, dyns.dynVals[i]);
-      positions[str] = dyns.dynSpans[i];
+      positions.set(str, dyns.dynSpans[i]);
    }
  }

-  if (Object.keys(positions).length > 0) {
+  if (positions.size > 0) {
    attrs[ATTR_POSITIONS] = positions;
  }

  return attrs;
 };

-export interface NixThunkInterface {
-  readonly [IS_THUNK]: true;
-  func: (() => NixValue) | undefined;
-  result: NixStrictValue | undefined;
-}
-
 export type NixPrimitive = NixNull | NixBool | NixInt | NixFloat | NixString;
 export type NixValue =
  | NixPrimitive
@@ -122,8 +108,8 @@ export type NixValue =
  | NixList
  | NixAttrs
  | NixFunction
-  | NixThunkInterface
+  | NixThunk
  | typeof CYCLE_MARKER;
-export type NixStrictValue = Exclude<NixValue, NixThunkInterface>;
+export type NixStrictValue = Exclude<NixValue, NixThunk>;

 export class CatchableError extends Error {}
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/types/global.d.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/types/global.d.ts
@@ -1,30 +1,69 @@
 import type { NixRuntime } from "..";
+import type { builtins } from "../builtins";
 import type { FetchGitResult, FetchTarballResult, FetchUrlResult } from "../builtins/io";
+import type {
+  assert,
+  call,
+  concatStringsWithContext,
+  hasAttr,
+  lookupWith,
+  mkPos,
+  resolvePath,
+  select,
+  selectWithDefault,
+} from "../helpers";
+import type { op } from "../operators";
+import type { createThunk, force } from "../thunk";
+import type { forceBool } from "../type-assert";
+import type { mkAttrs, mkFunction, NixAttrs, NixStrictValue } from "../types";

 declare global {
  var Nix: NixRuntime;
+  var $t: typeof createThunk;
+  var $f: typeof force;
+  var $fb: typeof forceBool;
+  var $a: typeof assert;
+  var $c: typeof call;
+  var $h: typeof hasAttr;
+  var $s: typeof select;
+  var $sd: typeof selectWithDefault;
+  var $l: typeof lookupWith;
+  var $r: typeof resolvePath;
+  var $cs: typeof concatStringsWithContext;
+  var $ma: typeof mkAttrs;
+  var $mf: typeof mkFunction;
+  var $mp: typeof mkPos;
+  var $oa: typeof op.add;
+  var $os: typeof op.sub;
+  var $om: typeof op.mul;
+  var $od: typeof op.div;
+  var $oe: typeof op.eq;
+  var $ol: typeof op.lt;
+  var $og: typeof op.gt;
+  var $oc: typeof op.concat;
+  var $ou: typeof op.update;
+  var $b: typeof builtins;
+  var $e: NixAttrs;
+  var $gb: typeof Nix.getReplBinding;
+
  namespace Deno {
    namespace core {
      namespace ops {
-        function op_import(path: string): string;
-        function op_scoped_import(path: string, scopeKeys: string[]): string;
+        function op_import(path: string): [Uint8Array, string];
+        function op_scoped_import(path: string, scopeKeys: string[]): [Uint8Array, string];

        function op_resolve_path(currentDir: string, path: string): string;

        function op_read_file(path: string): string;
        function op_read_file_type(path: string): string;
-        function op_read_dir(path: string): Record<string, string>;
+        function op_read_dir(path: string): Map<string, string>;
        function op_path_exists(path: string): boolean;
        function op_walk_dir(path: string): [string, string][];

        function op_make_placeholder(output: string): string;
        function op_store_path(path: string): string;

-        function op_convert_hash(input: {
-          hash: string;
-          hashAlgo: string | null;
-          toHashFormat: string;
-        }): string;
+        function op_convert_hash(hash: string, hashAlgo: string | null, toHashFormat: string): string;
        function op_hash_string(algo: string, data: string): string;
        function op_hash_file(algo: string, path: string): string;
        function op_parse_hash(hashStr: string, algo: string | null): { hex: string; algo: string };
@@ -43,11 +82,7 @@ declare global {
          includePaths: string[],
        ): string;

-        function op_decode_span(span: string): {
-          file: string | null;
-          line: number | null;
-          column: number | null;
-        };
+        function op_decode_span(span: number): NixAttrs;

        function op_to_file(name: string, contents: string, references: string[]): string;

@@ -58,20 +93,20 @@ declare global {
        function op_match(regex: string, text: string): (string | null)[] | null;
        function op_split(regex: string, text: string): (string | (string | null)[])[];

-        function op_from_json(json: string): unknown;
-        function op_from_toml(toml: string): unknown;
+        function op_from_json(json: string): NixStrictValue;
+        function op_from_toml(toml: string): NixStrictValue;
        function op_to_xml(e: NixValue): [string, string[]];

-        function op_finalize_derivation(input: {
-          name: string;
-          builder: string;
-          platform: string;
-          outputs: string[];
-          args: string[];
-          env: [string, string][];
-          context: string[];
-          fixedOutput: { hashAlgo: string; hash: string; hashMode: string } | null;
-        }): { drvPath: string; outputs: [string, string][] };
+        function op_finalize_derivation(
+          name: string,
+          builder: string,
+          platform: string,
+          outputs: string[],
+          args: string[],
+          env: [string, string][],
+          context: string[],
+          fixedOutput: { hashAlgo: string; hash: string; hashMode: string } | null,
+        ): { drvPath: string; outputs: [string, string][] };

        function op_fetch_url(
          url: string,
--- a/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/vm.ts
+++ b/nix-js/runtime-ts/src/vm.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+import {
+  assert,
+  call,
+  concatStringsWithContext,
+  hasAttr,
+  lookupWith,
+  mkPos,
+  resolvePath,
+  select,
+  selectWithDefault,
+} from "./helpers";
+import { op } from "./operators";
+import { NixThunk } from "./thunk";
+import { forceBool } from "./type-assert";
+import { mkAttrs, NixArgs, type NixAttrs, type NixFunction, type NixValue } from "./types";
+import { builtins } from "./builtins";
+
+enum Op {
+  PushConst = 0x01,
+  PushString = 0x02,
+  PushNull = 0x03,
+  PushTrue = 0x04,
+  PushFalse = 0x05,
+
+  LoadLocal = 0x06,
+  LoadOuter = 0x07,
+  StoreLocal = 0x08,
+  AllocLocals = 0x09,
+
+  MakeThunk = 0x0A,
+  MakeClosure = 0x0B,
+  MakePatternClosure = 0x0C,
+
+  Call = 0x0D,
+  CallNoSpan = 0x0E,
+
+  MakeAttrs = 0x0F,
+  MakeAttrsDyn = 0x10,
+  MakeEmptyAttrs = 0x11,
+  Select = 0x12,
+  SelectDefault = 0x13,
+  HasAttr = 0x14,
+
+  MakeList = 0x15,
+
+  OpAdd = 0x16,
+  OpSub = 0x17,
+  OpMul = 0x18,
+  OpDiv = 0x19,
+  OpEq = 0x20,
+  OpNeq = 0x21,
+  OpLt = 0x22,
+  OpGt = 0x23,
+  OpLeq = 0x24,
+  OpGeq = 0x25,
+  OpConcat = 0x26,
+  OpUpdate = 0x27,
+
+  OpNeg = 0x28,
+  OpNot = 0x29,
+
+  ForceBool = 0x30,
+  JumpIfFalse = 0x31,
+  JumpIfTrue = 0x32,
+  Jump = 0x33,
+
+  ConcatStrings = 0x34,
+  ResolvePath = 0x35,
+
+  Assert = 0x36,
+
+  PushWith = 0x37,
+  PopWith = 0x38,
+  WithLookup = 0x39,
+
+  LoadBuiltins = 0x40,
+  LoadBuiltin = 0x41,
+
+  MkPos = 0x43,
+
+  LoadReplBinding = 0x44,
+  LoadScopedBinding = 0x45,
+
+  Return = 0x46,
+}
+
+interface ScopeChain {
+  locals: NixValue[];
+  parent: ScopeChain | null;
+}
+
+interface WithScope {
+  env: NixValue;
+  last: WithScope | null;
+}
+
+const strings: string[] = [];
+const constants: NixValue[] = [];
+
+const $e: NixAttrs = new Map();
+
+function readU16(code: Uint8Array, offset: number): number {
+  return code[offset] | (code[offset + 1] << 8);
+}
+
+function readU32(code: Uint8Array, offset: number): number {
+  return (
+    code[offset] |
+    (code[offset + 1] << 8) |
+    (code[offset + 2] << 16) |
+    (code[offset + 3] << 24)
+  ) >>> 0;
+}
+
+function readI32(code: Uint8Array, offset: number): number {
+  return code[offset] | (code[offset + 1] << 8) | (code[offset + 2] << 16) | (code[offset + 3] << 24);
+}
+
+export function execBytecode(code: Uint8Array, currentDir: string): NixValue {
+  const chain: ScopeChain = { locals: [], parent: null };
+  return execFrame(code, 0, chain, currentDir, null, null);
+}
+
+export function execBytecodeScoped(
+  code: Uint8Array,
+  currentDir: string,
+  scopeMap: NixAttrs,
+): NixValue {
+  const chain: ScopeChain = { locals: [], parent: null };
+  return execFrame(code, 0, chain, currentDir, null, scopeMap);
+}
+
+function execFrame(
+  code: Uint8Array,
+  startPc: number,
+  chain: ScopeChain,
+  currentDir: string,
+  withScope: WithScope | null,
+  scopeMap: NixAttrs | null,
+): NixValue {
+  const locals = chain.locals;
+  const stack: NixValue[] = [];
+  let pc = startPc;
+
+  for (;;) {
+    const opcode = code[pc++];
+    switch (opcode) {
+      case Op.PushConst: {
+        const idx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        stack.push(constants[idx]);
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.PushString: {
+        const idx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        stack.push(strings[idx]);
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.PushNull:
+        stack.push(null);
+        break;
+      case Op.PushTrue:
+        stack.push(true);
+        break;
+      case Op.PushFalse:
+        stack.push(false);
+        break;
+
+      case Op.LoadLocal: {
+        const idx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        stack.push(locals[idx]);
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.LoadOuter: {
+        const layer = code[pc++];
+        const idx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        let c: ScopeChain = chain;
+        for (let i = 0; i < layer; i++) c = c.parent!;
+        stack.push(c.locals[idx]);
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.StoreLocal: {
+        const idx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        locals[idx] = stack.pop()!;
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.AllocLocals: {
+        const n = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) locals.push(null);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.MakeThunk: {
+        const bodyPc = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const labelIdx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const label = strings[labelIdx];
+        const scopeChain = chain;
+        const scopeCode = code;
+        const scopeDir = currentDir;
+        const scopeWith = withScope;
+        stack.push(
+          new NixThunk(
+            () => execFrame(scopeCode, bodyPc, scopeChain, scopeDir, scopeWith, null),
+            label,
+          ),
+        );
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.MakeClosure: {
+        const bodyPc = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const nSlots = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const closureChain = chain;
+        const closureCode = code;
+        const closureDir = currentDir;
+        const closureWith = withScope;
+        const func: NixFunction = (arg: NixValue) => {
+          const innerLocals = new Array<NixValue>(1 + nSlots).fill(null);
+          innerLocals[0] = arg;
+          const innerChain: ScopeChain = { locals: innerLocals, parent: closureChain };
+          return execFrame(closureCode, bodyPc, innerChain, closureDir, closureWith, null);
+        };
+        stack.push(func);
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.MakePatternClosure: {
+        const bodyPc = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const nSlots = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const nRequired = readU16(code, pc);
+        pc += 2;
+        const nOptional = readU16(code, pc);
+        pc += 2;
+        const hasEllipsis = code[pc++] !== 0;
+
+        const required: string[] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < nRequired; i++) {
+          required.push(strings[readU32(code, pc)]);
+          pc += 4;
+        }
+        const optional: string[] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < nOptional; i++) {
+          optional.push(strings[readU32(code, pc)]);
+          pc += 4;
+        }
+        const positions = new Map<string, number>();
+        const nTotal = nRequired + nOptional;
+        for (let i = 0; i < nTotal; i++) {
+          const nameIdx = readU32(code, pc);
+          pc += 4;
+          const spanId = readU32(code, pc);
+          pc += 4;
+          positions.set(strings[nameIdx], spanId);
+        }
+
+        const closureChain = chain;
+        const closureCode = code;
+        const closureDir = currentDir;
+        const closureWith = withScope;
+        const func: NixFunction = (arg: NixValue) => {
+          const innerLocals = new Array<NixValue>(1 + nSlots).fill(null);
+          innerLocals[0] = arg;
+          const innerChain: ScopeChain = { locals: innerLocals, parent: closureChain };
+          return execFrame(closureCode, bodyPc, innerChain, closureDir, closureWith, null);
+        };
+        func.args = new NixArgs(required, optional, positions, hasEllipsis);
+        stack.push(func);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.Call: {
+        const spanId = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const arg = stack.pop()!;
+        const func = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(call(func, arg, spanId));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.CallNoSpan: {
+        const arg = stack.pop()!;
+        const func = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(call(func, arg));
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.MakeAttrs: {
+        const n = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const spanValues: number[] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+          spanValues.push(stack.pop() as number);
+        }
+        spanValues.reverse();
+        const map: NixAttrs = new Map();
+        const posMap = new Map<string, number>();
+        const pairs: [string, NixValue][] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+          const val = stack.pop()!;
+          const key = stack.pop() as string;
+          pairs.push([key, val]);
+        }
+        pairs.reverse();
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+          map.set(pairs[i][0], pairs[i][1]);
+          posMap.set(pairs[i][0], spanValues[i]);
+        }
+        stack.push(mkAttrs(map, posMap));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.MakeAttrsDyn: {
+        const nStatic = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const nDyn = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+
+        const dynTriples: [NixValue, NixValue, number][] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < nDyn; i++) {
+          const dynSpan = stack.pop() as number;
+          const dynVal = stack.pop()!;
+          const dynKey = stack.pop()!;
+          dynTriples.push([dynKey, dynVal, dynSpan]);
+        }
+        dynTriples.reverse();
+
+        const spanValues: number[] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < nStatic; i++) {
+          spanValues.push(stack.pop() as number);
+        }
+        spanValues.reverse();
+
+        const map: NixAttrs = new Map();
+        const posMap = new Map<string, number>();
+        const pairs: [string, NixValue][] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < nStatic; i++) {
+          const val = stack.pop()!;
+          const key = stack.pop() as string;
+          pairs.push([key, val]);
+        }
+        pairs.reverse();
+        for (let i = 0; i < nStatic; i++) {
+          map.set(pairs[i][0], pairs[i][1]);
+          posMap.set(pairs[i][0], spanValues[i]);
+        }
+
+        const dynKeys: NixValue[] = [];
+        const dynVals: NixValue[] = [];
+        const dynSpans: number[] = [];
+        for (const [k, v, s] of dynTriples) {
+          dynKeys.push(k);
+          dynVals.push(v);
+          dynSpans.push(s);
+        }
+
+        stack.push(mkAttrs(map, posMap, { dynKeys, dynVals, dynSpans }));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.MakeEmptyAttrs:
+        stack.push($e);
+        break;
+
+      case Op.Select: {
+        const nKeys = readU16(code, pc);
+        pc += 2;
+        const spanId = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const keys: NixValue[] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < nKeys; i++) keys.push(stack.pop()!);
+        keys.reverse();
+        const obj = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(select(obj, keys, spanId));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.SelectDefault: {
+        const nKeys = readU16(code, pc);
+        pc += 2;
+        const spanId = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const defaultVal = stack.pop()!;
+        const keys: NixValue[] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < nKeys; i++) keys.push(stack.pop()!);
+        keys.reverse();
+        const obj = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(selectWithDefault(obj, keys, defaultVal, spanId));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.HasAttr: {
+        const nKeys = readU16(code, pc);
+        pc += 2;
+        const keys: NixValue[] = [];
+        for (let i = 0; i < nKeys; i++) keys.push(stack.pop()!);
+        keys.reverse();
+        const obj = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(hasAttr(obj, keys));
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.MakeList: {
+        const count = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const items: NixValue[] = new Array(count);
+        for (let i = count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+          items[i] = stack.pop()!;
+        }
+        stack.push(items);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.OpAdd: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(op.add(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpSub: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(op.sub(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpMul: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(op.mul(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpDiv: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(op.div(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpEq: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(op.eq(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpNeq: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(!op.eq(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpLt: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(op.lt(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpGt: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(op.gt(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpLeq: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(!op.gt(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpGeq: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(!op.lt(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpConcat: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(op.concat(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpUpdate: {
+        const b = stack.pop()!;
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(op.update(a, b));
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.OpNeg: {
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(op.sub(0n, a));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.OpNot: {
+        const a = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(!forceBool(a));
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.ForceBool: {
+        const val = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(forceBool(val));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.JumpIfFalse: {
+        const offset = readI32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const val = stack.pop()!;
+        if (val === false) {
+          pc += offset;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.JumpIfTrue: {
+        const offset = readI32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const val = stack.pop()!;
+        if (val === true) {
+          pc += offset;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.Jump: {
+        const offset = readI32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        pc += offset;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.ConcatStrings: {
+        const nParts = readU16(code, pc);
+        pc += 2;
+        const forceString = code[pc++] !== 0;
+        const parts: NixValue[] = new Array(nParts);
+        for (let i = nParts - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+          parts[i] = stack.pop()!;
+        }
+        stack.push(concatStringsWithContext(parts, forceString));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.ResolvePath: {
+        const pathExpr = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(resolvePath(currentDir, pathExpr));
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.Assert: {
+        const rawIdx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const spanId = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        const expr = stack.pop()!;
+        const assertion = stack.pop()!;
+        stack.push(assert(assertion, expr, strings[rawIdx], spanId));
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.PushWith: {
+        const namespace = stack.pop()!;
+        withScope = { env: namespace, last: withScope };
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.PopWith:
+        withScope = withScope!.last;
+        break;
+      case Op.WithLookup: {
+        const nameIdx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        stack.push(lookupWith(strings[nameIdx], withScope!));
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.LoadBuiltins:
+        stack.push(builtins);
+        break;
+      case Op.LoadBuiltin: {
+        const idx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        stack.push(builtins.get(strings[idx])!);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.MkPos: {
+        const spanId = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        stack.push(mkPos(spanId));
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.LoadReplBinding: {
+        const idx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        stack.push(Nix.getReplBinding(strings[idx]));
+        break;
+      }
+      case Op.LoadScopedBinding: {
+        const idx = readU32(code, pc);
+        pc += 4;
+        stack.push(scopeMap!.get(strings[idx])!);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Op.Return:
+        return stack.pop()!;
+
+      default:
+        throw new Error(`Unknown bytecode opcode: ${opcode ? `0x${opcode.toString(16)}` : "undefined"} at pc=${pc - 1}`);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+declare const Nix: {
+  getReplBinding: (name: string) => NixValue;
+};
+
+export { strings as vmStrings, constants as vmConstants };
--- a/nix-js/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,906 @@
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use num_enum::TryFromPrimitive;
+use rnix::TextRange;
+
+use crate::ir::{ArgId, Attr, BinOpKind, Ir, Param, RawIrRef, SymId, ThunkId, UnOpKind};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) enum Constant {
+    Int(i64),
+    Float(u64),
+}
+
+pub struct Bytecode {
+    pub code: Box<[u8]>,
+    pub current_dir: String,
+}
+
+pub(crate) trait BytecodeContext {
+    fn intern_string(&mut self, s: &str) -> u32;
+    fn intern_constant(&mut self, c: Constant) -> u32;
+    fn register_span(&self, range: TextRange) -> u32;
+    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> &str;
+    fn get_current_dir(&self) -> &Path;
+}
+
+#[repr(u8)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, TryFromPrimitive)]
+#[allow(clippy::enum_variant_names)]
+pub enum Op {
+    PushConst = 0x01,
+    PushString = 0x02,
+    PushNull = 0x03,
+    PushTrue = 0x04,
+    PushFalse = 0x05,
+
+    LoadLocal = 0x06,
+    LoadOuter = 0x07,
+    StoreLocal = 0x08,
+    AllocLocals = 0x09,
+
+    MakeThunk = 0x0A,
+    MakeClosure = 0x0B,
+    MakePatternClosure = 0x0C,
+
+    Call = 0x0D,
+    CallNoSpan = 0x0E,
+
+    MakeAttrs = 0x0F,
+    MakeAttrsDyn = 0x10,
+    MakeEmptyAttrs = 0x11,
+    Select = 0x12,
+    SelectDefault = 0x13,
+    HasAttr = 0x14,
+
+    MakeList = 0x15,
+
+    OpAdd = 0x16,
+    OpSub = 0x17,
+    OpMul = 0x18,
+    OpDiv = 0x19,
+    OpEq = 0x20,
+    OpNeq = 0x21,
+    OpLt = 0x22,
+    OpGt = 0x23,
+    OpLeq = 0x24,
+    OpGeq = 0x25,
+    OpConcat = 0x26,
+    OpUpdate = 0x27,
+
+    OpNeg = 0x28,
+    OpNot = 0x29,
+
+    ForceBool = 0x30,
+    JumpIfFalse = 0x31,
+    JumpIfTrue = 0x32,
+    Jump = 0x33,
+
+    ConcatStrings = 0x34,
+    ResolvePath = 0x35,
+
+    Assert = 0x36,
+
+    PushWith = 0x37,
+    PopWith = 0x38,
+    WithLookup = 0x39,
+
+    LoadBuiltins = 0x40,
+    LoadBuiltin = 0x41,
+
+    MkPos = 0x43,
+
+    LoadReplBinding = 0x44,
+    LoadScopedBinding = 0x45,
+
+    Return = 0x46,
+}
+
+struct ScopeInfo {
+    depth: u16,
+    arg_id: Option<ArgId>,
+    thunk_map: HashMap<ThunkId, u32>,
+}
+
+struct BytecodeEmitter<'a, Ctx: BytecodeContext> {
+    ctx: &'a mut Ctx,
+    code: Vec<u8>,
+    scope_stack: Vec<ScopeInfo>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn compile_bytecode(ir: RawIrRef<'_>, ctx: &mut impl BytecodeContext) -> Bytecode {
+    let current_dir = ctx.get_current_dir().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    let mut emitter = BytecodeEmitter::new(ctx);
+    emitter.emit_toplevel(ir);
+    Bytecode {
+        code: emitter.code.into_boxed_slice(),
+        current_dir,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn compile_bytecode_scoped(
+    ir: RawIrRef<'_>,
+    ctx: &mut impl BytecodeContext,
+) -> Bytecode {
+    let current_dir = ctx.get_current_dir().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    let mut emitter = BytecodeEmitter::new(ctx);
+    emitter.emit_toplevel_scoped(ir);
+    Bytecode {
+        code: emitter.code.into_boxed_slice(),
+        current_dir,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ctx: BytecodeContext> BytecodeEmitter<'a, Ctx> {
+    fn new(ctx: &'a mut Ctx) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ctx,
+            code: Vec::with_capacity(4096),
+            scope_stack: Vec::with_capacity(32),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_op(&mut self, op: Op) {
+        self.code.push(op as u8);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_u8(&mut self, val: u8) {
+        self.code.push(val);
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_u16(&mut self, val: u16) {
+        self.code.extend_from_slice(&val.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_u32(&mut self, val: u32) {
+        self.code.extend_from_slice(&val.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_i32_placeholder(&mut self) -> usize {
+        let offset = self.code.len();
+        self.code.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 4]);
+        offset
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn patch_i32(&mut self, offset: usize, val: i32) {
+        self.code[offset..offset + 4].copy_from_slice(&val.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn emit_jump_placeholder(&mut self) -> usize {
+        self.emit_op(Op::Jump);
+        self.emit_i32_placeholder()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn patch_jump_target(&mut self, placeholder_offset: usize) {
+        let current_pos = self.code.len();
+        let relative_offset = (current_pos as i32) - (placeholder_offset as i32) - 4;
+        self.patch_i32(placeholder_offset, relative_offset);
+    }
+
+    fn current_depth(&self) -> u16 {
+        self.scope_stack.last().map_or(0, |s| s.depth)
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_thunk(&self, id: ThunkId) -> (u16, u32) {
+        for scope in self.scope_stack.iter().rev() {
+            if let Some(&local_idx) = scope.thunk_map.get(&id) {
+                let layer = self.current_depth() - scope.depth;
+                return (layer, local_idx);
+            }
+        }
+        panic!("ThunkId {:?} not found in any scope", id);
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_arg(&self, id: ArgId) -> (u16, u32) {
+        for scope in self.scope_stack.iter().rev() {
+            if scope.arg_id == Some(id) {
+                let layer = self.current_depth() - scope.depth;
+                return (layer, 0);
+            }
+        }
+        panic!("ArgId {:?} not found in any scope", id);
+    }
+
+    fn emit_load(&mut self, layer: u16, local: u32) {
+        if layer == 0 {
+            self.emit_op(Op::LoadLocal);
+            self.emit_u32(local);
+        } else {
+            self.emit_op(Op::LoadOuter);
+            self.emit_u8(layer as u8);
+            self.emit_u32(local);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn count_with_thunks(&self, ir: RawIrRef<'_>) -> usize {
+        match ir.deref() {
+            Ir::With { thunks, body, .. } => thunks.len() + self.count_with_thunks(*body),
+            Ir::TopLevel { thunks, body } => thunks.len() + self.count_with_thunks(*body),
+            Ir::If { cond, consq, alter } => {
+                self.count_with_thunks(*cond)
+                    + self.count_with_thunks(*consq)
+                    + self.count_with_thunks(*alter)
+            }
+            Ir::BinOp { lhs, rhs, .. } => {
+                self.count_with_thunks(*lhs) + self.count_with_thunks(*rhs)
+            }
+            Ir::UnOp { rhs, .. } => self.count_with_thunks(*rhs),
+            Ir::Call { func, arg, .. } => {
+                self.count_with_thunks(*func) + self.count_with_thunks(*arg)
+            }
+            Ir::Assert {
+                assertion, expr, ..
+            } => self.count_with_thunks(*assertion) + self.count_with_thunks(*expr),
+            Ir::Select { expr, default, .. } => {
+                self.count_with_thunks(*expr) + default.map_or(0, |d| self.count_with_thunks(d))
+            }
+            Ir::HasAttr { lhs, .. } => self.count_with_thunks(*lhs),
+            Ir::ConcatStrings { parts, .. } => {
+                parts.iter().map(|p| self.count_with_thunks(*p)).sum()
+            }
+            Ir::Path(p) => self.count_with_thunks(*p),
+            Ir::List { items } => items.iter().map(|item| self.count_with_thunks(*item)).sum(),
+            Ir::AttrSet { stcs, dyns } => {
+                stcs.iter()
+                    .map(|(_, &(val, _))| self.count_with_thunks(val))
+                    .sum::<usize>()
+                    + dyns
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|&(k, v, _)| self.count_with_thunks(k) + self.count_with_thunks(v))
+                        .sum::<usize>()
+            }
+            _ => 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn collect_all_thunks<'ir>(
+        &self,
+        own_thunks: &[(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'ir>)],
+        body: RawIrRef<'ir>,
+    ) -> Vec<(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'ir>)> {
+        let mut all = Vec::from(own_thunks);
+        self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(body, &mut all);
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < all.len() {
+            let thunk_body = all[i].1;
+            self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(thunk_body, &mut all);
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        all
+    }
+
+    fn collect_with_thunks_recursive<'ir>(
+        &self,
+        ir: RawIrRef<'ir>,
+        out: &mut Vec<(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'ir>)>,
+    ) {
+        match ir.deref() {
+            Ir::With { thunks, body, .. } => {
+                for &(id, inner) in thunks.iter() {
+                    out.push((id, inner));
+                }
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*body, out);
+            }
+            Ir::TopLevel { thunks, body } => {
+                for &(id, inner) in thunks.iter() {
+                    out.push((id, inner));
+                }
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*body, out);
+            }
+            Ir::If { cond, consq, alter } => {
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*cond, out);
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*consq, out);
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*alter, out);
+            }
+            Ir::BinOp { lhs, rhs, .. } => {
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*lhs, out);
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*rhs, out);
+            }
+            Ir::UnOp { rhs, .. } => self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*rhs, out),
+            Ir::Call { func, arg, .. } => {
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*func, out);
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*arg, out);
+            }
+            Ir::Assert {
+                assertion, expr, ..
+            } => {
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*assertion, out);
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*expr, out);
+            }
+            Ir::Select { expr, default, .. } => {
+                self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*expr, out);
+                if let Some(d) = default {
+                    self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*d, out);
+                }
+            }
+            Ir::HasAttr { lhs, .. } => self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*lhs, out),
+            Ir::ConcatStrings { parts, .. } => {
+                for p in parts.iter() {
+                    self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*p, out);
+                }
+            }
+            Ir::Path(p) => self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*p, out),
+            Ir::List { items } => {
+                for item in items.iter() {
+                    self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(*item, out);
+                }
+            }
+            Ir::AttrSet { stcs, dyns } => {
+                for (_, &(val, _)) in stcs.iter() {
+                    self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(val, out);
+                }
+                for &(key, val, _) in dyns.iter() {
+                    self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(key, out);
+                    self.collect_with_thunks_recursive(val, out);
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push_scope(&mut self, has_arg: bool, arg_id: Option<ArgId>, thunk_ids: &[ThunkId]) {
+        let depth = self.scope_stack.len() as u16;
+        let thunk_base = if has_arg { 1u32 } else { 0u32 };
+        let thunk_map = thunk_ids
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, &id)| (id, thunk_base + i as u32))
+            .collect();
+        self.scope_stack.push(ScopeInfo {
+            depth,
+            arg_id,
+            thunk_map,
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn pop_scope(&mut self) {
+        self.scope_stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    fn emit_toplevel(&mut self, ir: RawIrRef<'_>) {
+        match ir.deref() {
+            Ir::TopLevel { body, thunks } => {
+                let with_thunk_count = self.count_with_thunks(*body);
+                let total_slots = thunks.len() + with_thunk_count;
+
+                let all_thunks = self.collect_all_thunks(thunks, *body);
+                let thunk_ids: Vec<ThunkId> = all_thunks.iter().map(|&(id, _)| id).collect();
+
+                self.push_scope(false, None, &thunk_ids);
+
+                if total_slots > 0 {
+                    self.emit_op(Op::AllocLocals);
+                    self.emit_u32(total_slots as u32);
+                }
+
+                self.emit_scope_thunks(thunks);
+                self.emit_expr(*body);
+                self.emit_op(Op::Return);
+
+                self.pop_scope();
+            }
+            _ => {
+                self.push_scope(false, None, &[]);
+                self.emit_expr(ir);
+                self.emit_op(Op::Return);
+                self.pop_scope();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_toplevel_scoped(&mut self, ir: RawIrRef<'_>) {
+        match ir.deref() {
+            Ir::TopLevel { body, thunks } => {
+                let with_thunk_count = self.count_with_thunks(*body);
+                let total_slots = thunks.len() + with_thunk_count;
+
+                let all_thunks = self.collect_all_thunks(thunks, *body);
+                let thunk_ids: Vec<ThunkId> = all_thunks.iter().map(|&(id, _)| id).collect();
+
+                self.push_scope(false, None, &thunk_ids);
+
+                if total_slots > 0 {
+                    self.emit_op(Op::AllocLocals);
+                    self.emit_u32(total_slots as u32);
+                }
+
+                self.emit_scope_thunks(thunks);
+                self.emit_expr(*body);
+                self.emit_op(Op::Return);
+
+                self.pop_scope();
+            }
+            _ => {
+                self.push_scope(false, None, &[]);
+                self.emit_expr(ir);
+                self.emit_op(Op::Return);
+                self.pop_scope();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_scope_thunks(&mut self, thunks: &[(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'_>)]) {
+        for &(id, inner) in thunks {
+            let label = format!("e{}", id.0);
+            let label_idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&label);
+
+            let skip_patch = self.emit_jump_placeholder();
+            let entry_point = self.code.len() as u32;
+            self.emit_expr(inner);
+            self.emit_op(Op::Return);
+            self.patch_jump_target(skip_patch);
+            self.emit_op(Op::MakeThunk);
+            self.emit_u32(entry_point);
+            self.emit_u32(label_idx);
+            let (_, local_idx) = self.resolve_thunk(id);
+            self.emit_op(Op::StoreLocal);
+            self.emit_u32(local_idx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_expr(&mut self, ir: RawIrRef<'_>) {
+        match ir.deref() {
+            &Ir::Int(x) => {
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_constant(Constant::Int(x));
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushConst);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            &Ir::Float(x) => {
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_constant(Constant::Float(x.to_bits()));
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushConst);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            &Ir::Bool(true) => self.emit_op(Op::PushTrue),
+            &Ir::Bool(false) => self.emit_op(Op::PushFalse),
+            Ir::Null => self.emit_op(Op::PushNull),
+            Ir::Str(s) => {
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(s.deref());
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushString);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            &Ir::Path(p) => {
+                self.emit_expr(p);
+                self.emit_op(Op::ResolvePath);
+            }
+            &Ir::If { cond, consq, alter } => {
+                self.emit_expr(cond);
+                self.emit_op(Op::ForceBool);
+
+                self.emit_op(Op::JumpIfFalse);
+                let else_placeholder = self.emit_i32_placeholder();
+                let after_jif = self.code.len();
+
+                self.emit_expr(consq);
+
+                self.emit_op(Op::Jump);
+                let end_placeholder = self.emit_i32_placeholder();
+                let after_jump = self.code.len();
+
+                let else_offset = (after_jump as i32) - (after_jif as i32);
+                self.patch_i32(else_placeholder, else_offset);
+
+                self.emit_expr(alter);
+
+                let end_offset = (self.code.len() as i32) - (after_jump as i32);
+                self.patch_i32(end_placeholder, end_offset);
+            }
+            &Ir::BinOp { lhs, rhs, kind } => {
+                self.emit_binop(lhs, rhs, kind);
+            }
+            &Ir::UnOp { rhs, kind } => match kind {
+                UnOpKind::Neg => {
+                    self.emit_expr(rhs);
+                    self.emit_op(Op::OpNeg);
+                }
+                UnOpKind::Not => {
+                    self.emit_expr(rhs);
+                    self.emit_op(Op::OpNot);
+                }
+            },
+            &Ir::Func {
+                body,
+                ref param,
+                arg,
+                ref thunks,
+            } => {
+                self.emit_func(arg, thunks, param, body);
+            }
+            Ir::AttrSet { stcs, dyns } => {
+                self.emit_attrset(stcs, dyns);
+            }
+            Ir::List { items } => {
+                for &item in items.iter() {
+                    self.emit_expr(item);
+                }
+                self.emit_op(Op::MakeList);
+                self.emit_u32(items.len() as u32);
+            }
+            &Ir::Call { func, arg, span } => {
+                self.emit_expr(func);
+                self.emit_expr(arg);
+                let span_id = self.ctx.register_span(span);
+                self.emit_op(Op::Call);
+                self.emit_u32(span_id);
+            }
+            &Ir::Arg(id) => {
+                let (layer, local) = self.resolve_arg(id);
+                self.emit_load(layer, local);
+            }
+            &Ir::TopLevel { body, ref thunks } => {
+                self.emit_toplevel_inner(body, thunks);
+            }
+            &Ir::Select {
+                expr,
+                ref attrpath,
+                default,
+                span,
+            } => {
+                self.emit_select(expr, attrpath, default, span);
+            }
+            &Ir::Thunk(id) => {
+                let (layer, local) = self.resolve_thunk(id);
+                self.emit_load(layer, local);
+            }
+            Ir::Builtins => {
+                self.emit_op(Op::LoadBuiltins);
+            }
+            &Ir::Builtin(name) => {
+                let sym = self.ctx.get_sym(name).to_string();
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&sym);
+                self.emit_op(Op::LoadBuiltin);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            &Ir::ConcatStrings {
+                ref parts,
+                force_string,
+            } => {
+                for &part in parts.iter() {
+                    self.emit_expr(part);
+                }
+                self.emit_op(Op::ConcatStrings);
+                self.emit_u16(parts.len() as u16);
+                self.emit_u8(if force_string { 1 } else { 0 });
+            }
+            &Ir::HasAttr { lhs, ref rhs } => {
+                self.emit_has_attr(lhs, rhs);
+            }
+            Ir::Assert {
+                assertion,
+                expr,
+                assertion_raw,
+                span,
+            } => {
+                let raw_idx = self.ctx.intern_string(assertion_raw);
+                let span_id = self.ctx.register_span(*span);
+                self.emit_expr(*assertion);
+                self.emit_expr(*expr);
+                self.emit_op(Op::Assert);
+                self.emit_u32(raw_idx);
+                self.emit_u32(span_id);
+            }
+            &Ir::CurPos(span) => {
+                let span_id = self.ctx.register_span(span);
+                self.emit_op(Op::MkPos);
+                self.emit_u32(span_id);
+            }
+            &Ir::ReplBinding(name) => {
+                let sym = self.ctx.get_sym(name).to_string();
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&sym);
+                self.emit_op(Op::LoadReplBinding);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            &Ir::ScopedImportBinding(name) => {
+                let sym = self.ctx.get_sym(name).to_string();
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&sym);
+                self.emit_op(Op::LoadScopedBinding);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            &Ir::With {
+                namespace,
+                body,
+                ref thunks,
+            } => {
+                self.emit_with(namespace, body, thunks);
+            }
+            &Ir::WithLookup(name) => {
+                let sym = self.ctx.get_sym(name).to_string();
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&sym);
+                self.emit_op(Op::WithLookup);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_binop(&mut self, lhs: RawIrRef<'_>, rhs: RawIrRef<'_>, kind: BinOpKind) {
+        use BinOpKind::*;
+        match kind {
+            And => {
+                self.emit_expr(lhs);
+                self.emit_op(Op::ForceBool);
+                self.emit_op(Op::JumpIfFalse);
+                let skip_placeholder = self.emit_i32_placeholder();
+                let after_jif = self.code.len();
+
+                self.emit_expr(rhs);
+                self.emit_op(Op::ForceBool);
+                self.emit_op(Op::Jump);
+                let end_placeholder = self.emit_i32_placeholder();
+                let after_jump = self.code.len();
+
+                let false_offset = (after_jump as i32) - (after_jif as i32);
+                self.patch_i32(skip_placeholder, false_offset);
+
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushFalse);
+
+                let end_offset = (self.code.len() as i32) - (after_jump as i32);
+                self.patch_i32(end_placeholder, end_offset);
+            }
+            Or => {
+                self.emit_expr(lhs);
+                self.emit_op(Op::ForceBool);
+                self.emit_op(Op::JumpIfTrue);
+                let skip_placeholder = self.emit_i32_placeholder();
+                let after_jit = self.code.len();
+
+                self.emit_expr(rhs);
+                self.emit_op(Op::ForceBool);
+                self.emit_op(Op::Jump);
+                let end_placeholder = self.emit_i32_placeholder();
+                let after_jump = self.code.len();
+
+                let true_offset = (after_jump as i32) - (after_jit as i32);
+                self.patch_i32(skip_placeholder, true_offset);
+
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushTrue);
+
+                let end_offset = (self.code.len() as i32) - (after_jump as i32);
+                self.patch_i32(end_placeholder, end_offset);
+            }
+            Impl => {
+                self.emit_expr(lhs);
+                self.emit_op(Op::ForceBool);
+                self.emit_op(Op::JumpIfFalse);
+                let skip_placeholder = self.emit_i32_placeholder();
+                let after_jif = self.code.len();
+
+                self.emit_expr(rhs);
+                self.emit_op(Op::ForceBool);
+                self.emit_op(Op::Jump);
+                let end_placeholder = self.emit_i32_placeholder();
+                let after_jump = self.code.len();
+
+                let true_offset = (after_jump as i32) - (after_jif as i32);
+                self.patch_i32(skip_placeholder, true_offset);
+
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushTrue);
+
+                let end_offset = (self.code.len() as i32) - (after_jump as i32);
+                self.patch_i32(end_placeholder, end_offset);
+            }
+            PipeL => {
+                self.emit_expr(rhs);
+                self.emit_expr(lhs);
+                self.emit_op(Op::CallNoSpan);
+            }
+            PipeR => {
+                self.emit_expr(lhs);
+                self.emit_expr(rhs);
+                self.emit_op(Op::CallNoSpan);
+            }
+            _ => {
+                self.emit_expr(lhs);
+                self.emit_expr(rhs);
+                self.emit_op(match kind {
+                    Add => Op::OpAdd,
+                    Sub => Op::OpSub,
+                    Mul => Op::OpMul,
+                    Div => Op::OpDiv,
+                    Eq => Op::OpEq,
+                    Neq => Op::OpNeq,
+                    Lt => Op::OpLt,
+                    Gt => Op::OpGt,
+                    Leq => Op::OpLeq,
+                    Geq => Op::OpGeq,
+                    Con => Op::OpConcat,
+                    Upd => Op::OpUpdate,
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_func(
+        &mut self,
+        arg: ArgId,
+        thunks: &[(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'_>)],
+        param: &Option<Param<'_>>,
+        body: RawIrRef<'_>,
+    ) {
+        let with_thunk_count = self.count_with_thunks(body);
+        let total_slots = thunks.len() + with_thunk_count;
+
+        let all_thunks = self.collect_all_thunks(thunks, body);
+        let thunk_ids: Vec<ThunkId> = all_thunks.iter().map(|&(id, _)| id).collect();
+
+        let skip_patch = self.emit_jump_placeholder();
+        let entry_point = self.code.len() as u32;
+        self.push_scope(true, Some(arg), &thunk_ids);
+        self.emit_scope_thunks(thunks);
+        self.emit_expr(body);
+        self.emit_op(Op::Return);
+        self.pop_scope();
+        self.patch_jump_target(skip_patch);
+
+        if let Some(Param {
+            required,
+            optional,
+            ellipsis,
+        }) = param
+        {
+            self.emit_op(Op::MakePatternClosure);
+            self.emit_u32(entry_point);
+            self.emit_u32(total_slots as u32);
+            self.emit_u16(required.len() as u16);
+            self.emit_u16(optional.len() as u16);
+            self.emit_u8(if *ellipsis { 1 } else { 0 });
+
+            for &(sym, _) in required.iter() {
+                let name = self.ctx.get_sym(sym).to_string();
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&name);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            for &(sym, _) in optional.iter() {
+                let name = self.ctx.get_sym(sym).to_string();
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&name);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            for &(sym, span) in required.iter().chain(optional.iter()) {
+                let name = self.ctx.get_sym(sym).to_string();
+                let name_idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&name);
+                let span_id = self.ctx.register_span(span);
+                self.emit_u32(name_idx);
+                self.emit_u32(span_id);
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.emit_op(Op::MakeClosure);
+            self.emit_u32(entry_point);
+            self.emit_u32(total_slots as u32);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_attrset(
+        &mut self,
+        stcs: &crate::ir::HashMap<'_, SymId, (RawIrRef<'_>, TextRange)>,
+        dyns: &[(RawIrRef<'_>, RawIrRef<'_>, TextRange)],
+    ) {
+        if stcs.is_empty() && dyns.is_empty() {
+            self.emit_op(Op::MakeEmptyAttrs);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if !dyns.is_empty() {
+            for (&sym, &(val, _)) in stcs.iter() {
+                let key = self.ctx.get_sym(sym).to_string();
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&key);
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushString);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+                self.emit_expr(val);
+            }
+            for (_, &(_, span)) in stcs.iter() {
+                let span_id = self.ctx.register_span(span);
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_constant(Constant::Int(span_id as i64));
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushConst);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            for &(key, val, span) in dyns.iter() {
+                self.emit_expr(key);
+                self.emit_expr(val);
+                let span_id = self.ctx.register_span(span);
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_constant(Constant::Int(span_id as i64));
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushConst);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            self.emit_op(Op::MakeAttrsDyn);
+            self.emit_u32(stcs.len() as u32);
+            self.emit_u32(dyns.len() as u32);
+        } else {
+            for (&sym, &(val, _)) in stcs.iter() {
+                let key = self.ctx.get_sym(sym).to_string();
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&key);
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushString);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+                self.emit_expr(val);
+            }
+            for (_, &(_, span)) in stcs.iter() {
+                let span_id = self.ctx.register_span(span);
+                let idx = self.ctx.intern_constant(Constant::Int(span_id as i64));
+                self.emit_op(Op::PushConst);
+                self.emit_u32(idx);
+            }
+            self.emit_op(Op::MakeAttrs);
+            self.emit_u32(stcs.len() as u32);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_select(
+        &mut self,
+        expr: RawIrRef<'_>,
+        attrpath: &[Attr<RawIrRef<'_>>],
+        default: Option<RawIrRef<'_>>,
+        span: TextRange,
+    ) {
+        self.emit_expr(expr);
+        for attr in attrpath.iter() {
+            match attr {
+                Attr::Str(sym, _) => {
+                    let key = self.ctx.get_sym(*sym).to_string();
+                    let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&key);
+                    self.emit_op(Op::PushString);
+                    self.emit_u32(idx);
+                }
+                Attr::Dynamic(expr, _) => {
+                    self.emit_expr(*expr);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(default) = default {
+            self.emit_expr(default);
+            let span_id = self.ctx.register_span(span);
+            self.emit_op(Op::SelectDefault);
+            self.emit_u16(attrpath.len() as u16);
+            self.emit_u32(span_id);
+        } else {
+            let span_id = self.ctx.register_span(span);
+            self.emit_op(Op::Select);
+            self.emit_u16(attrpath.len() as u16);
+            self.emit_u32(span_id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_has_attr(&mut self, lhs: RawIrRef<'_>, rhs: &[Attr<RawIrRef<'_>>]) {
+        self.emit_expr(lhs);
+        for attr in rhs.iter() {
+            match attr {
+                Attr::Str(sym, _) => {
+                    let key = self.ctx.get_sym(*sym).to_string();
+                    let idx = self.ctx.intern_string(&key);
+                    self.emit_op(Op::PushString);
+                    self.emit_u32(idx);
+                }
+                Attr::Dynamic(expr, _) => {
+                    self.emit_expr(*expr);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.emit_op(Op::HasAttr);
+        self.emit_u16(rhs.len() as u16);
+    }
+
+    fn emit_with(
+        &mut self,
+        namespace: RawIrRef<'_>,
+        body: RawIrRef<'_>,
+        thunks: &[(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'_>)],
+    ) {
+        self.emit_expr(namespace);
+        self.emit_op(Op::PushWith);
+        self.emit_scope_thunks(thunks);
+        self.emit_expr(body);
+        self.emit_op(Op::PopWith);
+    }
+
+    fn emit_toplevel_inner(&mut self, body: RawIrRef<'_>, thunks: &[(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'_>)]) {
+        self.emit_scope_thunks(thunks);
+        self.emit_expr(body);
+    }
+}
--- a/nix-js/src/codegen.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/codegen.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use std::fmt::{self, Write as _};
+use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::path::Path;

+use rnix::TextRange;
+
 use crate::ir::*;
 use crate::value::Symbol;

@@ -26,46 +29,23 @@ macro_rules! code {
    };
 }

-pub(crate) fn compile(expr: &Ir, ctx: &impl CodegenContext) -> String {
+pub(crate) fn compile<const SCOPED: bool>(expr: RawIrRef<'_>, ctx: &impl CodegenContext) -> String {
    let mut buf = CodeBuffer::with_capacity(8192);

-    code!(&mut buf, ctx; "(()=>{");
-
-    if std::env::var("NIX_JS_DEBUG_THUNKS").is_ok() {
-        code!(&mut buf, ctx; "Nix.DEBUG_THUNKS.enabled=true;");
-    }
-
-    code!(&mut buf, ctx;
-        "const __currentDir="
+    code!(
+        &mut buf, ctx;
+        "((" { if SCOPED { "_s" } else { "" } } ")=>{"
+            "const _d="
                quoted(&ctx.get_current_dir().display().to_string())
-        ";const __with=null;return "
-        expr
-        "})()");
-
-    buf.into_string()
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn compile_scoped(expr: &Ir, ctx: &impl CodegenContext) -> String {
-    let mut buf = CodeBuffer::with_capacity(8192);
-
-    code!(&mut buf, ctx; "((__scope)=>{");
-
-    if std::env::var("NIX_JS_DEBUG_THUNKS").is_ok() {
-        code!(&mut buf, ctx; "Nix.DEBUG_THUNKS.enabled=true;");
-    }
-
-    code!(&mut buf, ctx;
-        "const __currentDir="
-        quoted(&ctx.get_current_dir().display().to_string())
-        ";return "
-        expr
-        "})"
+            ",_w=null;"
+            "return " expr
+        "})" { if SCOPED { "" } else { "()" } }
    );

    buf.into_string()
 }

-pub(crate) struct CodeBuffer {
+struct CodeBuffer {
    buf: String,
 }

@@ -191,29 +171,16 @@ where

 impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for rnix::TextRange {
    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
-        code!(
-            buf,
-            "\"{}:{}:{}\"",
-            ctx.get_current_source_id(),
-            usize::from(self.start()),
-            usize::from(self.end())
-        );
+        code!(buf, "{}", ctx.register_span(*self));
    }
 }

 pub(crate) trait CodegenContext {
-    fn get_ir(&self, id: ExprId) -> &Ir;
    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> Symbol<'_>;
    fn get_current_dir(&self) -> &Path;
    fn get_store_dir(&self) -> &str;
    fn get_current_source_id(&self) -> usize;
-    fn get_current_source(&self) -> crate::error::Source;
-}
-
-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for ExprId {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
-        ctx.get_ir(*self).compile(ctx, buf);
-    }
+    fn register_span(&self, range: rnix::TextRange) -> usize;
 }

 impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Symbol<'_> {
@@ -222,70 +189,90 @@ impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Symbol<'_> {
    }
 }

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Ir {
+impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for RawIrRef<'_> {
    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
-        match self {
+        match self.deref() {
            Ir::Int(int) => {
-                code!(buf, "{}n", int.inner);
+                code!(buf, "{}n", int);
            }
            Ir::Float(float) => {
-                code!(buf, "{}", float.inner);
+                code!(buf, "{}", float);
            }
            Ir::Bool(bool) => {
-                code!(buf, "{}", bool.inner);
+                code!(buf, "{}", bool);
            }
-            Ir::Null(_) => {
+            Ir::Null => {
                code!(buf, ctx; "null");
            }
            Ir::Str(s) => {
-                code!(buf, ctx; quoted(&s.val));
+                code!(buf, ctx; quoted(s));
            }
            Ir::Path(p) => {
-                code!(buf, ctx; "Nix.resolvePath(__currentDir," ctx.get_ir(p.expr) ")");
+                // Nix.resolvePath
+                code!(buf, ctx; "$r(_d," p ")");
            }
-            Ir::If(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            Ir::BinOp(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            Ir::UnOp(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            Ir::Func(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            Ir::AttrSet(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            Ir::List(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            Ir::Call(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            Ir::Arg(x) => {
-                code!(buf, "arg{}", x.inner.0);
+            Ir::If { cond, consq, alter } => {
+                code!(buf, ctx; "$fb(" cond ")?(" consq "):(" alter ")");
            }
-            Ir::TopLevel(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            Ir::Select(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            &Ir::Thunk(Thunk { inner: expr_id, .. }) => {
-                code!(buf, "expr{}", expr_id.0);
-            }
-            Ir::Builtins(_) => {
-                code!(buf, ctx; "Nix.builtins");
-            }
-            &Ir::Builtin(Builtin { inner: name, .. }) => {
+            &Ir::BinOp { lhs, rhs, kind } => compile_binop(lhs, rhs, kind, ctx, buf),
+            &Ir::UnOp { rhs, kind } => compile_unop(rhs, kind, ctx, buf),
+            &Ir::Func {
+                body,
+                ref param,
+                arg,
+                ref thunks,
+            } => compile_func(arg, thunks, param, body, ctx, buf),
+            Ir::AttrSet { stcs, dyns } => compile_attrset(stcs, dyns, ctx, buf),
+            Ir::List { items } => compile_list(items, ctx, buf),
+            Ir::Call { func, arg, span } => {
                code!(buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.builtins.get("
-                        ctx.get_sym(name)
+                    "$c("
+                        func
+                        ","
+                        arg
+                        ","
+                        span
                    ")"
                );
            }
-            Ir::ConcatStrings(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            Ir::HasAttr(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            &Ir::Assert(Assert {
+            Ir::Arg(x) => {
+                code!(buf, "a{}", x.0);
+            }
+            &Ir::TopLevel { body, ref thunks } => compile_toplevel(body, thunks, ctx, buf),
+            &Ir::Select {
+                expr,
+                ref attrpath,
+                default,
+                span,
+            } => compile_select(expr, attrpath, default, span, ctx, buf),
+            Ir::Thunk(ThunkId(id)) => {
+                code!(buf, "e{}", id);
+            }
+            Ir::Builtins => {
+                // Nix.builtins
+                code!(buf, ctx; "$b");
+            }
+            &Ir::Builtin(name) => {
+                // Nix.builtins
+                code!(buf, ctx; "$b.get(" ctx.get_sym(name) ")");
+            }
+            &Ir::ConcatStrings {
+                ref parts,
+                force_string,
+            } => compile_concat_strings(parts, force_string, ctx, buf),
+            &Ir::HasAttr { lhs, ref rhs } => compile_has_attr(lhs, rhs, ctx, buf),
+            Ir::Assert {
                assertion,
                expr,
-                ref assertion_raw,
+                assertion_raw,
                span: assert_span,
-            }) => {
-                let assertion_ir = ctx.get_ir(assertion);
-                let assertion_span = assertion_ir.span();
-
+            } => {
+                // Nix.assert
                code!(buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.assert(Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating the condition of the assert statement\","
-                    assertion_span
-                    ",()=>("
-                    assertion_ir
-                    ")),"
-                    ctx.get_ir(expr)
+                    "$a("
+                        assertion
+                        ","
+                        expr
                        ","
                        quoted(assertion_raw)
                        ","
@@ -293,162 +280,127 @@ impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Ir {
                    ")"
                );
            }
-            Ir::CurPos(cur_pos) => {
-                code!(buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.mkPos("
-                    cur_pos.span
-                    ")"
-                );
+            Ir::CurPos(span) => {
+                // Nix.mkPos
+                code!(buf, ctx; "$mp(" span ")");
            }
-            &Ir::ReplBinding(ReplBinding { inner: name, .. }) => {
-                code!(buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.getReplBinding("
-                    ctx.get_sym(name)
-                    ")"
-                );
+            &Ir::ReplBinding(name) => {
+                // Nix.getReplBinding
+                code!(buf, ctx; "$gb(" ctx.get_sym(name) ")");
            }
-            &Ir::ScopedImportBinding(ScopedImportBinding { inner: name, .. }) => {
-                code!(buf, ctx;
-                    "__scope.get("
-                    ctx.get_sym(name)
-                    ")"
-                );
+            &Ir::ScopedImportBinding(name) => {
+                code!(buf, ctx; "_s.get(" ctx.get_sym(name) ")");
            }
-            Ir::WithExpr(x) => x.compile(ctx, buf),
-            &Ir::WithLookup(WithLookup { inner: name, .. }) => {
-                code!(buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.lookupWith("
-                    ctx.get_sym(name)
-                    ",__with)"
-                );
+            &Ir::With {
+                namespace,
+                body,
+                ref thunks,
+            } => compile_with(namespace, body, thunks, ctx, buf),
+            &Ir::WithLookup(name) => {
+                // Nix.lookupWith
+                code!(buf, ctx; "$l(" ctx.get_sym(name) ",_w)");
            }
        }
    }
 }

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for If {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
-        let &If {
-            cond,
-            consq,
-            alter,
-            span: _,
-        } = self;
-        let cond_ir = ctx.get_ir(cond);
-        let cond_span = cond_ir.span();
-
-        code!(buf, ctx;
-            "(Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating a branch condition\"," cond_span ",()=>Nix.forceBool(" cond_ir ")))"
-            "?(" consq "):(" alter ")"
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for BinOp {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
+fn compile_binop<'ir>(
+    lhs: RawIrRef<'ir>,
+    rhs: RawIrRef<'ir>,
+    kind: BinOpKind,
+    ctx: &impl CodegenContext,
+    buf: &mut CodeBuffer,
+) {
    use BinOpKind::*;
-
-        let lhs = ctx.get_ir(self.lhs);
-        let rhs = ctx.get_ir(self.rhs);
-
-        match self.kind {
+    match kind {
        Add | Sub | Mul | Div | Eq | Neq | Lt | Gt | Leq | Geq | Con | Upd => {
-                let op_name = match self.kind {
-                    Add => "+",
-                    Sub => "-",
-                    Mul => "*",
-                    Div => "/",
-                    Eq => "==",
-                    Neq => "!=",
-                    Lt => "<",
-                    Gt => ">",
-                    Leq => "<=",
-                    Geq => ">=",
-                    Con => "++",
-                    Upd => "//",
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
-                };
-                let op_func = match self.kind {
-                    Add => "Nix.op.add",
-                    Sub => "Nix.op.sub",
-                    Mul => "Nix.op.mul",
-                    Div => "Nix.op.div",
-                    Eq => "Nix.op.eq",
-                    Neq => "Nix.op.neq",
-                    Lt => "Nix.op.lt",
-                    Gt => "Nix.op.gt",
-                    Leq => "Nix.op.lte",
-                    Geq => "Nix.op.gte",
-                    Con => "Nix.op.concat",
-                    Upd => "Nix.op.update",
+            let op_func = match kind {
+                Add => "$oa",
+                Sub => "$os",
+                Mul => "$om",
+                Div => "$od",
+                Eq => "$oe",
+                Neq => "!$oe",
+                Lt => "$ol",
+                Gt => "$og",
+                Leq => "!$og",
+                Geq => "!$ol",
+                Con => "$oc",
+                Upd => "$ou",
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };

            code!(
                buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating the " op_name " operator\"," self.span ",()=>(" op_func "(" lhs "," rhs ")))"
+                op_func "(" lhs "," rhs ")"
            );
        }
        And => {
            code!(
                buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating the && operator\"," self.span ",()=>(Nix.forceBool(" lhs ")&&Nix.forceBool(" rhs ")))"
+                "$fb(" lhs ")" "&&" "$fb(" rhs ")"
            );
        }
        Or => {
            code!(
                buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating the || operator\"," self.span ",()=>(Nix.forceBool(" lhs ")||Nix.forceBool(" rhs ")))"
+                "$fb(" lhs ")" "||" "$fb(" rhs ")"
            );
        }
        Impl => {
            code!(
                buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating the -> operator\"," self.span ",()=>(!Nix.forceBool(" lhs ")||Nix.forceBool(" rhs ")))"
+                "!$fb(" lhs ")" "||" "$fb(" rhs ")"
            );
        }
        PipeL => {
-                code!(buf, ctx; "Nix.call(" rhs "," lhs ")");
+            code!(buf, ctx; "$c(" rhs "," lhs ")");
        }
        PipeR => {
-                code!(buf, ctx; "Nix.call(" lhs "," rhs ")");
-            }
+            code!(buf, ctx; "$c(" lhs "," rhs ")");
        }
    }
 }

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for UnOp {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
+fn compile_unop(
+    rhs: RawIrRef<'_>,
+    kind: UnOpKind,
+    ctx: &impl CodegenContext,
+    buf: &mut CodeBuffer,
+) {
    use UnOpKind::*;
-        let rhs = ctx.get_ir(self.rhs);
-        match self.kind {
+    match kind {
        Neg => {
-                code!(buf, ctx; "Nix.op.sub(0n," rhs ")");
+            // 0 - rhs
+            code!(buf, ctx; "$os(0n," rhs ")");
        }
        Not => {
-                code!(buf, ctx; "Nix.op.bnot(" ctx.get_ir(self.rhs) ")");
-            }
+            code!(buf, ctx; "!$fb(" rhs ")");
        }
    }
 }

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Func {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
-        let id = ctx.get_ir(self.arg).as_ref().unwrap_arg().inner.0;
-
-        let has_thunks = !self.thunks.is_empty();
+fn compile_func<'ir, Ctx: CodegenContext>(
+    ArgId(id): ArgId,
+    thunks: &[(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'ir>)],
+    param: &Option<Param<'ir>>,
+    body: RawIrRef<'ir>,
+    ctx: &Ctx,
+    buf: &mut CodeBuffer,
+) {
+    let has_thunks = !thunks.is_empty();

    if let Some(Param {
        required,
        optional,
        ellipsis,
-        }) = &self.param
+    }) = &param
    {
-            code!(buf, "Nix.mkFunction(arg{}=>", id);
+        code!(buf, "$mf(a{}=>", id);
        if has_thunks {
-                code!(buf, ctx; "{" self.thunks "return " self.body "}");
+            code!(buf, ctx; "{" thunks "return " body "}");
        } else {
-                code!(buf, ctx; "(" self.body ")");
+            code!(buf, ctx; "(" body ")");
        }
        code!(buf, ctx;
            ",["
@@ -459,229 +411,208 @@ impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Func {
            joined(optional.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, &(sym, _)| {
                code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_sym(sym));
            })
-                "],{"
+            "],new Map(["
            joined(required.iter().chain(optional.iter()), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, &(sym, span)| {
-                    code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_sym(sym) ":" span);
+                code!(buf, ctx; "[" ctx.get_sym(sym) "," span "]");
            })
-                "},"
+            "]),"
            ellipsis
            ")"
        );
    } else {
-            code!(buf, "arg{}=>", id);
+        code!(buf, "a{}=>", id);
        if has_thunks {
-                code!(buf, ctx; "{" self.thunks "return " self.body "}");
+            code!(buf, ctx; "{" thunks "return " body "}");
        } else {
-                code!(buf, ctx; "(" self.body ")");
-            }
+            code!(buf, ctx; "(" body ")");
        }
    }
 }

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Call {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
-        code!(buf, ctx;
-            "Nix.call("
-                ctx.get_ir(self.func)
-                ","
-                ctx.get_ir(self.arg)
-                ","
-                self.span
-            ")"
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for [(ExprId, ExprId)] {
+impl<'ir, Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for [(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'ir>)] {
    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
        if self.is_empty() {
            return;
        }

-        for &(slot, inner) in self {
-            let inner_ir = ctx.get_ir(inner);
-            let inner_span = inner_ir.span();
-
        code!(
            buf, ctx;
-                "let expr" slot.0 "=Nix.createThunk(()=>(" inner_ir "),"
-                "\"expr" slot.0 " "
-                ctx.get_current_source().get_name() ":"
-                usize::from(inner_span.start()) ":"
-                usize::from(inner_span.end())
-                "\");"
+            "const "
+            joined(self.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, &(slot, inner)| {
+                code!(buf, ctx; "e" slot.0 "=$t(()=>(" inner ")," "'e" slot.0 "')");
+            })
+            ";"
        );
    }
 }
-}

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for TopLevel {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
-        if self.thunks.is_empty() {
-            ctx.get_ir(self.body).compile(ctx, buf);
+fn compile_toplevel<'ir, Ctx: CodegenContext>(
+    body: RawIrRef<'ir>,
+    thunks: &[(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'ir>)],
+    ctx: &Ctx,
+    buf: &mut CodeBuffer,
+) {
+    if thunks.is_empty() {
+        body.compile(ctx, buf);
    } else {
-            let body = ctx.get_ir(self.body);
-            code!(buf, ctx; "(()=>{" self.thunks "return " body "})()");
-        }
+        code!(buf, ctx; "(()=>{" thunks "return " body "})()");
    }
 }

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for WithExpr {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
-        let namespace = ctx.get_ir(self.namespace);
-        let body = ctx.get_ir(self.body);
-        let has_thunks = !self.thunks.is_empty();
+fn compile_with<'ir>(
+    namespace: RawIrRef<'ir>,
+    body: RawIrRef<'ir>,
+    thunks: &[(ThunkId, RawIrRef<'ir>)],
+    ctx: &impl CodegenContext,
+    buf: &mut CodeBuffer,
+) {
+    let has_thunks = !thunks.is_empty();
    if has_thunks {
-            code!(buf, ctx; "((__with)=>{" self.thunks "return " body "})({env:" namespace ",last:__with})");
+        code!(buf, ctx; "((_w)=>{" thunks "return " body "})({env:" namespace ",last:_w})");
    } else {
-            code!(buf, ctx; "((__with)=>(" body "))({env:" namespace ",last:__with})");
-        }
+        code!(buf, ctx; "((_w)=>(" body "))({env:" namespace ",last:_w})");
    }
 }

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for Select {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
-        if let Some(default) = self.default {
+fn compile_select<'ir, Ctx: CodegenContext>(
+    expr: RawIrRef<'ir>,
+    attrpath: &[Attr<RawIrRef<'ir>>],
+    default: Option<RawIrRef<'ir>>,
+    span: TextRange,
+    ctx: &Ctx,
+    buf: &mut CodeBuffer,
+) {
+    if let Some(default) = default {
        code!(buf, ctx;
-                "Nix.selectWithDefault("
-                ctx.get_ir(self.expr)
+            "$sd("
+            expr
            ",["
-                joined(self.attrpath.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, attr| {
+            joined(attrpath.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, attr| {
                match attr {
                    Attr::Str(sym, _) => code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_sym(*sym)),
-                        Attr::Dynamic(expr_id, _) => code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_ir(*expr_id)),
+                    Attr::Dynamic(expr_id, _) => code!(buf, ctx; *expr_id),
                }
            })
            "],"
-                ctx.get_ir(default)
+            default
            ","
-                self.span
+            span
            ")"
        );
    } else {
        code!(buf, ctx;
-                "Nix.select("
-                ctx.get_ir(self.expr)
+            "$s("
+            expr
            ",["
-                joined(self.attrpath.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, attr| {
+            joined(attrpath.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, attr| {
                match attr {
                    Attr::Str(sym, _) => code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_sym(*sym)),
-                        Attr::Dynamic(expr_id, _) => code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_ir(*expr_id)),
+                    Attr::Dynamic(expr, _) => code!(buf, ctx; expr),
                }
            })
            "],"
-                self.span
+            span
            ")"
        );
    }
 }
-}

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for AttrSet {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
-        if !self.dyns.is_empty() {
+fn compile_attrset<'ir, Ctx: CodegenContext>(
+    stcs: &HashMap<'ir, SymId, (RawIrRef<'ir>, TextRange)>,
+    dyns: &[(RawIrRef<'ir>, RawIrRef<'ir>, TextRange)],
+    ctx: &Ctx,
+    buf: &mut CodeBuffer,
+) {
+    if !dyns.is_empty() {
        code!(buf, ctx;
-                "Nix.mkAttrsWithPos({"
-                joined(self.stcs.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (&sym, &(expr, _))| {
+            "$ma(new Map(["
+            joined(stcs.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (&sym, &(val, _))| {
                let key = ctx.get_sym(sym);
-                    let val = ctx.get_ir(expr);
-
                code!(
                    buf, ctx;
-                        key ":Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating the attribute '" escaped(&key) "'\"," val.span() ",()=>(" val "))"
+                    "[" key "," val "]"
                );
            })
-                "},{"
-                joined(self.stcs.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (&sym, &(_, span))| {
-                    code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_sym(sym) ":" span);
+            "]),new Map(["
+            joined(stcs.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (&sym, &(_, span))| {
+                code!(buf, ctx; "[" ctx.get_sym(sym) "," span "]");
            })
-                "},{dynKeys:["
-                joined(self.dyns.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (key, _, _)| {
-                    code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_ir(*key));
+            "]),{dynKeys:["
+            joined(dyns.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (key, _, _)| {
+                code!(buf, ctx; key);
            })
            "],dynVals:["
-                joined(self.dyns.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (_, val, _)| {
-                    let val = ctx.get_ir(*val);
-                    code!(
-                        buf, ctx;
-                        "Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating a dynamic attribute\"," val.span() ",()=>(" val "))"
-                    );
+            joined(dyns.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (_, val, _)| {
+                code!(buf, ctx; val);
            })
            "],dynSpans:["
-                joined(self.dyns.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (_, _, attr_span)| {
+            joined(dyns.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (_, _, attr_span)| {
                code!(buf, ctx; attr_span);
            })
            "]})"
        );
-        } else if !self.stcs.is_empty() {
+    } else if !stcs.is_empty() {
        code!(buf, ctx;
-                "Nix.mkAttrsWithPos({"
-                joined(self.stcs.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (&sym, &(expr, _))| {
+            "$ma(new Map(["
+            joined(stcs.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (&sym, &(val, _))| {
                let key = ctx.get_sym(sym);
-                    let val = ctx.get_ir(expr);
-
                code!(
                    buf, ctx;
-                        key ":Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating the attribute '" escaped(&key) "'\"," val.span() ",()=>(" val "))"
+                    "[" key "," val "]"
                );
            })
-                "},{"
-                joined(self.stcs.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (&sym, &(_, span))| {
-                    code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_sym(sym) ":" span);
+            "]),new Map(["
+            joined(stcs.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (&sym, &(_, span))| {
+                code!(buf, ctx; "[" ctx.get_sym(sym) "," span "]");
            })
-                "})"
+            "]))"
        );
    } else {
-            code!(buf, ctx; "new Map()");
-        }
+        code!(buf, ctx; "$e");
    }
 }

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for List {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
+fn compile_list<Ctx: CodegenContext>(items: &[RawIrRef<'_>], ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
    code!(buf, ctx;
        "["
-            joined(self.items.iter().enumerate(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, (idx, item)| {
-                let item = ctx.get_ir(*item);
-                code!(
-                    buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating list element " idx "\"," item.span() ",()=>(" item "))"
-                );
+            joined(items.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, item| {
+                code!(buf, ctx; item);
            })
        "]"
    );
 }
-}

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for ConcatStrings {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
+fn compile_concat_strings<Ctx: CodegenContext>(
+    parts: &[RawIrRef<'_>],
+    force_string: bool,
+    ctx: &Ctx,
+    buf: &mut CodeBuffer,
+) {
    code!(buf, ctx;
-            "Nix.concatStringsWithContext(["
-            joined(self.parts.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, part| {
-                let part = ctx.get_ir(*part);
-                code!(
-                    buf, ctx;
-                    "Nix.withContext(\"while evaluating a path segment\"," part.span() ",()=>(" part "))"
-                );
+        "$cs(["
+        joined(parts.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, part| {
+            code!(buf, ctx; part);
        })
-            "]," self.force_string ")"
+        "]," force_string ")"
    );
 }
-}

-impl<Ctx: CodegenContext> Compile<Ctx> for HasAttr {
-    fn compile(&self, ctx: &Ctx, buf: &mut CodeBuffer) {
+fn compile_has_attr<'ir, Ctx: CodegenContext>(
+    lhs: RawIrRef<'ir>,
+    rhs: &[Attr<RawIrRef<'ir>>],
+    ctx: &Ctx,
+    buf: &mut CodeBuffer,
+) {
    code!(buf, ctx;
-            "Nix.hasAttr("
-            ctx.get_ir(self.lhs)
+        "$h("
+        lhs
        ",["
-            joined(self.rhs.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, attr| {
+        joined(rhs.iter(), ",", |ctx: &Ctx, buf, attr| {
            match attr {
                Attr::Str(sym, _) => code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_sym(*sym)),
-                    Attr::Dynamic(expr_id, _) => code!(buf, ctx; ctx.get_ir(*expr_id)),
+                Attr::Dynamic(expr, _) => code!(buf, ctx; expr),
            }
        })
        "])"
    );
 }
-}
--- a/nix-js/src/context.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/context.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
+use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
+use std::hash::BuildHasher;
 use std::path::Path;
-use std::ptr::NonNull;

-use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use bumpalo::Bump;
+use ghost_cell::{GhostCell, GhostToken};
+use hashbrown::{DefaultHashBuilder, HashMap, HashSet, HashTable};
 use rnix::TextRange;
 use string_interner::DefaultStringInterner;

-use crate::codegen::{CodegenContext, compile, compile_scoped};
+use crate::bytecode::{self, Bytecode, BytecodeContext, Constant};
+use crate::codegen::{CodegenContext, compile};
+use crate::disassembler::{Disassembler, DisassemblerContext};
 use crate::downgrade::*;
 use crate::error::{Error, Result, Source};
-use crate::ir::{
-    Arg, ArgId, Bool, Builtin, ExprId, Ir, Null, ReplBinding, ScopedImportBinding, SymId, Thunk,
-    ToIr as _, WithLookup,
-};
+use crate::ir::{ArgId, Ir, IrKey, IrRef, RawIrRef, SymId, ThunkId, ir_content_eq};
 #[cfg(feature = "inspector")]
 use crate::runtime::inspector::InspectorServer;
-use crate::runtime::{Runtime, RuntimeContext};
+use crate::runtime::{ForceMode, Runtime, RuntimeContext};
 use crate::store::{DaemonStore, Store, StoreConfig};
 use crate::value::{Symbol, Value};

@@ -53,16 +55,16 @@ pub struct Context {
    _inspector_server: Option<InspectorServer>,
 }

-macro_rules! eval {
-    ($name:ident, $wrapper:literal) => {
+macro_rules! eval_bc {
+    ($name:ident, $mode:expr) => {
        pub fn $name(&mut self, source: Source) -> Result<Value> {
            tracing::info!("Starting evaluation");

-            tracing::debug!("Compiling code");
-            let code = self.compile(source)?;
+            tracing::debug!("Compiling bytecode");
+            let bytecode = self.ctx.compile_bytecode(source)?;

-            tracing::debug!("Executing JavaScript");
-            self.runtime.eval(format!($wrapper, code), &mut self.ctx)
+            tracing::debug!("Executing bytecode");
+            self.runtime.eval_bytecode(bytecode, &mut self.ctx, $mode)
        }
    };
 }
@@ -123,19 +125,23 @@ impl Context {
        let code = self.ctx.compile(source, None)?;
        self.runtime.eval(
            format!(
-                "Nix.builtins.set('derivation',({}));Nix.builtins.set('storeDir','{}')",
+                "Nix.builtins.set('derivation',({}));Nix.builtins.set('storeDir','{}');{}0n",
                code,
-                self.get_store_dir()
+                self.get_store_dir(),
+                if std::env::var("NIX_JS_DEBUG_THUNKS").is_ok() {
+                    "Nix.DEBUG_THUNKS.enabled=true;"
+                } else {
+                    ""
+                }
            ),
            &mut self.ctx,
        )?;
        Ok(())
    }

-    eval!(eval, "Nix.force({})");
-    eval!(eval_shallow, "Nix.forceShallow({})");
-    eval!(eval_deep, "Nix.forceDeep({})");
-
+    eval_bc!(eval, ForceMode::Force);
+    eval_bc!(eval_shallow, ForceMode::ForceShallow);
+    eval_bc!(eval_deep, ForceMode::ForceDeep);
    pub fn eval_repl<'a>(&'a mut self, source: Source, scope: &'a HashSet<SymId>) -> Result<Value> {
        tracing::info!("Starting evaluation");

@@ -151,6 +157,18 @@ impl Context {
        self.ctx.compile(source, None)
    }

+    pub fn compile_bytecode(&mut self, source: Source) -> Result<Bytecode> {
+        self.ctx.compile_bytecode(source)
+    }
+
+    pub fn disassemble(&self, bytecode: &Bytecode) -> String {
+        Disassembler::new(bytecode, &self.ctx).disassemble()
+    }
+
+    pub fn disassemble_colored(&self, bytecode: &Bytecode) -> String {
+        Disassembler::new(bytecode, &self.ctx).disassemble_colored()
+    }
+
    pub fn get_store_dir(&self) -> &str {
        self.ctx.get_store_dir()
    }
@@ -176,32 +194,44 @@ impl Context {
    }
 }

-pub(crate) struct Ctx {
-    irs: Vec<Ir>,
+struct Ctx {
    symbols: DefaultStringInterner,
-    global: NonNull<HashMap<SymId, ExprId>>,
+    global: HashMap<SymId, Ir<'static, RawIrRef<'static>>>,
    sources: Vec<Source>,
    store: DaemonStore,
+    spans: UnsafeCell<Vec<(usize, TextRange)>>,
+    thunk_count: usize,
+    global_strings: Vec<String>,
+    global_string_map: HashMap<String, u32>,
+    global_constants: Vec<Constant>,
+    global_constant_map: HashMap<Constant, u32>,
+    synced_strings: usize,
+    synced_constants: usize,
+}
+
+/// Owns the bump allocator and a read-only reference into it.
+///
+/// # Safety
+/// The `ir` field points into `_bump`'s storage. We use `'static` as a sentinel
+/// lifetime because the struct owns the backing memory. The `as_ref` method
+/// re-binds the lifetime to `&self`, preventing use-after-free.
+struct OwnedIr {
+    _bump: Bump,
+    ir: RawIrRef<'static>,
+}
+
+impl OwnedIr {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> RawIrRef<'_> {
+        self.ir
+    }
 }

 impl Ctx {
    fn new() -> Result<Self> {
-        use crate::ir::{Builtins, ToIr as _};
-
        let mut symbols = DefaultStringInterner::new();
-        let mut irs = Vec::new();
        let mut global = HashMap::new();
-
-        irs.push(
-            Builtins {
-                span: rnix::TextRange::default(),
-            }
-            .to_ir(),
-        );
-        let builtins_expr = ExprId(0);
-
        let builtins_sym = symbols.get_or_intern("builtins");
-        global.insert(builtins_sym, builtins_expr);
+        global.insert(builtins_sym, Ir::Builtins);

        let free_globals = [
            "abort",
@@ -225,48 +255,19 @@ impl Ctx {
            "toString",
        ];
        let consts = [
-            (
-                "true",
-                Bool {
-                    inner: true,
-                    span: rnix::TextRange::default(),
-                }
-                .to_ir(),
-            ),
-            (
-                "false",
-                Bool {
-                    inner: false,
-                    span: rnix::TextRange::default(),
-                }
-                .to_ir(),
-            ),
-            (
-                "null",
-                Null {
-                    span: rnix::TextRange::default(),
-                }
-                .to_ir(),
-            ),
+            ("true", Ir::Bool(true)),
+            ("false", Ir::Bool(false)),
+            ("null", Ir::Null),
        ];

        for name in free_globals {
-            let name_sym = symbols.get_or_intern(name);
-            let id = ExprId(irs.len());
-            irs.push(
-                Builtin {
-                    inner: name_sym,
-                    span: rnix::TextRange::default(),
-                }
-                .to_ir(),
-            );
-            global.insert(name_sym, id);
+            let name = symbols.get_or_intern(name);
+            let value = Ir::Builtin(name);
+            global.insert(name, value);
        }
        for (name, value) in consts {
-            let name_sym = symbols.get_or_intern(name);
-            let id = ExprId(irs.len());
-            irs.push(value);
-            global.insert(name_sym, id);
+            let name = symbols.get_or_intern(name);
+            global.insert(name, value);
        }

        let config = StoreConfig::from_env();
@@ -274,19 +275,39 @@ impl Ctx {

        Ok(Self {
            symbols,
-            irs,
-            global: unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(Box::leak(Box::new(global))) },
+            global,
            sources: Vec::new(),
            store,
+            spans: UnsafeCell::new(Vec::new()),
+            thunk_count: 0,
+            global_strings: Vec::new(),
+            global_string_map: HashMap::new(),
+            global_constants: Vec::new(),
+            global_constant_map: HashMap::new(),
+            synced_strings: 0,
+            synced_constants: 0,
        })
    }

-    fn downgrade_ctx<'a>(&'a mut self, extra_scope: Option<Scope<'a>>) -> DowngradeCtx<'a> {
-        let global_ref = unsafe { self.global.as_ref() };
-        DowngradeCtx::new(self, global_ref, extra_scope)
+    fn downgrade_ctx<'ctx, 'id, 'ir>(
+        &'ctx mut self,
+        bump: &'ir Bump,
+        token: GhostToken<'id>,
+        extra_scope: Option<Scope<'ctx>>,
+    ) -> DowngradeCtx<'ctx, 'id, 'ir> {
+        let source = self.get_current_source();
+        DowngradeCtx::new(
+            bump,
+            token,
+            &mut self.symbols,
+            &self.global,
+            extra_scope,
+            &mut self.thunk_count,
+            source,
+        )
    }

-    pub(crate) fn get_current_dir(&self) -> &Path {
+    fn get_current_dir(&self) -> &Path {
        self.sources
            .last()
            .as_ref()
@@ -294,18 +315,18 @@ impl Ctx {
            .get_dir()
    }

-    pub(crate) fn get_current_source(&self) -> Source {
+    fn get_current_source(&self) -> Source {
        self.sources
            .last()
            .expect("current_source is not set")
            .clone()
    }

-    pub(crate) fn get_source(&self, id: usize) -> Source {
-        self.sources.get(id).expect("source not found").clone()
-    }
-
-    fn downgrade<'a>(&mut self, source: Source, extra_scope: Option<Scope<'a>>) -> Result<ExprId> {
+    fn downgrade<'ctx>(
+        &'ctx mut self,
+        source: Source,
+        extra_scope: Option<Scope<'ctx>>,
+    ) -> Result<OwnedIr> {
        tracing::debug!("Parsing Nix expression");

        self.sources.push(source.clone());
@@ -318,18 +339,29 @@ impl Ctx {
            .tree()
            .expr()
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::parse_error("unexpected EOF".into()))?;
-        self.downgrade_ctx(extra_scope).downgrade(expr)
+        let bump = Bump::new();
+        GhostToken::new(|token| {
+            let ir = self
+                .downgrade_ctx(&bump, token, extra_scope)
+                .downgrade_toplevel(expr)?;
+            let ir = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<RawIrRef<'_>, RawIrRef<'static>>(ir) };
+            Ok(OwnedIr { _bump: bump, ir })
+        })
    }

-    fn compile<'a>(&'a mut self, source: Source, extra_scope: Option<Scope<'a>>) -> Result<String> {
+    fn compile<'ctx>(
+        &'ctx mut self,
+        source: Source,
+        extra_scope: Option<Scope<'ctx>>,
+    ) -> Result<String> {
        let root = self.downgrade(source, extra_scope)?;
        tracing::debug!("Generating JavaScript code");
-        let code = compile(self.get_ir(root), self);
+        let code = compile::<false>(root.as_ref(), self);
        tracing::debug!("Generated code: {}", &code);
        Ok(code)
    }

-    pub(crate) fn compile_scoped(&mut self, source: Source, scope: Vec<String>) -> Result<String> {
+    fn compile_scoped(&mut self, source: Source, scope: Vec<String>) -> Result<String> {
        let scope = Scope::ScopedImport(
            scope
                .into_iter()
@@ -338,16 +370,33 @@ impl Ctx {
        );
        let root = self.downgrade(source, Some(scope))?;
        tracing::debug!("Generating JavaScript code for scoped import");
-        let code = compile_scoped(self.get_ir(root), self);
+        let code = compile::<true>(root.as_ref(), self);
        tracing::debug!("Generated scoped code: {}", &code);
        Ok(code)
    }
+
+    fn compile_bytecode(&mut self, source: Source) -> Result<Bytecode> {
+        let root = self.downgrade(source, None)?;
+        tracing::debug!("Generating bytecode");
+        let bytecode = bytecode::compile_bytecode(root.as_ref(), self);
+        tracing::debug!("Compiled bytecode: {:#04X?}", bytecode.code);
+        Ok(bytecode)
+    }
+
+    fn compile_bytecode_scoped(&mut self, source: Source, scope: Vec<String>) -> Result<Bytecode> {
+        let scope = Scope::ScopedImport(
+            scope
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|k| self.symbols.get_or_intern(k))
+                .collect(),
+        );
+        let root = self.downgrade(source, Some(scope))?;
+        tracing::debug!("Generating bytecode for scoped import");
+        Ok(bytecode::compile_bytecode_scoped(root.as_ref(), self))
+    }
 }

 impl CodegenContext for Ctx {
-    fn get_ir(&self, id: ExprId) -> &Ir {
-        self.irs.get(id.0).expect("ExprId out of bounds")
-    }
    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> Symbol<'_> {
        self.symbols
            .resolve(id)
@@ -363,12 +412,49 @@ impl CodegenContext for Ctx {
            .checked_sub(1)
            .expect("current_source not set")
    }
-    fn get_current_source(&self) -> crate::error::Source {
-        self.sources.last().expect("current_source not set").clone()
-    }
    fn get_store_dir(&self) -> &str {
        self.store.get_store_dir()
    }
+    fn register_span(&self, range: rnix::TextRange) -> usize {
+        let spans = unsafe { &mut *self.spans.get() };
+        let id = spans.len();
+        spans.push((self.get_current_source_id(), range));
+        id
+    }
+}
+
+impl BytecodeContext for Ctx {
+    fn intern_string(&mut self, s: &str) -> u32 {
+        if let Some(&idx) = self.global_string_map.get(s) {
+            return idx;
+        }
+        let idx = self.global_strings.len() as u32;
+        self.global_strings.push(s.to_string());
+        self.global_string_map.insert(s.to_string(), idx);
+        idx
+    }
+
+    fn intern_constant(&mut self, c: Constant) -> u32 {
+        if let Some(&idx) = self.global_constant_map.get(&c) {
+            return idx;
+        }
+        let idx = self.global_constants.len() as u32;
+        self.global_constants.push(c.clone());
+        self.global_constant_map.insert(c, idx);
+        idx
+    }
+
+    fn register_span(&self, range: TextRange) -> u32 {
+        CodegenContext::register_span(self, range) as u32
+    }
+
+    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> &str {
+        self.symbols.resolve(id).expect("SymId out of bounds")
+    }
+
+    fn get_current_dir(&self) -> &Path {
+        Ctx::get_current_dir(self)
+    }
 }

 impl RuntimeContext for Ctx {
@@ -384,156 +470,239 @@ impl RuntimeContext for Ctx {
    fn compile_scoped(&mut self, source: Source, scope: Vec<String>) -> Result<String> {
        self.compile_scoped(source, scope)
    }
+    fn compile_bytecode(&mut self, source: Source) -> Result<Bytecode> {
+        self.compile_bytecode(source)
+    }
+    fn compile_bytecode_scoped(&mut self, source: Source, scope: Vec<String>) -> Result<Bytecode> {
+        self.compile_bytecode_scoped(source, scope)
+    }
    fn get_source(&self, id: usize) -> Source {
-        self.get_source(id)
+        self.sources.get(id).expect("source not found").clone()
    }
    fn get_store(&self) -> &DaemonStore {
        &self.store
    }
+    fn get_span(&self, id: usize) -> (usize, TextRange) {
+        let spans = unsafe { &*self.spans.get() };
+        spans[id]
+    }
+    fn get_unsynced(&mut self) -> (&[String], &[Constant], usize, usize) {
+        let strings_base = self.synced_strings;
+        let constants_base = self.synced_constants;
+        let new_strings = &self.global_strings[strings_base..];
+        let new_constants = &self.global_constants[constants_base..];
+        self.synced_strings = self.global_strings.len();
+        self.synced_constants = self.global_constants.len();
+        (new_strings, new_constants, strings_base, constants_base)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DisassemblerContext for Ctx {
+    fn lookup_string(&self, id: u32) -> &str {
+        self.global_strings
+            .get(id as usize)
+            .expect("string not found")
+    }
+    fn lookup_constant(&self, id: u32) -> &Constant {
+        self.global_constants
+            .get(id as usize)
+            .expect("constant not found")
+    }
 }

 enum Scope<'ctx> {
-    Global(&'ctx HashMap<SymId, ExprId>),
+    Global(&'ctx HashMap<SymId, Ir<'static, RawIrRef<'static>>>),
    Repl(&'ctx HashSet<SymId>),
    ScopedImport(HashSet<SymId>),
-    Let(HashMap<SymId, ExprId>),
-    Param(SymId, ExprId),
+    Let(HashMap<SymId, ThunkId>),
+    Param(SymId, ArgId),
 }

-struct ScopeGuard<'a, 'ctx> {
-    ctx: &'a mut DowngradeCtx<'ctx>,
+struct ScopeGuard<'a, 'ctx, 'id, 'ir> {
+    ctx: &'a mut DowngradeCtx<'ctx, 'id, 'ir>,
 }

-impl<'a, 'ctx> Drop for ScopeGuard<'a, 'ctx> {
+impl Drop for ScopeGuard<'_, '_, '_, '_> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.ctx.scopes.pop();
    }
 }

-impl<'a, 'ctx> ScopeGuard<'a, 'ctx> {
-    fn as_ctx(&mut self) -> &mut DowngradeCtx<'ctx> {
+impl<'id, 'ir, 'ctx> ScopeGuard<'_, 'ctx, 'id, 'ir> {
+    fn as_ctx(&mut self) -> &mut DowngradeCtx<'ctx, 'id, 'ir> {
        self.ctx
    }
 }

-pub struct DowngradeCtx<'ctx> {
-    ctx: &'ctx mut Ctx,
-    irs: Vec<Ir>,
+struct ThunkScope<'id, 'ir> {
+    bindings: bumpalo::collections::Vec<'ir, (ThunkId, IrRef<'id, 'ir>)>,
+    cache: HashTable<(IrRef<'id, 'ir>, ThunkId)>,
+    hasher: DefaultHashBuilder,
+}
+
+impl<'id, 'ir> ThunkScope<'id, 'ir> {
+    fn new_in(bump: &'ir Bump) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bindings: bumpalo::collections::Vec::new_in(bump),
+            cache: HashTable::new(),
+            hasher: DefaultHashBuilder::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn lookup_cache(&self, key: IrRef<'id, 'ir>, token: &GhostToken<'id>) -> Option<ThunkId> {
+        let hash = self.hasher.hash_one(IrKey(key, token));
+        self.cache
+            .find(hash, |&(ir, _)| ir_content_eq(key, ir, token))
+            .map(|&(_, id)| id)
+    }
+
+    fn add_binding(&mut self, id: ThunkId, ir: IrRef<'id, 'ir>, token: &GhostToken<'id>) {
+        self.bindings.push((id, ir));
+        let hash = self.hasher.hash_one(IrKey(ir, token));
+        self.cache.insert_unique(hash, (ir, id), |&(ir, _)| {
+            self.hasher.hash_one(IrKey(ir, token))
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn extend_bindings(&mut self, iter: impl IntoIterator<Item = (ThunkId, IrRef<'id, 'ir>)>) {
+        self.bindings.extend(iter);
+    }
+}
+
+struct DowngradeCtx<'ctx, 'id, 'ir> {
+    bump: &'ir Bump,
+    token: GhostToken<'id>,
+    symbols: &'ctx mut DefaultStringInterner,
+    source: Source,
    scopes: Vec<Scope<'ctx>>,
    with_scope_count: usize,
-    arg_id: usize,
-    thunk_scopes: Vec<Vec<(ExprId, ExprId)>>,
+    arg_count: usize,
+    thunk_count: &'ctx mut usize,
+    thunk_scopes: Vec<ThunkScope<'id, 'ir>>,
 }

-impl<'ctx> DowngradeCtx<'ctx> {
-    fn new(
-        ctx: &'ctx mut Ctx,
-        global: &'ctx HashMap<SymId, ExprId>,
-        extra_scope: Option<Scope<'ctx>>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            scopes: std::iter::once(Scope::Global(global))
-                .chain(extra_scope)
-                .collect(),
-            irs: vec![],
-            arg_id: 0,
-            with_scope_count: 0,
-            thunk_scopes: vec![Vec::new()],
-            ctx,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl DowngradeContext for DowngradeCtx<'_> {
-    fn new_expr(&mut self, expr: Ir) -> ExprId {
-        self.irs.push(expr);
-        ExprId(self.ctx.irs.len() + self.irs.len() - 1)
-    }
-
-    fn new_arg(&mut self, span: TextRange) -> ExprId {
-        self.irs.push(
-            Arg {
-                inner: ArgId(self.arg_id),
-                span,
-            }
-            .to_ir(),
-        );
-        self.arg_id += 1;
-        ExprId(self.ctx.irs.len() + self.irs.len() - 1)
-    }
-
-    fn get_ir(&self, id: ExprId) -> &Ir {
-        if id.0 < self.ctx.irs.len() {
-            self.ctx.irs.get(id.0).expect("unreachable")
-        } else {
-            self.irs
-                .get(id.0 - self.ctx.irs.len())
-                .expect("ExprId out of bounds")
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn maybe_thunk(&mut self, id: ExprId) -> ExprId {
-        let ir = self.get_ir(id);
-        match ir {
+fn should_thunk<'id>(ir: IrRef<'id, '_>, token: &GhostToken<'id>) -> bool {
+    !matches!(
+        ir.borrow(token),
        Ir::Builtin(_)
-            | Ir::Builtins(_)
+            | Ir::Builtins
            | Ir::Int(_)
            | Ir::Float(_)
            | Ir::Bool(_)
-            | Ir::Null(_)
+            | Ir::Null
            | Ir::Str(_)
-            | Ir::Thunk(_) => id,
-            _ => {
-                let span = ir.span();
-                let slot = self.reserve_slots(1).next().expect("reserve_slots failed");
-                self.replace_ir(slot, Thunk { inner: slot, span }.to_ir());
-                self.register_thunk(slot, id);
-                slot
+            | Ir::Thunk(_)
+    )
+}
+
+impl<'ctx, 'id, 'ir> DowngradeCtx<'ctx, 'id, 'ir> {
+    fn new(
+        bump: &'ir Bump,
+        token: GhostToken<'id>,
+        symbols: &'ctx mut DefaultStringInterner,
+        global: &'ctx HashMap<SymId, Ir<'static, RawIrRef<'static>>>,
+        extra_scope: Option<Scope<'ctx>>,
+        thunk_count: &'ctx mut usize,
+        source: Source,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bump,
+            token,
+            symbols,
+            source,
+            scopes: std::iter::once(Scope::Global(global))
+                .chain(extra_scope)
+                .collect(),
+            thunk_count,
+            arg_count: 0,
+            with_scope_count: 0,
+            thunk_scopes: vec![ThunkScope::new_in(bump)],
        }
    }
 }

+impl<'ctx: 'ir, 'id, 'ir> DowngradeContext<'id, 'ir> for DowngradeCtx<'ctx, 'id, 'ir> {
+    fn new_expr(&self, expr: Ir<'ir, IrRef<'id, 'ir>>) -> IrRef<'id, 'ir> {
+        IrRef::new(self.bump.alloc(GhostCell::new(expr)))
+    }
+
+    fn new_arg(&mut self) -> ArgId {
+        self.arg_count += 1;
+        ArgId(self.arg_count - 1)
+    }
+
+    fn maybe_thunk(&mut self, ir: IrRef<'id, 'ir>) -> IrRef<'id, 'ir> {
+        if !should_thunk(ir, &self.token) {
+            return ir;
+        }
+
+        let cached = self
+            .thunk_scopes
+            .last()
+            .expect("no active cache scope")
+            .lookup_cache(ir, &self.token);
+
+        if let Some(id) = cached {
+            return IrRef::alloc(self.bump, Ir::Thunk(id));
+        }
+
+        let id = ThunkId(*self.thunk_count);
+        *self.thunk_count = self.thunk_count.checked_add(1).expect("thunk id overflow");
+        self.thunk_scopes
+            .last_mut()
+            .expect("no active cache scope")
+            .add_binding(id, ir, &self.token);
+        IrRef::alloc(self.bump, Ir::Thunk(id))
+    }
+
    fn new_sym(&mut self, sym: String) -> SymId {
-        self.ctx.symbols.get_or_intern(sym)
+        self.symbols.get_or_intern(sym)
    }

    fn get_sym(&self, id: SymId) -> Symbol<'_> {
-        self.ctx.get_sym(id)
+        self.symbols.resolve(id).expect("no symbol found").into()
    }

-    fn lookup(&mut self, sym: SymId, span: TextRange) -> Result<ExprId> {
+    fn lookup(&self, sym: SymId, span: TextRange) -> Result<IrRef<'id, 'ir>> {
        for scope in self.scopes.iter().rev() {
            match scope {
                &Scope::Global(global_scope) => {
-                    if let Some(&expr) = global_scope.get(&sym) {
-                        return Ok(expr);
+                    if let Some(expr) = global_scope.get(&sym) {
+                        let ir = match expr {
+                            Ir::Builtins => Ir::Builtins,
+                            Ir::Builtin(s) => Ir::Builtin(*s),
+                            Ir::Bool(b) => Ir::Bool(*b),
+                            Ir::Null => Ir::Null,
+                            _ => unreachable!("globals should only contain leaf IR nodes"),
+                        };
+                        return Ok(self.new_expr(ir));
                    }
                }
                &Scope::Repl(repl_bindings) => {
                    if repl_bindings.contains(&sym) {
-                        return Ok(self.new_expr(ReplBinding { inner: sym, span }.to_ir()));
+                        return Ok(self.new_expr(Ir::ReplBinding(sym)));
                    }
                }
                Scope::ScopedImport(scoped_bindings) => {
                    if scoped_bindings.contains(&sym) {
-                        return Ok(self.new_expr(ScopedImportBinding { inner: sym, span }.to_ir()));
+                        return Ok(self.new_expr(Ir::ScopedImportBinding(sym)));
                    }
                }
                Scope::Let(let_scope) => {
                    if let Some(&expr) = let_scope.get(&sym) {
-                        return Ok(self.new_expr(Thunk { inner: expr, span }.to_ir()));
+                        return Ok(self.new_expr(Ir::Thunk(expr)));
                    }
                }
-                &Scope::Param(param_sym, expr) => {
+                &Scope::Param(param_sym, id) => {
                    if param_sym == sym {
-                        return Ok(expr);
+                        return Ok(self.new_expr(Ir::Arg(id)));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if self.with_scope_count > 0 {
-            Ok(self.new_expr(WithLookup { inner: sym, span }.to_ir()))
+            Ok(self.new_expr(Ir::WithLookup(sym)))
        } else {
            Err(Error::downgrade_error(
                format!("'{}' not found", self.get_sym(sym)),
@@ -543,49 +712,37 @@ impl DowngradeContext for DowngradeCtx<'_> {
        }
    }

-    fn replace_ir(&mut self, id: ExprId, expr: Ir) {
-        let local_id = id.0 - self.ctx.irs.len();
-        *self.irs.get_mut(local_id).expect("ExprId out of bounds") = expr;
-    }
-
    fn get_current_source(&self) -> Source {
-        self.ctx.get_current_source()
+        self.source.clone()
    }

-    #[allow(refining_impl_trait)]
-    fn reserve_slots(&mut self, slots: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = ExprId> + Clone + use<> {
-        let start = self.ctx.irs.len() + self.irs.len();
-        let range = (start..start + slots).map(ExprId);
-        let span = rnix::TextRange::default();
-        // Fill reserved slots with placeholder value
-        self.irs.extend(
-            range
-                .clone()
-                .map(|slot| Thunk { inner: slot, span }.to_ir()),
-        );
-        range
-    }
-
-    fn downgrade(mut self, root: rnix::ast::Expr) -> Result<ExprId> {
-        use crate::ir::TopLevel;
-        let body = root.downgrade(&mut self)?;
-        let thunks = self.thunk_scopes.pop().expect("no thunk scope left???");
-        let span = self.get_ir(body).span();
-        let top_level = self.new_expr(TopLevel { body, thunks, span }.to_ir());
-        self.ctx.irs.extend(self.irs);
-        Ok(top_level)
-    }
-
-    fn with_let_scope<F, R>(&mut self, bindings: HashMap<SymId, ExprId>, f: F) -> R
+    fn with_let_scope<F, R>(&mut self, keys: &[SymId], f: F) -> Result<R>
    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
+        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<(bumpalo::collections::Vec<'ir, IrRef<'id, 'ir>>, R)>,
    {
-        self.scopes.push(Scope::Let(bindings));
+        let base = *self.thunk_count;
+        *self.thunk_count = self
+            .thunk_count
+            .checked_add(keys.len())
+            .expect("thunk id overflow");
+        let iter = keys.iter().enumerate().map(|(offset, &key)| {
+            (
+                key,
+                ThunkId(unsafe { base.checked_add(offset).unwrap_unchecked() }),
+            )
+        });
+        self.scopes.push(Scope::Let(iter.collect()));
+        let (vals, ret) = {
            let mut guard = ScopeGuard { ctx: self };
-        f(guard.as_ctx())
+            f(guard.as_ctx())?
+        };
+        assert_eq!(keys.len(), vals.len());
+        let scope = self.thunk_scopes.last_mut().expect("no active thunk scope");
+        scope.extend_bindings((base..base + keys.len()).map(ThunkId).zip(vals));
+        Ok(ret)
    }

-    fn with_param_scope<F, R>(&mut self, param: SymId, arg: ExprId, f: F) -> R
+    fn with_param_scope<F, R>(&mut self, param: SymId, arg: ArgId, f: F) -> R
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    {
@@ -604,22 +761,41 @@ impl DowngradeContext for DowngradeCtx<'_> {
        ret
    }

-    fn with_thunk_scope<F, R>(&mut self, f: F) -> (R, Vec<(ExprId, ExprId)>)
+    fn with_thunk_scope<F, R>(
+        &mut self,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> (
+        R,
+        bumpalo::collections::Vec<'ir, (ThunkId, IrRef<'id, 'ir>)>,
+    )
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    {
-        self.thunk_scopes.push(Vec::new());
+        self.thunk_scopes.push(ThunkScope::new_in(self.bump));
        let ret = f(self);
        (
            ret,
-            self.thunk_scopes.pop().expect("no thunk scope left???"),
+            self.thunk_scopes
+                .pop()
+                .expect("no thunk scope left???")
+                .bindings,
        )
    }

-    fn register_thunk(&mut self, slot: ExprId, inner: ExprId) {
-        self.thunk_scopes
-            .last_mut()
-            .expect("register_thunk without active scope")
-            .push((slot, inner));
+    fn bump(&self) -> &'ir bumpalo::Bump {
+        self.bump
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'id, 'ir, 'ctx: 'ir> DowngradeCtx<'ctx, 'id, 'ir> {
+    fn downgrade_toplevel(mut self, root: rnix::ast::Expr) -> Result<RawIrRef<'ir>> {
+        let body = root.downgrade(&mut self)?;
+        let thunks = self
+            .thunk_scopes
+            .pop()
+            .expect("no thunk scope left???")
+            .bindings;
+        let ir = IrRef::alloc(self.bump, Ir::TopLevel { body, thunks });
+        Ok(ir.freeze(self.token))
    }
 }
--- a/nix-js/src/disassembler.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/disassembler.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+use std::fmt::Write;
+
+use colored::Colorize;
+use num_enum::TryFromPrimitive;
+
+use crate::bytecode::{Bytecode, Constant, Op};
+
+pub(crate) trait DisassemblerContext {
+    fn lookup_string(&self, id: u32) -> &str;
+    fn lookup_constant(&self, id: u32) -> &Constant;
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Disassembler<'a, Ctx> {
+    code: &'a [u8],
+    ctx: &'a Ctx,
+    pos: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a, Ctx: DisassemblerContext> Disassembler<'a, Ctx> {
+    pub fn new(bytecode: &'a Bytecode, ctx: &'a Ctx) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            code: &bytecode.code,
+            ctx,
+            pos: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn read_u8(&mut self) -> u8 {
+        let b = self.code[self.pos];
+        self.pos += 1;
+        b
+    }
+
+    fn read_u16(&mut self) -> u16 {
+        let bytes = self.code[self.pos..self.pos + 2]
+            .try_into()
+            .expect("no enough bytes");
+        self.pos += 2;
+        u16::from_le_bytes(bytes)
+    }
+
+    fn read_u32(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        let bytes = self.code[self.pos..self.pos + 4]
+            .try_into()
+            .expect("no enough bytes");
+        self.pos += 4;
+        u32::from_le_bytes(bytes)
+    }
+
+    fn read_i32(&mut self) -> i32 {
+        let bytes = self.code[self.pos..self.pos + 4]
+            .try_into()
+            .expect("no enough bytes");
+        self.pos += 4;
+        i32::from_le_bytes(bytes)
+    }
+
+    pub fn disassemble(&mut self) -> String {
+        self.disassemble_impl(false)
+    }
+
+    pub fn disassemble_colored(&mut self) -> String {
+        self.disassemble_impl(true)
+    }
+
+    fn disassemble_impl(&mut self, color: bool) -> String {
+        let mut out = String::new();
+        if color {
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "{}", "=== Bytecode Disassembly ===".bold().white());
+            let _ = writeln!(
+                out,
+                "{} {}",
+                "Length:".white(),
+                format!("{} bytes", self.code.len()).cyan()
+            );
+        } else {
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "=== Bytecode Disassembly ===");
+            let _ = writeln!(out, "Length: {} bytes", self.code.len());
+        }
+
+        while self.pos < self.code.len() {
+            let start_pos = self.pos;
+            let op_byte = self.read_u8();
+            let (mnemonic, args) = self.decode_instruction(op_byte, start_pos);
+
+            let bytes_slice = &self.code[start_pos + 1..self.pos];
+
+            for (i, chunk) in bytes_slice.chunks(4).enumerate() {
+                let bytes_str = {
+                    let mut temp = String::new();
+                    if i == 0 {
+                        let _ = write!(&mut temp, "{:02x}", self.code[start_pos]);
+                    } else {
+                        let _ = write!(&mut temp, "  ");
+                    }
+                    for b in chunk.iter() {
+                        let _ = write!(&mut temp, " {:02x}", b);
+                    }
+                    temp
+                };
+
+                if i == 0 {
+                    if color {
+                        let sep = if args.is_empty() { "" } else { " " };
+                        let _ = writeln!(
+                            out,
+                            "{}  {:<14} | {}{}{}",
+                            format!("{:04x}", start_pos).dimmed(),
+                            bytes_str.green(),
+                            mnemonic.yellow().bold(),
+                            sep,
+                            args.cyan()
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        let op_str = if args.is_empty() {
+                            mnemonic.to_string()
+                        } else {
+                            format!("{} {}", mnemonic, args)
+                        };
+                        let _ = writeln!(out, "{:04x}  {:<14} | {}", start_pos, bytes_str, op_str);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let extra_width = start_pos.ilog2() >> 4;
+                    if color {
+                        let _ = write!(out, "    ");
+                        for _ in 0..extra_width {
+                            let _ = write!(out, " ");
+                        }
+                        let _ = writeln!(out, "  {:<14} |", bytes_str.green());
+                    } else {
+                        let _ = write!(out, "    ");
+                        for _ in 0..extra_width {
+                            let _ = write!(out, " ");
+                        }
+                        let _ = writeln!(out, "  {:<14} |", bytes_str);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    fn decode_instruction(&mut self, op_byte: u8, current_pc: usize) -> (&'static str, String) {
+        let op = Op::try_from_primitive(op_byte).expect("invalid op code");
+
+        match op {
+            Op::PushConst => {
+                let idx = self.read_u32();
+                let val = self.ctx.lookup_constant(idx);
+                let val_str = match val {
+                    Constant::Int(i) => format!("Int({})", i),
+                    Constant::Float(f) => format!("Float(bits: {})", f),
+                };
+                ("PushConst", format!("@{} ({})", idx, val_str))
+            }
+            Op::PushString => {
+                let idx = self.read_u32();
+                let s = self.ctx.lookup_string(idx);
+                let len = s.len();
+                let mut s_fmt = format!("{:?}", s);
+                if s_fmt.len() > 60 {
+                    s_fmt.truncate(57);
+                    #[allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
+                    write!(s_fmt, "...\" (total {len} bytes)").unwrap();
+                }
+                ("PushString", format!("@{} {}", idx, s_fmt))
+            }
+            Op::PushNull => ("PushNull", String::new()),
+            Op::PushTrue => ("PushTrue", String::new()),
+            Op::PushFalse => ("PushFalse", String::new()),
+
+            Op::LoadLocal => {
+                let idx = self.read_u32();
+                ("LoadLocal", format!("[{}]", idx))
+            }
+            Op::LoadOuter => {
+                let depth = self.read_u8();
+                let idx = self.read_u32();
+                ("LoadOuter", format!("depth={} [{}]", depth, idx))
+            }
+            Op::StoreLocal => {
+                let idx = self.read_u32();
+                ("StoreLocal", format!("[{}]", idx))
+            }
+            Op::AllocLocals => {
+                let count = self.read_u32();
+                ("AllocLocals", format!("count={}", count))
+            }
+
+            Op::MakeThunk => {
+                let offset = self.read_u32();
+                let label_idx = self.read_u32();
+                let label = self.ctx.lookup_string(label_idx);
+                ("MakeThunk", format!("-> {:04x} label={}", offset, label))
+            }
+            Op::MakeClosure => {
+                let offset = self.read_u32();
+                let slots = self.read_u32();
+                ("MakeClosure", format!("-> {:04x} slots={}", offset, slots))
+            }
+            Op::MakePatternClosure => {
+                let offset = self.read_u32();
+                let slots = self.read_u32();
+                let req_count = self.read_u16();
+                let opt_count = self.read_u16();
+                let ellipsis = self.read_u8() != 0;
+
+                let mut arg_str = format!(
+                    "-> {:04x} slots={} req={} opt={} ...={})",
+                    offset, slots, req_count, opt_count, ellipsis
+                );
+
+                arg_str.push_str(" Args=[");
+                for _ in 0..req_count {
+                    let idx = self.read_u32();
+                    arg_str.push_str(&format!("Req({}) ", self.ctx.lookup_string(idx)));
+                }
+                for _ in 0..opt_count {
+                    let idx = self.read_u32();
+                    arg_str.push_str(&format!("Opt({}) ", self.ctx.lookup_string(idx)));
+                }
+
+                let total_args = req_count + opt_count;
+                for _ in 0..total_args {
+                    let _name_idx = self.read_u32();
+                    let _span_id = self.read_u32();
+                }
+                arg_str.push(']');
+
+                ("MakePatternClosure", arg_str)
+            }
+
+            Op::Call => {
+                let span_id = self.read_u32();
+                ("Call", format!("span={}", span_id))
+            }
+            Op::CallNoSpan => ("CallNoSpan", String::new()),
+
+            Op::MakeAttrs => {
+                let count = self.read_u32();
+                ("MakeAttrs", format!("size={}", count))
+            }
+            Op::MakeAttrsDyn => {
+                let static_count = self.read_u32();
+                let dyn_count = self.read_u32();
+                (
+                    "MakeAttrsDyn",
+                    format!("static={} dyn={}", static_count, dyn_count),
+                )
+            }
+            Op::MakeEmptyAttrs => ("MakeEmptyAttrs", String::new()),
+
+            Op::Select => {
+                let path_len = self.read_u16();
+                let span_id = self.read_u32();
+                ("Select", format!("path_len={} span={}", path_len, span_id))
+            }
+            Op::SelectDefault => {
+                let path_len = self.read_u16();
+                let span_id = self.read_u32();
+                (
+                    "SelectDefault",
+                    format!("path_len={} span={}", path_len, span_id),
+                )
+            }
+            Op::HasAttr => {
+                let path_len = self.read_u16();
+                ("HasAttr", format!("path_len={}", path_len))
+            }
+
+            Op::MakeList => {
+                let count = self.read_u32();
+                ("MakeList", format!("size={}", count))
+            }
+
+            Op::OpAdd => ("OpAdd", String::new()),
+            Op::OpSub => ("OpSub", String::new()),
+            Op::OpMul => ("OpMul", String::new()),
+            Op::OpDiv => ("OpDiv", String::new()),
+            Op::OpEq => ("OpEq", String::new()),
+            Op::OpNeq => ("OpNeq", String::new()),
+            Op::OpLt => ("OpLt", String::new()),
+            Op::OpGt => ("OpGt", String::new()),
+            Op::OpLeq => ("OpLeq", String::new()),
+            Op::OpGeq => ("OpGeq", String::new()),
+            Op::OpConcat => ("OpConcat", String::new()),
+            Op::OpUpdate => ("OpUpdate", String::new()),
+            Op::OpNeg => ("OpNeg", String::new()),
+            Op::OpNot => ("OpNot", String::new()),
+
+            Op::ForceBool => ("ForceBool", String::new()),
+
+            Op::JumpIfFalse => {
+                let offset = self.read_i32();
+                let target = (current_pc as isize + 1 + 4 + offset as isize) as usize;
+                (
+                    "JumpIfFalse",
+                    format!("-> {:04x} offset={}", target, offset),
+                )
+            }
+            Op::JumpIfTrue => {
+                let offset = self.read_i32();
+                let target = (current_pc as isize + 1 + 4 + offset as isize) as usize;
+                ("JumpIfTrue", format!("-> {:04x} offset={}", target, offset))
+            }
+            Op::Jump => {
+                let offset = self.read_i32();
+                let target = (current_pc as isize + 1 + 4 + offset as isize) as usize;
+                ("Jump", format!("-> {:04x} offset={}", target, offset))
+            }
+
+            Op::ConcatStrings => {
+                let count = self.read_u16();
+                let force = self.read_u8();
+                ("ConcatStrings", format!("count={} force={}", count, force))
+            }
+            Op::ResolvePath => ("ResolvePath", String::new()),
+            Op::Assert => {
+                let raw_idx = self.read_u32();
+                let span_id = self.read_u32();
+                ("Assert", format!("text_id={} span={}", raw_idx, span_id))
+            }
+            Op::PushWith => ("PushWith", String::new()),
+            Op::PopWith => ("PopWith", String::new()),
+            Op::WithLookup => {
+                let idx = self.read_u32();
+                let name = self.ctx.lookup_string(idx);
+                ("WithLookup", format!("{:?}", name))
+            }
+
+            Op::LoadBuiltins => ("LoadBuiltins", String::new()),
+            Op::LoadBuiltin => {
+                let idx = self.read_u32();
+                let name = self.ctx.lookup_string(idx);
+                ("LoadBuiltin", format!("{:?}", name))
+            }
+            Op::MkPos => {
+                let span_id = self.read_u32();
+                ("MkPos", format!("id={}", span_id))
+            }
+            Op::LoadReplBinding => {
+                let idx = self.read_u32();
+                let name = self.ctx.lookup_string(idx);
+                ("LoadReplBinding", format!("{:?}", name))
+            }
+            Op::LoadScopedBinding => {
+                let idx = self.read_u32();
+                let name = self.ctx.lookup_string(idx);
+                ("LoadScopedBinding", format!("{:?}", name))
+            }
+            Op::Return => ("Return", String::new()),
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/nix-js/src/downgrade.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/downgrade.rs
--- a/nix-js/src/error.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/error.rs
@@ -292,43 +292,32 @@ fn parse_frames(stack: &str, ctx: &impl RuntimeContext) -> Vec<NixStackFrame> {
    let mut frames = Vec::new();

    for line in stack.lines() {
-        // Format: NIX_STACK_FRAME:source_id:start:end[:extra_data]
+        // Format: NIX_STACK_FRAME:span_id:message
        let Some(rest) = line.strip_prefix("NIX_STACK_FRAME:") else {
            continue;
        };
-        let parts: Vec<&str> = rest.splitn(4, ':').collect();
+        let parts: Vec<&str> = rest.splitn(2, ':').collect();

-        if parts.len() < 3 {
+        if parts.is_empty() {
            continue;
        }

-        let src = match parts[0].parse() {
-            Ok(id) => ctx.get_source(id),
-            Err(_) => continue,
-        };
-        let start: u32 = match parts[1].parse() {
-            Ok(v) => v,
-            Err(_) => continue,
-        };
-        let end: u32 = match parts[2].parse() {
-            Ok(v) => v,
+        let span_id: usize = match parts[0].parse() {
+            Ok(id) => id,
            Err(_) => continue,
        };
+        let (source_id, span) = ctx.get_span(span_id);
+        let src = ctx.get_source(source_id);

-        let span = rnix::TextRange::new(rnix::TextSize::from(start), rnix::TextSize::from(end));
-
-        let message = {
-            if parts.len() == 4 {
-                parts[3].to_string()
+        let message = if parts.len() == 2 {
+            parts[1].to_string()
        } else {
            String::new()
-            }
        };

        frames.push(NixStackFrame { span, message, src });
    }

-    // Deduplicate consecutive identical frames
    frames.dedup_by(|a, b| a.span == b.span && a.message == b.message);

    frames
--- a/nix-js/src/fetcher.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/fetcher.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use deno_core::OpState;
+use deno_core::ToV8;
 use deno_core::op2;
 use nix_compat::nixhash::HashAlgo;
 use nix_compat::nixhash::NixHash;
-use serde::Serialize;
 use tracing::{debug, info, warn};

 use crate::runtime::OpStateExt;
@@ -22,19 +22,19 @@ pub use metadata_cache::MetadataCache;
 use crate::nar;
 use crate::runtime::NixRuntimeError;

-#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[derive(ToV8)]
 pub struct FetchUrlResult {
    pub store_path: String,
    pub hash: String,
 }

-#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[derive(ToV8)]
 pub struct FetchTarballResult {
    pub store_path: String,
    pub nar_hash: String,
 }

-#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[derive(ToV8)]
 pub struct FetchGitResult {
    pub out_path: String,
    pub rev: String,
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ pub struct FetchGitResult {
 }

 #[op2]
-#[serde]
 pub fn op_fetch_url<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
    #[string] url: String,
@@ -152,7 +151,6 @@ pub fn op_fetch_url<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
 }

 #[op2]
-#[serde]
 pub fn op_fetch_tarball<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
    #[string] url: String,
@@ -266,7 +264,6 @@ pub fn op_fetch_tarball<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
 }

 #[op2]
-#[serde]
 pub fn op_fetch_git<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
    #[string] url: String,
--- a/nix-js/src/fetcher/download.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/fetcher/download.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-use reqwest::blocking::Client;
 use std::time::Duration;

+use reqwest::blocking::Client;
+
 pub struct Downloader {
    client: Client,
 }
--- a/nix-js/src/fetcher/metadata_cache.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/fetcher/metadata_cache.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 #![allow(dead_code)]

+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
 use rusqlite::{Connection, OptionalExtension, params};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};

 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum CacheError {
--- a/nix-js/src/ir.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/ir.rs
@@ -1,46 +1,158 @@
-use derive_more::{IsVariant, TryUnwrap, Unwrap};
-use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use std::{
+    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
+    ops::Deref,
+};
+
+use bumpalo::{Bump, boxed::Box, collections::Vec};
+use ghost_cell::{GhostCell, GhostToken};
 use rnix::{TextRange, ast};
 use string_interner::symbol::SymbolU32;

-use nix_js_macros::ir;
+pub type HashMap<'ir, K, V> = hashbrown::HashMap<K, V, hashbrown::DefaultHashBuilder, &'ir Bump>;

-ir! {
-    Ir,
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct IrRef<'id, 'ir>(&'ir GhostCell<'id, Ir<'ir, Self>>);

+impl<'id, 'ir> IrRef<'id, 'ir> {
+    pub fn new(ir: &'ir GhostCell<'id, Ir<'ir, Self>>) -> Self {
+        Self(ir)
+    }
+
+    pub fn alloc(bump: &'ir Bump, ir: Ir<'ir, Self>) -> Self {
+        Self(bump.alloc(GhostCell::new(ir)))
+    }
+
+    /// Freeze a mutable IR reference into a read-only one, consuming the
+    /// `GhostToken` to prevent any further mutation.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    /// The transmute is sound because:
+    /// - `GhostCell<'id, T>` is `#[repr(transparent)]` over `T`
+    /// - `IrRef<'id, 'ir>` is `#[repr(transparent)]` over
+    ///   `&'ir GhostCell<'id, Ir<'ir, Self>>`
+    /// - `RawIrRef<'ir>` is `#[repr(transparent)]` over `&'ir Ir<'ir, Self>`
+    /// - `Ir<'ir, Ref>` is `#[repr(C)]` and both ref types are pointer-sized
+    ///
+    /// Consuming the `GhostToken` guarantees no `borrow_mut` calls can occur
+    /// afterwards, so the shared `&Ir` references from `RawIrRef::Deref` can
+    /// never alias with mutable references.
+    pub fn freeze(self, _token: GhostToken<'id>) -> RawIrRef<'ir> {
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(self) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'id, 'ir> Deref for IrRef<'id, 'ir> {
+    type Target = GhostCell<'id, Ir<'ir, IrRef<'id, 'ir>>>;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct RawIrRef<'ir>(&'ir Ir<'ir, Self>);
+
+impl<'ir> Deref for RawIrRef<'ir> {
+    type Target = Ir<'ir, RawIrRef<'ir>>;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub enum Ir<'ir, Ref> {
    Int(i64),
    Float(f64),
    Bool(bool),
    Null,
-    Str { pub val: String },
-    AttrSet { pub stcs: HashMap<SymId, (ExprId, rnix::TextRange)>, pub dyns: Vec<(ExprId, ExprId, rnix::TextRange)> },
-    List { pub items: Vec<ExprId> },
+    Str(Box<'ir, String>),
+    AttrSet {
+        stcs: HashMap<'ir, SymId, (Ref, TextRange)>,
+        dyns: Vec<'ir, (Ref, Ref, TextRange)>,
+    },
+    List {
+        items: Vec<'ir, Ref>,
+    },
+    Path(Ref),
+    ConcatStrings {
+        parts: Vec<'ir, Ref>,
+        force_string: bool,
+    },

-    HasAttr { pub lhs: ExprId, pub rhs: Vec<Attr> },
-    BinOp { pub lhs: ExprId, pub rhs: ExprId, pub kind: BinOpKind },
-    UnOp { pub rhs: ExprId, pub kind: UnOpKind },
-    Select { pub expr: ExprId, pub attrpath: Vec<Attr>, pub default: Option<ExprId> },
-    If { pub cond: ExprId, pub consq: ExprId, pub alter: ExprId },
-    Call { pub func: ExprId, pub arg: ExprId },
-    Assert { pub assertion: ExprId, pub expr: ExprId, pub assertion_raw: String },
-    ConcatStrings { pub parts: Vec<ExprId>, pub force_string: bool },
-    Path { pub expr: ExprId },
-    Func { pub body: ExprId, pub param: Option<Param>, pub arg: ExprId, pub thunks: Vec<(ExprId, ExprId)> },
-    TopLevel { pub body: ExprId, pub thunks: Vec<(ExprId, ExprId)> },
+    // OPs
+    UnOp {
+        rhs: Ref,
+        kind: UnOpKind,
+    },
+    BinOp {
+        lhs: Ref,
+        rhs: Ref,
+        kind: BinOpKind,
+    },
+    HasAttr {
+        lhs: Ref,
+        rhs: Vec<'ir, Attr<Ref>>,
+    },
+    Select {
+        expr: Ref,
+        attrpath: Vec<'ir, Attr<Ref>>,
+        default: Option<Ref>,
+        span: TextRange,
+    },
+
+    // Conditionals
+    If {
+        cond: Ref,
+        consq: Ref,
+        alter: Ref,
+    },
+    Assert {
+        assertion: Ref,
+        expr: Ref,
+        assertion_raw: String,
+        span: TextRange,
+    },
+
+    With {
+        namespace: Ref,
+        body: Ref,
+        thunks: Vec<'ir, (ThunkId, Ref)>,
+    },
+    WithLookup(SymId),
+
+    // Function related
+    Func {
+        body: Ref,
+        param: Option<Param<'ir>>,
+        arg: ArgId,
+        thunks: Vec<'ir, (ThunkId, Ref)>,
+    },
    Arg(ArgId),
-    Thunk(ExprId),
+    Call {
+        func: Ref,
+        arg: Ref,
+        span: TextRange,
+    },
+
+    // Builtins
    Builtins,
    Builtin(SymId),
-    CurPos,
+
+    // Misc
+    TopLevel {
+        body: Ref,
+        thunks: Vec<'ir, (ThunkId, Ref)>,
+    },
+    Thunk(ThunkId),
+    CurPos(TextRange),
    ReplBinding(SymId),
    ScopedImportBinding(SymId),
-    WithExpr { pub namespace: ExprId, pub body: ExprId, pub thunks: Vec<(ExprId, ExprId)> },
-    WithLookup(SymId),
 }

 #[repr(transparent)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
-pub struct ExprId(pub usize);
+pub struct ThunkId(pub usize);

 pub type SymId = SymbolU32;

@@ -50,18 +162,18 @@ pub struct ArgId(pub usize);

 /// Represents a key in an attribute path.
 #[allow(unused)]
-#[derive(Debug, TryUnwrap)]
-pub enum Attr {
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Attr<Ref> {
    /// A dynamic attribute key, which is an expression that must evaluate to a string.
    /// Example: `attrs.${key}`
-    Dynamic(ExprId, TextRange),
+    Dynamic(Ref, TextRange),
    /// A static attribute key.
    /// Example: `attrs.key`
    Str(SymId, TextRange),
 }

 /// The kinds of binary operations supported in Nix.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum BinOpKind {
    // Arithmetic
    Add,
@@ -118,7 +230,7 @@ impl From<ast::BinOpKind> for BinOpKind {
 }

 /// The kinds of unary operations.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum UnOpKind {
    Neg, // Negation (`-`)
    Not, // Logical not (`!`)
@@ -135,8 +247,437 @@ impl From<ast::UnaryOpKind> for UnOpKind {

 /// Describes the parameters of a function.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Param {
-    pub required: Vec<(SymId, TextRange)>,
-    pub optional: Vec<(SymId, TextRange)>,
+pub struct Param<'ir> {
+    pub required: Vec<'ir, (SymId, TextRange)>,
+    pub optional: Vec<'ir, (SymId, TextRange)>,
    pub ellipsis: bool,
 }
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct IrKey<'id, 'ir, 'a>(pub IrRef<'id, 'ir>, pub &'a GhostToken<'id>);
+
+impl std::hash::Hash for IrKey<'_, '_, '_> {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        ir_content_hash(self.0, self.1, state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for IrKey<'_, '_, '_> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        ir_content_eq(self.0, other.0, self.1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for IrKey<'_, '_, '_> {}
+
+fn attr_content_hash<'id>(
+    attr: &Attr<IrRef<'id, '_>>,
+    token: &GhostToken<'id>,
+    state: &mut impl Hasher,
+) {
+    core::mem::discriminant(attr).hash(state);
+    match attr {
+        Attr::Dynamic(expr, _) => ir_content_hash(*expr, token, state),
+        Attr::Str(sym, _) => sym.hash(state),
+    }
+}
+
+fn attr_content_eq<'id, 'ir>(
+    a: &Attr<IrRef<'id, 'ir>>,
+    b: &Attr<IrRef<'id, 'ir>>,
+    token: &GhostToken<'id>,
+) -> bool {
+    match (a, b) {
+        (Attr::Dynamic(ae, _), Attr::Dynamic(be, _)) => ir_content_eq(*ae, *be, token),
+        (Attr::Str(a, _), Attr::Str(b, _)) => a == b,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn param_content_hash(param: &Param<'_>, state: &mut impl Hasher) {
+    param.required.len().hash(state);
+    for (sym, _) in param.required.iter() {
+        sym.hash(state);
+    }
+    param.optional.len().hash(state);
+    for (sym, _) in param.optional.iter() {
+        sym.hash(state);
+    }
+    param.ellipsis.hash(state);
+}
+
+fn param_content_eq(a: &Param<'_>, b: &Param<'_>) -> bool {
+    a.ellipsis == b.ellipsis
+        && a.required.len() == b.required.len()
+        && a.optional.len() == b.optional.len()
+        && a.required
+            .iter()
+            .zip(b.required.iter())
+            .all(|((a, _), (b, _))| a == b)
+        && a.optional
+            .iter()
+            .zip(b.optional.iter())
+            .all(|((a, _), (b, _))| a == b)
+}
+
+fn thunks_content_hash<'id>(
+    thunks: &[(ThunkId, IrRef<'id, '_>)],
+    token: &GhostToken<'id>,
+    state: &mut impl Hasher,
+) {
+    thunks.len().hash(state);
+    for &(id, ir) in thunks {
+        id.hash(state);
+        ir_content_hash(ir, token, state);
+    }
+}
+
+fn thunks_content_eq<'id, 'ir>(
+    a: &[(ThunkId, IrRef<'id, 'ir>)],
+    b: &[(ThunkId, IrRef<'id, 'ir>)],
+    token: &GhostToken<'id>,
+) -> bool {
+    a.len() == b.len()
+        && a.iter()
+            .zip(b.iter())
+            .all(|(&(ai, ae), &(bi, be))| ai == bi && ir_content_eq(ae, be, token))
+}
+
+fn ir_content_hash<'id>(ir: IrRef<'id, '_>, token: &GhostToken<'id>, state: &mut impl Hasher) {
+    let ir = ir.borrow(token);
+    core::mem::discriminant(ir).hash(state);
+    match ir {
+        Ir::Int(x) => x.hash(state),
+        Ir::Float(x) => x.to_bits().hash(state),
+        Ir::Bool(x) => x.hash(state),
+        Ir::Null => {}
+        Ir::Str(x) => x.hash(state),
+        Ir::AttrSet { stcs, dyns } => {
+            stcs.len().hash(state);
+            let mut combined: u64 = 0;
+            for (&key, &(val, _)) in stcs.iter() {
+                let mut h = std::hash::DefaultHasher::new();
+                key.hash(&mut h);
+                ir_content_hash(val, token, &mut h);
+                combined = combined.wrapping_add(h.finish());
+            }
+            combined.hash(state);
+            dyns.len().hash(state);
+            for &(k, v, _) in dyns.iter() {
+                ir_content_hash(k, token, state);
+                ir_content_hash(v, token, state);
+            }
+        }
+        Ir::List { items } => {
+            items.len().hash(state);
+            for &item in items.iter() {
+                ir_content_hash(item, token, state);
+            }
+        }
+        Ir::HasAttr { lhs, rhs } => {
+            ir_content_hash(*lhs, token, state);
+            rhs.len().hash(state);
+            for attr in rhs.iter() {
+                attr_content_hash(attr, token, state);
+            }
+        }
+        &Ir::BinOp { lhs, rhs, kind } => {
+            ir_content_hash(lhs, token, state);
+            ir_content_hash(rhs, token, state);
+            kind.hash(state);
+        }
+        &Ir::UnOp { rhs, kind } => {
+            ir_content_hash(rhs, token, state);
+            kind.hash(state);
+        }
+        Ir::Select {
+            expr,
+            attrpath,
+            default,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            ir_content_hash(*expr, token, state);
+            attrpath.len().hash(state);
+            for attr in attrpath.iter() {
+                attr_content_hash(attr, token, state);
+            }
+            default.is_some().hash(state);
+            if let Some(d) = default {
+                ir_content_hash(*d, token, state);
+            }
+        }
+        &Ir::If { cond, consq, alter } => {
+            ir_content_hash(cond, token, state);
+            ir_content_hash(consq, token, state);
+            ir_content_hash(alter, token, state);
+        }
+        &Ir::Call { func, arg, .. } => {
+            ir_content_hash(func, token, state);
+            ir_content_hash(arg, token, state);
+        }
+        Ir::Assert {
+            assertion,
+            expr,
+            assertion_raw,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            ir_content_hash(*assertion, token, state);
+            ir_content_hash(*expr, token, state);
+            assertion_raw.hash(state);
+        }
+        Ir::ConcatStrings {
+            force_string,
+            parts,
+        } => {
+            force_string.hash(state);
+            parts.len().hash(state);
+            for &part in parts.iter() {
+                ir_content_hash(part, token, state);
+            }
+        }
+        &Ir::Path(expr) => ir_content_hash(expr, token, state),
+        Ir::Func {
+            body,
+            arg,
+            param,
+            thunks,
+        } => {
+            ir_content_hash(*body, token, state);
+            arg.hash(state);
+            param.is_some().hash(state);
+            if let Some(p) = param {
+                param_content_hash(p, state);
+            }
+            thunks_content_hash(thunks, token, state);
+        }
+        Ir::TopLevel { body, thunks } => {
+            ir_content_hash(*body, token, state);
+            thunks_content_hash(thunks, token, state);
+        }
+        Ir::Arg(x) => x.hash(state),
+        Ir::Thunk(x) => x.hash(state),
+        Ir::Builtins => {}
+        Ir::Builtin(x) => x.hash(state),
+        Ir::CurPos(x) => x.hash(state),
+        Ir::ReplBinding(x) => x.hash(state),
+        Ir::ScopedImportBinding(x) => x.hash(state),
+        &Ir::With {
+            namespace,
+            body,
+            ref thunks,
+        } => {
+            ir_content_hash(namespace, token, state);
+            ir_content_hash(body, token, state);
+            thunks_content_hash(thunks, token, state);
+        }
+        Ir::WithLookup(x) => x.hash(state),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn ir_content_eq<'id, 'ir>(
+    a: IrRef<'id, 'ir>,
+    b: IrRef<'id, 'ir>,
+    token: &GhostToken<'id>,
+) -> bool {
+    std::ptr::eq(a.0, b.0)
+        || match (a.borrow(token), b.borrow(token)) {
+            (Ir::Int(a), Ir::Int(b)) => a == b,
+            (Ir::Float(a), Ir::Float(b)) => a.to_bits() == b.to_bits(),
+            (Ir::Bool(a), Ir::Bool(b)) => a == b,
+            (Ir::Null, Ir::Null) => true,
+            (Ir::Str(a), Ir::Str(b)) => **a == **b,
+            (
+                Ir::AttrSet {
+                    stcs: a_stcs,
+                    dyns: a_dyns,
+                },
+                Ir::AttrSet {
+                    stcs: b_stcs,
+                    dyns: b_dyns,
+                },
+            ) => {
+                a_stcs.len() == b_stcs.len()
+                    && a_dyns.len() == b_dyns.len()
+                    && a_stcs.iter().all(|(&k, &(av, _))| {
+                        b_stcs
+                            .get(&k)
+                            .is_some_and(|&(bv, _)| ir_content_eq(av, bv, token))
+                    })
+                    && a_dyns
+                        .iter()
+                        .zip(b_dyns.iter())
+                        .all(|(&(ak, av, _), &(bk, bv, _))| {
+                            ir_content_eq(ak, bk, token) && ir_content_eq(av, bv, token)
+                        })
+            }
+            (Ir::List { items: a }, Ir::List { items: b }) => {
+                a.len() == b.len()
+                    && a.iter()
+                        .zip(b.iter())
+                        .all(|(&a, &b)| ir_content_eq(a, b, token))
+            }
+            (Ir::HasAttr { lhs: al, rhs: ar }, Ir::HasAttr { lhs: bl, rhs: br }) => {
+                ir_content_eq(*al, *bl, token)
+                    && ar.len() == br.len()
+                    && ar
+                        .iter()
+                        .zip(br.iter())
+                        .all(|(a, b)| attr_content_eq(a, b, token))
+            }
+            (
+                &Ir::BinOp {
+                    lhs: al,
+                    rhs: ar,
+                    kind: ak,
+                },
+                &Ir::BinOp {
+                    lhs: bl,
+                    rhs: br,
+                    kind: bk,
+                },
+            ) => ak == bk && ir_content_eq(al, bl, token) && ir_content_eq(ar, br, token),
+            (&Ir::UnOp { rhs: ar, kind: ak }, &Ir::UnOp { rhs: br, kind: bk }) => {
+                ak == bk && ir_content_eq(ar, br, token)
+            }
+            (
+                Ir::Select {
+                    expr: ae,
+                    attrpath: aa,
+                    default: ad,
+                    ..
+                },
+                Ir::Select {
+                    expr: be,
+                    attrpath: ba,
+                    default: bd,
+                    ..
+                },
+            ) => {
+                ir_content_eq(*ae, *be, token)
+                    && aa.len() == ba.len()
+                    && aa
+                        .iter()
+                        .zip(ba.iter())
+                        .all(|(a, b)| attr_content_eq(a, b, token))
+                    && match (ad, bd) {
+                        (Some(a), Some(b)) => ir_content_eq(*a, *b, token),
+                        (None, None) => true,
+                        _ => false,
+                    }
+            }
+            (
+                &Ir::If {
+                    cond: ac,
+                    consq: acs,
+                    alter: aa,
+                },
+                &Ir::If {
+                    cond: bc,
+                    consq: bcs,
+                    alter: ba,
+                },
+            ) => {
+                ir_content_eq(ac, bc, token)
+                    && ir_content_eq(acs, bcs, token)
+                    && ir_content_eq(aa, ba, token)
+            }
+            (
+                &Ir::Call {
+                    func: af, arg: aa, ..
+                },
+                &Ir::Call {
+                    func: bf, arg: ba, ..
+                },
+            ) => ir_content_eq(af, bf, token) && ir_content_eq(aa, ba, token),
+            (
+                Ir::Assert {
+                    assertion: aa,
+                    expr: ae,
+                    assertion_raw: ar,
+                    ..
+                },
+                Ir::Assert {
+                    assertion: ba,
+                    expr: be,
+                    assertion_raw: br,
+                    ..
+                },
+            ) => ar == br && ir_content_eq(*aa, *ba, token) && ir_content_eq(*ae, *be, token),
+            (
+                Ir::ConcatStrings {
+                    force_string: af,
+                    parts: ap,
+                },
+                Ir::ConcatStrings {
+                    force_string: bf,
+                    parts: bp,
+                },
+            ) => {
+                af == bf
+                    && ap.len() == bp.len()
+                    && ap
+                        .iter()
+                        .zip(bp.iter())
+                        .all(|(&a, &b)| ir_content_eq(a, b, token))
+            }
+            (&Ir::Path(a), &Ir::Path(b)) => ir_content_eq(a, b, token),
+            (
+                Ir::Func {
+                    body: ab,
+                    arg: aa,
+                    param: ap,
+                    thunks: at,
+                },
+                Ir::Func {
+                    body: bb,
+                    arg: ba,
+                    param: bp,
+                    thunks: bt,
+                },
+            ) => {
+                ir_content_eq(*ab, *bb, token)
+                    && aa == ba
+                    && match (ap, bp) {
+                        (Some(a), Some(b)) => param_content_eq(a, b),
+                        (None, None) => true,
+                        _ => false,
+                    }
+                    && thunks_content_eq(at, bt, token)
+            }
+            (
+                Ir::TopLevel {
+                    body: ab,
+                    thunks: at,
+                },
+                Ir::TopLevel {
+                    body: bb,
+                    thunks: bt,
+                },
+            ) => ir_content_eq(*ab, *bb, token) && thunks_content_eq(at, bt, token),
+            (Ir::Arg(a), Ir::Arg(b)) => a == b,
+            (Ir::Thunk(a), Ir::Thunk(b)) => a == b,
+            (Ir::Builtins, Ir::Builtins) => true,
+            (Ir::Builtin(a), Ir::Builtin(b)) => a == b,
+            (Ir::CurPos(a), Ir::CurPos(b)) => a == b,
+            (Ir::ReplBinding(a), Ir::ReplBinding(b)) => a == b,
+            (Ir::ScopedImportBinding(a), Ir::ScopedImportBinding(b)) => a == b,
+            (
+                Ir::With {
+                    namespace: a_ns,
+                    body: a_body,
+                    thunks: a_thunks,
+                },
+                Ir::With {
+                    namespace: b_ns,
+                    body: b_body,
+                    thunks: b_thunks,
+                },
+            ) => {
+                ir_content_eq(*a_ns, *b_ns, token)
+                    && ir_content_eq(*a_body, *b_body, token)
+                    && thunks_content_eq(a_thunks, b_thunks, token)
+            }
+            (Ir::WithLookup(a), Ir::WithLookup(b)) => a == b,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+}
--- a/nix-js/src/lib.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ pub mod error;
 pub mod logging;
 pub mod value;

+mod bytecode;
 mod codegen;
 mod derivation;
+mod disassembler;
 mod downgrade;
 mod fetcher;
 mod ir;
--- a/nix-js/src/logging.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/logging.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::env;
 use std::io::IsTerminal;
+
 use tracing_subscriber::{EnvFilter, Layer, fmt, layer::SubscriberExt, util::SubscriberInitExt};

 pub fn init_logging() {
--- a/nix-js/src/main.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/main.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::process::exit;

 use anyhow::Result;
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand, Args};
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
 use hashbrown::HashSet;
 use nix_js::context::Context;
 use nix_js::error::Source;
@@ -26,9 +26,15 @@ struct Cli {

 #[derive(Subcommand)]
 enum Command {
+    Compile {
+        #[clap(flatten)]
+        source: ExprSource,
+        #[arg(long)]
+        silent: bool,
+    },
    Eval {
        #[clap(flatten)]
-        source: ExprSource
+        source: ExprSource,
    },
    Repl,
 }
@@ -39,7 +45,7 @@ struct ExprSource {
    #[clap(short, long)]
    expr: Option<String>,
    #[clap(short, long)]
-    file: Option<PathBuf>
+    file: Option<PathBuf>,
 }

 fn create_context(#[cfg(feature = "inspector")] cli: &Cli) -> Result<Context> {
@@ -63,6 +69,30 @@ fn create_context(#[cfg(feature = "inspector")] cli: &Cli) -> Result<Context> {
    Ok(Context::new()?)
 }

+fn run_compile(context: &mut Context, src: ExprSource, silent: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    let src = if let Some(expr) = src.expr {
+        Source::new_eval(expr)?
+    } else if let Some(file) = src.file {
+        Source::new_file(file)?
+    } else {
+        unreachable!()
+    };
+    match context.compile_bytecode(src) {
+        Ok(compiled) => {
+            if !silent {
+                println!("{}", context.disassemble_colored(&compiled));
+            }
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            eprintln!("{:?}", miette::Report::new(*err));
+            exit(1);
+        }
+    };
+    #[cfg(feature = "inspector")]
+    context.wait_for_inspector_disconnect();
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn run_eval(context: &mut Context, src: ExprSource) -> Result<()> {
    let src = if let Some(expr) = src.expr {
        Source::new_eval(expr)?
@@ -71,9 +101,9 @@ fn run_eval(context: &mut Context, src: ExprSource) -> Result<()> {
    } else {
        unreachable!()
    };
-    match context.eval_shallow(src) {
+    match context.eval_deep(src) {
        Ok(value) => {
-            println!("{value}");
+            println!("{}", value.display_compat());
        }
        Err(err) => {
            eprintln!("{:?}", miette::Report::new(*err));
@@ -150,9 +180,8 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
    )?;

    match cli.command {
-        Command::Eval { source } => {
-            run_eval(&mut context, source)
-        }
+        Command::Compile { source, silent } => run_compile(&mut context, source, silent),
+        Command::Eval { source } => run_eval(&mut context, source),
        Command::Repl => run_repl(&mut context),
    }
 }
--- a/nix-js/src/nar.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/nar.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-use nix_nar::Encoder;
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::io::Read;
 use std::path::Path;

+use nix_nar::Encoder;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};

 pub fn compute_nar_hash(path: &Path) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
@@ -27,11 +28,13 @@ pub fn pack_nar(path: &Path) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::*;
    use std::fs;
+
    use tempfile::TempDir;

-    #[test]
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test_log::test]
    fn test_simple_file() {
        let temp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let file_path = temp.path().join("test.txt");
@@ -46,7 +49,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(hash.len(), 64);
    }

-    #[test]
+    #[test_log::test]
    fn test_directory() {
        let temp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
        fs::write(temp.path().join("a.txt"), "aaa").unwrap();
--- a/nix-js/src/runtime.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/runtime.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::path::Path;
 use deno_core::PollEventLoopOptions;
 use deno_core::{Extension, ExtensionFileSource, JsRuntime, OpState, RuntimeOptions, v8};

+use crate::bytecode::{Bytecode, Constant};
 use crate::error::{Error, Result, Source};
 use crate::store::DaemonStore;
 use crate::value::{AttrSet, List, Symbol, Value};
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ use crate::value::{AttrSet, List, Symbol, Value};
 pub(crate) mod inspector;
 mod ops;
 use ops::*;
+mod value;

 type ScopeRef<'p, 's> = v8::PinnedRef<'p, v8::HandleScope<'s>>;
 type LocalValue<'a> = v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>;
@@ -24,8 +26,12 @@ pub(crate) trait RuntimeContext: 'static {
    fn add_source(&mut self, path: Source);
    fn compile(&mut self, source: Source) -> Result<String>;
    fn compile_scoped(&mut self, source: Source, scope: Vec<String>) -> Result<String>;
+    fn compile_bytecode(&mut self, source: Source) -> Result<Bytecode>;
+    fn compile_bytecode_scoped(&mut self, source: Source, scope: Vec<String>) -> Result<Bytecode>;
    fn get_source(&self, id: usize) -> Source;
    fn get_store(&self) -> &DaemonStore;
+    fn get_span(&self, id: usize) -> (usize, rnix::TextRange);
+    fn get_unsynced(&mut self) -> (&[String], &[Constant], usize, usize);
 }

 pub(crate) trait OpStateExt<Ctx: RuntimeContext> {
@@ -90,7 +96,7 @@ fn runtime_extension<Ctx: RuntimeContext>() -> Extension {
 mod private {
    use deno_error::js_error_wrapper;
    #[derive(Debug)]
-    pub struct SimpleErrorWrapper(pub(crate) String);
+    pub struct SimpleErrorWrapper(String);
    impl std::fmt::Display for SimpleErrorWrapper {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
            std::fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
@@ -115,14 +121,12 @@ pub(crate) use private::NixRuntimeError;

 pub(crate) struct Runtime<Ctx: RuntimeContext> {
    js_runtime: JsRuntime,
+    #[cfg(feature = "inspector")]
    rt: tokio::runtime::Runtime,
    #[cfg(feature = "inspector")]
    wait_for_inspector: bool,
-    is_thunk_symbol: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
-    primop_metadata_symbol: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
-    has_context_symbol: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
-    is_path_symbol: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
-    is_cycle_symbol: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
+    symbols: GlobalSymbols,
+    cached_fns: CachedFunctions,
    _marker: PhantomData<Ctx>,
 }

@@ -142,7 +146,12 @@ impl<Ctx: RuntimeContext> Runtime<Ctx> {
        static INIT: Once = Once::new();
        INIT.call_once(|| {
            assert_eq!(
-                deno_core::v8_set_flags(vec!["".into(), format!("--stack-size={}", 8 * 1024)]),
+                deno_core::v8_set_flags(vec![
+                    "".into(),
+                    format!("--stack-size={}", 8 * 1024),
+                    #[cfg(feature = "prof")]
+                    ("--prof".into())
+                ]),
                [""]
            );
            JsRuntime::init_platform(Some(v8::new_default_platform(0, false).make_shared()));
@@ -159,30 +168,24 @@ impl<Ctx: RuntimeContext> Runtime<Ctx> {
        js_runtime.op_state().borrow_mut().put(RegexCache::new());
        js_runtime.op_state().borrow_mut().put(DrvHashCache::new());

-        let (
-            is_thunk_symbol,
-            primop_metadata_symbol,
-            has_context_symbol,
-            is_path_symbol,
-            is_cycle_symbol,
-        ) = {
+        let (symbols, cached_fns) = {
            deno_core::scope!(scope, &mut js_runtime);
-            Self::get_symbols(scope)?
+            let symbols = Self::get_symbols(scope)?;
+            let cached_fns = Self::get_cached_functions(scope)?;
+            (symbols, cached_fns)
        };

        Ok(Self {
            js_runtime,
+            #[cfg(feature = "inspector")]
            rt: tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
                .enable_all()
                .build()
                .expect("failed to build tokio runtime"),
            #[cfg(feature = "inspector")]
            wait_for_inspector: inspector_options.wait,
-            is_thunk_symbol,
-            primop_metadata_symbol,
-            has_context_symbol,
-            is_path_symbol,
-            is_cycle_symbol,
+            symbols,
+            cached_fns,
            _marker: PhantomData,
        })
    }
@@ -224,54 +227,97 @@ impl<Ctx: RuntimeContext> Runtime<Ctx> {

                crate::error::parse_js_error(error, ctx)
            })?;
-        let global_value = self
-            .rt
-            .block_on(self.js_runtime.resolve(global_value))
-            .map_err(|error| {
-                let op_state = self.js_runtime.op_state();
-                let op_state_borrow = op_state.borrow();
-                let ctx: &Ctx = op_state_borrow.get_ctx();
-
-                crate::error::parse_js_error(error, ctx)
-            })?;
-        #[cfg(feature = "inspector")]
-        {
-            let _ = self
-                .rt
-                .block_on(self.js_runtime.run_event_loop(Default::default()));
-        }

        // Retrieve scope from JsRuntime
        deno_core::scope!(scope, self.js_runtime);
        let local_value = v8::Local::new(scope, &global_value);
-        let is_thunk_symbol = v8::Local::new(scope, &self.is_thunk_symbol);
-        let primop_metadata_symbol = v8::Local::new(scope, &self.primop_metadata_symbol);
-        let has_context_symbol = v8::Local::new(scope, &self.has_context_symbol);
-        let is_path_symbol = v8::Local::new(scope, &self.is_path_symbol);
-        let is_cycle_symbol = v8::Local::new(scope, &self.is_cycle_symbol);
+        let symbols = &self.symbols.local(scope);

-        Ok(to_value(
-            local_value,
-            scope,
-            is_thunk_symbol,
-            primop_metadata_symbol,
-            has_context_symbol,
-            is_path_symbol,
-            is_cycle_symbol,
-        ))
+        Ok(to_value(local_value, scope, symbols))
    }

-    /// get (IS_THUNK, PRIMOP_METADATA, HAS_CONTEXT, IS_PATH, IS_CYCLE)
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-    fn get_symbols(
-        scope: &ScopeRef,
-    ) -> Result<(
-        v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
-        v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
-        v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
-        v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
-        v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
-    )> {
+    pub(crate) fn eval_bytecode(
+        &mut self,
+        result: Bytecode,
+        ctx: &mut Ctx,
+        force_mode: ForceMode,
+    ) -> Result<Value> {
+        let ctx: &'static mut Ctx = unsafe { &mut *(ctx as *mut Ctx) };
+        {
+            deno_core::scope!(scope, self.js_runtime);
+            sync_global_tables(scope, &self.cached_fns, ctx);
+        }
+        let op_state = self.js_runtime.op_state();
+        op_state.borrow_mut().put(ctx);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "inspector")]
+        if self.wait_for_inspector {
+            self.js_runtime
+                .inspector()
+                .wait_for_session_and_break_on_next_statement();
+        } else {
+            self.js_runtime.inspector().wait_for_session();
+        }
+
+        deno_core::scope!(scope, self.js_runtime);
+
+        let store = v8::ArrayBuffer::new_backing_store_from_boxed_slice(result.code);
+        let ab = v8::ArrayBuffer::with_backing_store(scope, &store.make_shared());
+        let u8a = v8::Uint8Array::new(scope, ab, 0, ab.byte_length())
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to create Uint8Array".into()))?;
+
+        let dir = v8::String::new(scope, &result.current_dir)
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to create dir string".into()))?;
+
+        let undef = v8::undefined(scope);
+        let tc = std::pin::pin!(v8::TryCatch::new(scope));
+        let scope = &mut tc.init();
+
+        let exec_bytecode = v8::Local::new(scope, &self.cached_fns.exec_bytecode);
+        let raw_result = exec_bytecode
+            .call(scope, undef.into(), &[u8a.into(), dir.into()])
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                scope
+                    .exception()
+                    .map(|e| {
+                        let op_state_borrow = op_state.borrow();
+                        let ctx: &Ctx = op_state_borrow.get_ctx();
+                        Box::new(crate::error::parse_js_error(
+                            deno_core::error::JsError::from_v8_exception(scope, e),
+                            ctx,
+                        ))
+                    })
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| Error::internal("bytecode execution failed".into()))
+            })?;
+
+        let force_fn = match force_mode {
+            ForceMode::Force => &self.cached_fns.force_fn,
+            ForceMode::ForceShallow => &self.cached_fns.force_shallow_fn,
+            ForceMode::ForceDeep => &self.cached_fns.force_deep_fn,
+        };
+        let force_fn = v8::Local::new(scope, force_fn);
+
+        let forced = force_fn
+            .call(scope, undef.into(), &[raw_result])
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                scope
+                    .exception()
+                    .map(|e| {
+                        let op_state_borrow = op_state.borrow();
+                        let ctx: &Ctx = op_state_borrow.get_ctx();
+                        Box::new(crate::error::parse_js_error(
+                            deno_core::error::JsError::from_v8_exception(scope, e),
+                            ctx,
+                        ))
+                    })
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| Error::internal("force failed".into()))
+            })?;
+
+        let symbols = &self.symbols.local(scope);
+        Ok(to_value(forced, scope, symbols))
+    }
+
+    fn get_symbols(scope: &ScopeRef) -> Result<GlobalSymbols> {
        let global = scope.get_current_context().global(scope);
        let nix_key = v8::String::new(scope, "Nix")
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to create V8 String".into()))?;
@@ -303,18 +349,148 @@ impl<Ctx: RuntimeContext> Runtime<Ctx> {
        let is_path = get_symbol("IS_PATH")?;
        let is_cycle = get_symbol("IS_CYCLE")?;

-        Ok((is_thunk, primop_metadata, has_context, is_path, is_cycle))
+        Ok(GlobalSymbols {
+            is_thunk,
+            primop_metadata,
+            has_context,
+            is_path,
+            is_cycle,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn get_cached_functions(scope: &ScopeRef) -> Result<CachedFunctions> {
+        let global = scope.get_current_context().global(scope);
+        let nix_key = v8::String::new(scope, "Nix")
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to create V8 String".into()))?;
+        let nix_obj = global
+            .get(scope, nix_key.into())
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to get global Nix object".into()))?
+            .to_object(scope)
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                Error::internal("failed to convert global Nix Value to object".into())
+            })?;
+
+        let get_fn = |name: &str| -> Result<v8::Global<v8::Function>> {
+            let key = v8::String::new(scope, name)
+                .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to create V8 String".into()))?;
+            let val = nix_obj
+                .get(scope, key.into())
+                .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal(format!("failed to get Nix.{name}")))?;
+            let func = val
+                .try_cast::<v8::Function>()
+                .map_err(|err| Error::internal(format!("Nix.{name} is not a function ({err})")))?;
+            Ok(v8::Global::new(scope, func))
+        };
+
+        let exec_bytecode = get_fn("execBytecode")?;
+        let force_fn = get_fn("force")?;
+        let force_shallow_fn = get_fn("forceShallow")?;
+        let force_deep_fn = get_fn("forceDeep")?;
+
+        let strings_key = v8::String::new(scope, "strings")
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to create V8 String".into()))?;
+        let strings_array = nix_obj
+            .get(scope, strings_key.into())
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to get Nix.strings".into()))?
+            .try_cast::<v8::Array>()
+            .map_err(|err| Error::internal(format!("Nix.strings is not an array ({err})")))?;
+
+        let constants_key = v8::String::new(scope, "constants")
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to create V8 String".into()))?;
+        let constants_array = nix_obj
+            .get(scope, constants_key.into())
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::internal("failed to get Nix.constants".into()))?
+            .try_cast::<v8::Array>()
+            .map_err(|err| Error::internal(format!("Nix.constants is not an array ({err})")))?;
+
+        Ok(CachedFunctions {
+            exec_bytecode,
+            force_fn,
+            force_shallow_fn,
+            force_deep_fn,
+            strings_array: v8::Global::new(scope, strings_array),
+            constants_array: v8::Global::new(scope, constants_array),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+struct GlobalSymbols {
+    is_thunk: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
+    primop_metadata: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
+    has_context: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
+    is_path: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
+    is_cycle: v8::Global<v8::Symbol>,
+}
+
+impl GlobalSymbols {
+    fn local<'a>(&self, scope: &ScopeRef<'a, '_>) -> LocalSymbols<'a> {
+        LocalSymbols {
+            is_thunk: v8::Local::new(scope, &self.is_thunk),
+            primop_metadata: v8::Local::new(scope, &self.primop_metadata),
+            has_context: v8::Local::new(scope, &self.has_context),
+            is_path: v8::Local::new(scope, &self.is_path),
+            is_cycle: v8::Local::new(scope, &self.is_cycle),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct LocalSymbols<'a> {
+    is_thunk: v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>,
+    primop_metadata: v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>,
+    has_context: v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>,
+    is_path: v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>,
+    is_cycle: v8::Local<'a, v8::Symbol>,
+}
+
+struct CachedFunctions {
+    exec_bytecode: v8::Global<v8::Function>,
+    force_fn: v8::Global<v8::Function>,
+    force_shallow_fn: v8::Global<v8::Function>,
+    force_deep_fn: v8::Global<v8::Function>,
+    strings_array: v8::Global<v8::Array>,
+    constants_array: v8::Global<v8::Array>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) enum ForceMode {
+    Force,
+    ForceShallow,
+    ForceDeep,
+}
+
+fn sync_global_tables<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
+    scope: &ScopeRef,
+    cached: &CachedFunctions,
+    ctx: &mut Ctx,
+) {
+    let (new_strings, new_constants, strings_base, constants_base) = ctx.get_unsynced();
+
+    if !new_strings.is_empty() {
+        let s_array = v8::Local::new(scope, &cached.strings_array);
+        for (i, s) in new_strings.iter().enumerate() {
+            let idx = (strings_base + i) as u32;
+            #[allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
+            let val = v8::String::new(scope, s).unwrap();
+            s_array.set_index(scope, idx, val.into());
+        }
+    }
+
+    if !new_constants.is_empty() {
+        let k_array = v8::Local::new(scope, &cached.constants_array);
+        for (i, c) in new_constants.iter().enumerate() {
+            let idx = (constants_base + i) as u32;
+            let val: v8::Local<v8::Value> = match c {
+                Constant::Int(n) => v8::BigInt::new_from_i64(scope, *n).into(),
+                Constant::Float(bits) => v8::Number::new(scope, f64::from_bits(*bits)).into(),
+            };
+            k_array.set_index(scope, idx, val);
+        }
    }
 }

 fn to_value<'a>(
    val: LocalValue<'a>,
    scope: &ScopeRef<'a, '_>,
-    is_thunk_symbol: LocalSymbol<'a>,
-    primop_metadata_symbol: LocalSymbol<'a>,
-    has_context_symbol: LocalSymbol<'a>,
-    is_path_symbol: LocalSymbol<'a>,
-    is_cycle_symbol: LocalSymbol<'a>,
+    symbols: &LocalSymbols<'a>,
 ) -> Value {
    match () {
        _ if val.is_big_int() => {
@@ -344,21 +520,13 @@ fn to_value<'a>(
            let list = (0..len)
                .map(|i| {
                    let val = val.get_index(scope, i).expect("infallible index operation");
-                    to_value(
-                        val,
-                        scope,
-                        is_thunk_symbol,
-                        primop_metadata_symbol,
-                        has_context_symbol,
-                        is_path_symbol,
-                        is_cycle_symbol,
-                    )
+                    to_value(val, scope, symbols)
                })
                .collect();
            Value::List(List::new(list))
        }
        _ if val.is_function() => {
-            if let Some(primop) = to_primop(val, scope, primop_metadata_symbol) {
+            if let Some(primop) = to_primop(val, scope, symbols.primop_metadata) {
                primop
            } else {
                Value::Func
@@ -370,36 +538,33 @@ fn to_value<'a>(
            let array = val.as_array(scope);
            let attrs = (0..size)
                .map(|i| {
-                    let key = array.get_index(scope, i * 2).expect("infallible index operation");
+                    let key = array
+                        .get_index(scope, i * 2)
+                        .expect("infallible index operation");
                    let key = key.to_rust_string_lossy(scope);
-                    let val = array.get_index(scope, i * 2 + 1).expect("infallible index operation");
-                    let val = to_value(
-                        val,
-                        scope,
-                        is_thunk_symbol,
-                        primop_metadata_symbol,
-                        has_context_symbol,
-                        is_path_symbol,
-                        is_cycle_symbol,
-                    );
+                    let val = array
+                        .get_index(scope, i * 2 + 1)
+                        .expect("infallible index operation");
+                    let val = to_value(val, scope, symbols);
                    (Symbol::new(Cow::Owned(key)), val)
-                }).collect();
+                })
+                .collect();
            Value::AttrSet(AttrSet::new(attrs))
        }
        _ if val.is_object() => {
-            if is_thunk(val, scope, is_thunk_symbol) {
+            if is_thunk(val, scope, symbols.is_thunk) {
                return Value::Thunk;
            }

-            if is_cycle(val, scope, is_cycle_symbol) {
+            if is_cycle(val, scope, symbols.is_cycle) {
                return Value::Repeated;
            }

-            if let Some(path_val) = extract_path(val, scope, is_path_symbol) {
+            if let Some(path_val) = extract_path(val, scope, symbols.is_path) {
                return Value::Path(path_val);
            }

-            if let Some(string_val) = extract_string_with_context(val, scope, has_context_symbol) {
+            if let Some(string_val) = extract_string_with_context(val, scope, symbols.has_context) {
                return Value::String(string_val);
            }

@@ -415,18 +580,7 @@ fn to_value<'a>(
                        .expect("infallible index operation");
                    let val = val.get(scope, key).expect("infallible operation");
                    let key = key.to_rust_string_lossy(scope);
-                    (
-                        Symbol::from(key),
-                        to_value(
-                            val,
-                            scope,
-                            is_thunk_symbol,
-                            primop_metadata_symbol,
-                            has_context_symbol,
-                            is_path_symbol,
-                            is_cycle_symbol,
-                        ),
-                    )
+                    (Symbol::from(key), to_value(val, scope, symbols))
                })
                .collect();
            Value::AttrSet(AttrSet::new(attrs))
--- a/nix-js/src/runtime/inspector.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/runtime/inspector.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,14 @@

 // Alias for the future `!` type.
 use core::convert::Infallible as Never;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::pin::pin;
+use std::process;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::task::Poll;
+use std::thread;
+
 use deno_core::InspectorMsg;
 use deno_core::InspectorSessionChannels;
 use deno_core::InspectorSessionKind;
@@ -21,16 +29,9 @@ use deno_core::url::Url;
 use fastwebsockets::Frame;
 use fastwebsockets::OpCode;
 use fastwebsockets::WebSocket;
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
 use hyper::body::Bytes;
 use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::net::SocketAddr;
-use std::pin::pin;
-use std::process;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::task::Poll;
-use std::thread;
 use tokio::net::TcpListener;
 use tokio::sync::broadcast;
 use uuid::Uuid;
--- a/nix-js/src/runtime/ops.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/runtime/ops.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::convert::Infallible;
 use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 use std::str::FromStr;

-use hashbrown::hash_map::{Entry, HashMap};
-
-use deno_core::{FromV8, OpState, v8};
+use deno_core::error::JsError;
+use deno_core::{FromV8, OpState, ToV8, v8};
+use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet, hash_map::Entry};
 use regex::Regex;
 use rust_embed::Embed;

 use super::{NixRuntimeError, OpStateExt, RuntimeContext};
+use crate::bytecode::{Bytecode, Constant};
 use crate::error::Source;
 use crate::store::Store as _;

@@ -36,16 +39,116 @@ impl RegexCache {
    }
 }

+pub(super) struct Map<K, V>(HashMap<K, V>);
+impl<'a, K, V> ToV8<'a> for Map<K, V>
+where
+    K: ToV8<'a>,
+    K::Error: ToString,
+    V: ToV8<'a>,
+    V::Error: ToString,
+{
+    type Error = NixRuntimeError;
+    fn to_v8<'i>(self, scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, 'i>) -> Result<v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>> {
+        let map = v8::Map::new(scope);
+        for (k, v) in self.0 {
+            let k = k.to_v8(scope).map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+            let v = v.to_v8(scope).map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+            map.set(scope, k, v).ok_or("Failed to set V8 Map KV")?;
+        }
+        Ok(map.into())
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Embed)]
 #[folder = "src/runtime/corepkgs"]
-pub(crate) struct CorePkgs;
+struct CorePkgs;

-#[deno_core::op2]
-#[string]
+fn new_simple_jserror(msg: String) -> Box<JsError> {
+    JsError {
+        message: Some(msg.clone()),
+
+        name: None,
+        stack: None,
+        cause: None,
+        exception_message: msg,
+        frames: Vec::new(),
+        source_line: None,
+        source_line_frame_index: None,
+        aggregated: None,
+        additional_properties: Vec::new(),
+    }
+    .into()
+}
+
+struct BytecodeRet {
+    bytecode: Bytecode,
+    new_strings: *const [String],
+    new_constants: *const [Constant],
+    strings_base: usize,
+    constants_base: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ToV8<'a> for BytecodeRet {
+    type Error = Box<JsError>;
+    #[allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
+    fn to_v8<'i>(
+        self,
+        scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, 'i>,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>, Self::Error> {
+        let global = scope.get_current_context().global(scope);
+        let nix_key = v8::String::new(scope, "Nix")
+            .ok_or_else(|| new_simple_jserror("failed to create v8 string".into()))?;
+        let nix_obj = global
+            .get(scope, nix_key.into())
+            .ok_or_else(|| new_simple_jserror("failed to get Nix global".into()))?
+            .to_object(scope)
+            .ok_or_else(|| new_simple_jserror("Nix is not an object".into()))?;
+
+        let s_key = v8::String::new(scope, "strings").unwrap();
+        let s_array: v8::Local<v8::Array> = nix_obj
+            .get(scope, s_key.into())
+            .unwrap()
+            .try_into()
+            .unwrap();
+        for (i, s) in unsafe { &*self.new_strings }.iter().enumerate() {
+            let idx = (self.strings_base + i) as u32;
+            let val = v8::String::new(scope, s).unwrap();
+            s_array.set_index(scope, idx, val.into());
+        }
+
+        let k_key = v8::String::new(scope, "constants").unwrap();
+        let k_array: v8::Local<v8::Array> = nix_obj
+            .get(scope, k_key.into())
+            .unwrap()
+            .try_into()
+            .unwrap();
+        for (i, c) in unsafe { &*self.new_constants }.iter().enumerate() {
+            let idx = (self.constants_base + i) as u32;
+            let val: v8::Local<v8::Value> = match c {
+                Constant::Int(n) => v8::BigInt::new_from_i64(scope, *n).into(),
+                Constant::Float(bits) => v8::Number::new(scope, f64::from_bits(*bits)).into(),
+            };
+            k_array.set_index(scope, idx, val);
+        }
+
+        let store = v8::ArrayBuffer::new_backing_store_from_boxed_slice(self.bytecode.code);
+        let ab = v8::ArrayBuffer::with_backing_store(scope, &store.make_shared());
+        let u8a = v8::Uint8Array::new(scope, ab, 0, ab.byte_length())
+            .ok_or_else(|| new_simple_jserror("failed to create Uint8Array".into()))?;
+
+        let dir = v8::String::new(scope, &self.bytecode.current_dir)
+            .ok_or_else(|| new_simple_jserror("failed to create dir string".into()))?;
+
+        let arr = v8::Array::new_with_elements(scope, &[u8a.into(), dir.into()]);
+        Ok(arr.into())
+    }
+}
+
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_import<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
    #[string] path: String,
-) -> Result<String> {
+) -> Result<BytecodeRet> {
    let _span = tracing::info_span!("op_import", path = %path).entered();
    let ctx: &mut Ctx = state.get_ctx_mut();

@@ -61,7 +164,17 @@ pub(super) fn op_import<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
                    .into(),
            );
            ctx.add_source(source.clone());
-            return Ok(ctx.compile(source).map_err(|err| err.to_string())?);
+            let bytecode = ctx
+                .compile_bytecode(source)
+                .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+            let (new_strings, new_constants, strings_base, constants_base) = ctx.get_unsynced();
+            return Ok(BytecodeRet {
+                bytecode,
+                new_strings,
+                new_constants,
+                strings_base,
+                constants_base,
+            });
        } else {
            return Err(format!("Corepkg not found: {}", corepkg_name).into());
        }
@@ -85,16 +198,25 @@ pub(super) fn op_import<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    tracing::debug!("Compiling file");
    ctx.add_source(source.clone());

-    Ok(ctx.compile(source).map_err(|err| err.to_string())?)
+    let bytecode = ctx
+        .compile_bytecode(source)
+        .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+    let (new_strings, new_constants, strings_base, constants_base) = ctx.get_unsynced();
+    Ok(BytecodeRet {
+        bytecode,
+        new_strings,
+        new_constants,
+        strings_base,
+        constants_base,
+    })
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
-#[string]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_scoped_import<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
    #[string] path: String,
    #[serde] scope: Vec<String>,
-) -> Result<String> {
+) -> Result<BytecodeRet> {
    let _span = tracing::info_span!("op_scoped_import", path = %path).entered();
    let ctx: &mut Ctx = state.get_ctx_mut();

@@ -113,18 +235,26 @@ pub(super) fn op_scoped_import<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    tracing::debug!("Compiling file for scoped import");
    ctx.add_source(source.clone());

-    Ok(ctx
-        .compile_scoped(source, scope)
-        .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?)
+    let bytecode = ctx
+        .compile_bytecode_scoped(source, scope)
+        .map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+    let (new_strings, new_constants, strings_base, constants_base) = ctx.get_unsynced();
+    Ok(BytecodeRet {
+        bytecode,
+        new_strings,
+        new_constants,
+        strings_base,
+        constants_base,
+    })
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_read_file(#[string] path: String) -> Result<String> {
    Ok(std::fs::read_to_string(&path).map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read {}: {}", path, e))?)
 }

-#[deno_core::op2(fast)]
+#[deno_core::op2(fast, reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_path_exists(#[string] path: String) -> bool {
    let must_be_dir = path.ends_with('/') || path.ends_with("/.");
    let p = Path::new(&path);
@@ -139,7 +269,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_path_exists(#[string] path: String) -> bool {
    }
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_read_file_type(#[string] path: String) -> Result<String> {
    let path = Path::new(&path);
@@ -160,11 +290,8 @@ pub(super) fn op_read_file_type(#[string] path: String) -> Result<String> {
    Ok(type_str.to_string())
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
-#[serde]
-pub(super) fn op_read_dir(
-    #[string] path: String,
-) -> Result<std::collections::HashMap<String, String>> {
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
+pub(super) fn op_read_dir(#[string] path: String) -> Result<Map<String, &'static str>> {
    let path = Path::new(&path);

    if !path.is_dir() {
@@ -174,7 +301,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_read_dir(
    let entries = std::fs::read_dir(path)
        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read directory {}: {}", path.display(), e))?;

-    let mut result = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+    let mut result = HashMap::new();

    for entry in entries {
        let entry = entry.map_err(|e| format!("Failed to read directory entry: {}", e))?;
@@ -198,13 +325,13 @@ pub(super) fn op_read_dir(
            "unknown"
        };

-        result.insert(file_name, type_str.to_string());
+        result.insert(file_name, type_str);
    }

-    Ok(result)
+    Ok(Map(result))
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_resolve_path(
    #[string] current_dir: String,
@@ -243,7 +370,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_resolve_path(
    Ok(normalized.to_string_lossy().to_string())
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_make_placeholder(#[string] output: String) -> String {
    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
@@ -255,35 +382,40 @@ pub(super) fn op_make_placeholder(#[string] output: String) -> String {
    format!("/{}", encoded)
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
-#[serde]
-pub(super) fn op_decode_span<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
-    state: &mut OpState,
-    #[string] span_str: String,
-) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
-    let parts: Vec<&str> = span_str.split(':').collect();
-    if parts.len() != 3 {
-        return Ok(serde_json::json!({
-            "file": serde_json::Value::Null,
-            "line": serde_json::Value::Null,
-            "column": serde_json::Value::Null
-        }));
+enum StringOrU32 {
+    String(String),
+    U32(u32),
+}
+impl<'a> ToV8<'a> for StringOrU32 {
+    type Error = Infallible;
+    fn to_v8<'i>(
+        self,
+        scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, 'i>,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>, Self::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::String(x) => x.to_v8(scope),
+            Self::U32(x) => x.to_v8(scope),
+        }
+    }
 }

-    let source_id: usize = parts[0].parse().map_err(|_| "Invalid source ID")?;
-    let start: u32 = parts[1].parse().map_err(|_| "Invalid start offset")?;
-
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
+pub(super) fn op_decode_span<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
+    state: &mut OpState,
+    #[smi] span_id: u32,
+) -> Map<&'static str, StringOrU32> {
    let ctx: &Ctx = state.get_ctx();
+    let (source_id, range) = ctx.get_span(span_id as usize);
    let source = ctx.get_source(source_id);
-    let content = &source.src;
+    let start = u32::from(range.start());

-    let (line, column) = byte_offset_to_line_col(content, start as usize);
+    let (line, column) = byte_offset_to_line_col(&source.src, start as usize);

-    Ok(serde_json::json!({
-        "file": source.get_name(),
-        "line": line,
-        "column": column
-    }))
+    Map(HashMap::from([
+        ("file", StringOrU32::String(source.get_name())),
+        ("line", StringOrU32::U32(line)),
+        ("column", StringOrU32::U32(column)),
+    ]))
 }

 fn byte_offset_to_line_col(content: &str, offset: usize) -> (u32, u32) {
@@ -305,14 +437,18 @@ fn byte_offset_to_line_col(content: &str, offset: usize) -> (u32, u32) {
    (line, col)
 }

-#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
-pub(super) struct ParsedHash {
-    hex: String,
-    algo: String,
-}
+mod private {
+    use deno_core::ToV8;

-#[deno_core::op2]
-#[serde]
+    #[derive(ToV8)]
+    pub(super) struct ParsedHash {
+        pub(super) hex: String,
+        pub(super) algo: String,
+    }
+}
+use private::*;
+
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_parse_hash(
    #[string] hash_str: String,
    #[string] algo: Option<String>,
@@ -338,7 +474,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_parse_hash(
    })
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_add_path<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
@@ -347,11 +483,12 @@ pub(super) fn op_add_path<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    recursive: bool,
    #[string] sha256: Option<String>,
 ) -> Result<String> {
-    use nix_compat::nixhash::{HashAlgo, NixHash};
-    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
    use std::fs;
    use std::path::Path;

+    use nix_compat::nixhash::{HashAlgo, NixHash};
+    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
    let path_obj = Path::new(&path);

    if !path_obj.exists() {
@@ -417,7 +554,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_add_path<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    Ok(store_path)
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_store_path<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
@@ -438,13 +575,13 @@ pub(super) fn op_store_path<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    Ok(path)
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_to_file<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
    #[string] name: String,
    #[string] contents: String,
-    #[serde] references: Vec<String>,
+    #[scoped] references: Vec<String>,
 ) -> Result<String> {
    let ctx: &Ctx = state.get_ctx();
    let store = ctx.get_store();
@@ -455,7 +592,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_to_file<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    Ok(store_path)
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_copy_path_to_store<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
@@ -487,7 +624,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_copy_path_to_store<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    Ok(store_path)
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_get_env(#[string] key: String) -> Result<String> {
    match std::env::var(key) {
@@ -497,8 +634,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_get_env(#[string] key: String) -> Result<String> {
    }
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
-#[serde]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_walk_dir(#[string] path: String) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)>> {
    fn walk_recursive(
        base: &Path,
@@ -552,7 +688,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_walk_dir(#[string] path: String) -> Result<Vec<(String, String)
    Ok(results)
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_add_filtered_path<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
@@ -560,11 +696,12 @@ pub(super) fn op_add_filtered_path<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    #[string] name: Option<String>,
    recursive: bool,
    #[string] sha256: Option<String>,
-    #[serde] include_paths: Vec<String>,
+    #[scoped] include_paths: Vec<String>,
 ) -> Result<String> {
+    use std::fs;
+
    use nix_compat::nixhash::{HashAlgo, NixHash};
    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-    use std::fs;

    let src = Path::new(&src_path);
    if !src.exists() {
@@ -658,8 +795,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_add_filtered_path<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    Ok(store_path)
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
-#[serde]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_match(
    state: &mut OpState,
    #[string] regex: String,
@@ -683,8 +819,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_match(
    }
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
-#[serde]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_split(
    state: &mut OpState,
    #[string] regex: String,
@@ -720,13 +855,30 @@ pub(super) fn op_split(
    Ok(ret)
 }

-#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
-#[serde(untagged)]
 pub(super) enum SplitResult {
    Text(String),
    Captures(Vec<Option<String>>),
 }

+impl<'a> ToV8<'a> for SplitResult {
+    type Error = Infallible;
+    fn to_v8<'i>(
+        self,
+        scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, 'i>,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(match self {
+            Self::Text(text) => {
+                let Ok(value) = text.to_v8(scope);
+                value
+            }
+            Self::Captures(captures) => {
+                let Ok(value) = captures.to_v8(scope);
+                value
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 pub(super) enum NixJsonValue {
    Null,
    Bool(bool),
@@ -833,48 +985,38 @@ fn toml_to_nix(value: toml::Value) -> Result<NixJsonValue> {
    }
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_from_json(#[string] json_str: String) -> Result<NixJsonValue> {
    let parsed: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&json_str)
        .map_err(|e| NixRuntimeError::from(format!("builtins.fromJSON: {e}")))?;
    Ok(json_to_nix(parsed))
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_from_toml(#[string] toml_str: String) -> Result<NixJsonValue> {
    let parsed: toml::Value = toml::from_str(&toml_str)
        .map_err(|e| NixRuntimeError::from(format!("while parsing TOML: {e}")))?;
    toml_to_nix(parsed)
 }

-#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+mod scope {
+    use deno_core::{FromV8, ToV8};
+
+    #[derive(FromV8)]
    pub(super) struct FixedOutputInput {
-    #[serde(rename = "hashAlgo")]
-    hash_algo: String,
-    hash: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "hashMode")]
-    hash_mode: String,
+        pub(super) hash_algo: String,
+        pub(super) hash: String,
+        pub(super) hash_mode: String,
    }

-#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
-pub(super) struct FinalizeDerivationInput {
-    name: String,
-    builder: String,
-    platform: String,
-    outputs: Vec<String>,
-    args: Vec<String>,
-    env: Vec<(String, String)>,
-    context: Vec<String>,
-    #[serde(rename = "fixedOutput")]
-    fixed_output: Option<FixedOutputInput>,
-}
-
-#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
+    #[derive(ToV8)]
    pub(super) struct FinalizeDerivationOutput {
-    #[serde(rename = "drvPath")]
-    drv_path: String,
-    outputs: Vec<(String, String)>,
+        // renamed to `drvPath` automatically
+        pub(super) drv_path: String,
+        pub(super) outputs: Vec<(String, String)>,
    }
+}
+use scope::*;

 fn output_path_name(drv_name: &str, output: &str) -> String {
    if output == "out" {
@@ -884,11 +1026,17 @@ fn output_path_name(drv_name: &str, output: &str) -> String {
    }
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
-#[serde]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_finalize_derivation<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    state: &mut OpState,
-    #[serde] input: FinalizeDerivationInput,
+    #[string] name: String,
+    #[string] builder: String,
+    #[string] platform: String,
+    #[scoped] outputs: Vec<String>,
+    #[scoped] args: Vec<String>,
+    #[scoped] env: Vec<(String, String)>,
+    #[scoped] context: Vec<String>,
+    #[scoped] fixed_output: Option<FixedOutputInput>,
 ) -> Result<FinalizeDerivationOutput> {
    use crate::derivation::{DerivationData, OutputInfo};
    use crate::string_context::extract_input_drvs_and_srcs;
@@ -898,15 +1046,15 @@ pub(super) fn op_finalize_derivation<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
    let store_dir = store.get_store_dir().to_string();

    let (input_drvs, input_srcs) =
-        extract_input_drvs_and_srcs(&input.context).map_err(NixRuntimeError::from)?;
+        extract_input_drvs_and_srcs(&context).map_err(NixRuntimeError::from)?;

-    let env: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String> = input.env.into_iter().collect();
+    let env: BTreeMap<String, String> = env.into_iter().collect();

    let drv_path;
    let output_paths: Vec<(String, String)>;

-    if let Some(fixed) = &input.fixed_output {
-        let path_name = output_path_name(&input.name, "out");
+    if let Some(fixed) = &fixed_output {
+        let path_name = output_path_name(&name, "out");
        let out_path = crate::runtime::ops::op_make_fixed_output_path_impl(
            &store_dir,
            &fixed.hash_algo,
@@ -921,7 +1069,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_finalize_derivation<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
            ""
        };

-        let mut final_outputs = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut final_outputs = BTreeMap::new();
        final_outputs.insert(
            "out".to_string(),
            OutputInfo {
@@ -935,13 +1083,13 @@ pub(super) fn op_finalize_derivation<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
        final_env.insert("out".to_string(), out_path.clone());

        let drv = DerivationData {
-            name: input.name.clone(),
+            name: name.clone(),
            outputs: final_outputs,
            input_drvs: input_drvs.clone(),
            input_srcs: input_srcs.clone(),
-            platform: input.platform,
-            builder: input.builder,
-            args: input.args,
+            platform,
+            builder,
+            args,
            env: final_env,
        };

@@ -949,7 +1097,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_finalize_derivation<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
        let references = drv.collect_references();

        drv_path = store
-            .add_text_to_store(&format!("{}.drv", input.name), &final_aterm, references)
+            .add_text_to_store(&format!("{}.drv", name), &final_aterm, references)
            .map_err(|e| NixRuntimeError::from(format!("failed to write derivation: {}", e)))?;

        let fixed_hash_fingerprint = format!(
@@ -963,8 +1111,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_finalize_derivation<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(

        output_paths = vec![("out".to_string(), out_path)];
    } else {
-        let masked_outputs: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, OutputInfo> = input
-            .outputs
+        let masked_outputs: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, OutputInfo> = outputs
            .iter()
            .map(|o| {
                (
@@ -979,18 +1126,18 @@ pub(super) fn op_finalize_derivation<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
            .collect();

        let mut masked_env = env.clone();
-        for output in &input.outputs {
+        for output in &outputs {
            masked_env.insert(output.clone(), String::new());
        }

        let masked_drv = DerivationData {
-            name: input.name.clone(),
+            name: name.clone(),
            outputs: masked_outputs,
            input_drvs: input_drvs.clone(),
            input_srcs: input_srcs.clone(),
-            platform: input.platform.clone(),
-            builder: input.builder.clone(),
-            args: input.args.clone(),
+            platform: platform.clone(),
+            builder: builder.clone(),
+            args: args.clone(),
            env: masked_env,
        };

@@ -1018,8 +1165,8 @@ pub(super) fn op_finalize_derivation<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
        let mut final_env = env;
        let mut result_output_paths = Vec::new();

-        for output_name in &input.outputs {
-            let path_name = output_path_name(&input.name, output_name);
+        for output_name in &outputs {
+            let path_name = output_path_name(&name, output_name);
            let out_path = crate::nix_utils::make_store_path(
                &store_dir,
                &format!("output:{}", output_name),
@@ -1039,13 +1186,13 @@ pub(super) fn op_finalize_derivation<Ctx: RuntimeContext>(
        }

        let final_drv = DerivationData {
-            name: input.name,
+            name,
            outputs: final_outputs,
            input_drvs,
            input_srcs,
-            platform: input.platform,
-            builder: input.builder,
-            args: input.args,
+            platform,
+            builder,
+            args,
            env: final_env,
        };

@@ -1093,7 +1240,7 @@ fn op_make_fixed_output_path_impl(
    }
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_hash_string(#[string] algo: String, #[string] data: String) -> Result<String> {
    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256, Sha512};
@@ -1130,7 +1277,7 @@ pub(super) fn op_hash_string(#[string] algo: String, #[string] data: String) ->
    Ok(hex::encode(hash_bytes))
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
 pub(super) fn op_hash_file(#[string] algo: String, #[string] path: String) -> Result<String> {
    let data = std::fs::read(&path)
@@ -1170,23 +1317,23 @@ pub(super) fn op_hash_file(#[string] algo: String, #[string] path: String) -> Re
    Ok(hex::encode(hash_bytes))
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 #[string]
-pub(super) fn op_convert_hash(#[serde] input: ConvertHashInput) -> Result<String> {
+pub(super) fn op_convert_hash(
+    #[string] hash: &str,
+    #[string] algo: Option<String>,
+    #[string] format: &str,
+) -> Result<String> {
    use nix_compat::nixhash::{HashAlgo, NixHash};

-    let hash_algo = input
-        .hash_algo
-        .as_deref()
-        .and_then(|a| HashAlgo::from_str(a).ok());
+    let hash_algo = algo.as_deref().and_then(|a| HashAlgo::from_str(a).ok());

-    let hash = NixHash::from_str(&input.hash, hash_algo).map_err(|e| {
-        NixRuntimeError::from(format!("cannot convert hash '{}': {}", input.hash, e))
-    })?;
+    let hash = NixHash::from_str(hash, hash_algo)
+        .map_err(|e| NixRuntimeError::from(format!("cannot convert hash '{}': {}", hash, e)))?;

    let bytes = hash.digest_as_bytes();

-    match input.to_format.as_str() {
+    match format {
        "base16" => Ok(hex::encode(bytes)),
        "nix32" | "base32" => Ok(nix_compat::nixbase32::encode(bytes)),
        "base64" => {
@@ -1199,20 +1346,11 @@ pub(super) fn op_convert_hash(#[serde] input: ConvertHashInput) -> Result<String
        })),
        _ => Err(NixRuntimeError::from(format!(
            "unknown hash format '{}'",
-            input.to_format
+            format
        ))),
    }
 }

-#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
-pub(super) struct ConvertHashInput {
-    hash: String,
-    #[serde(rename = "hashAlgo")]
-    hash_algo: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(rename = "toHashFormat")]
-    to_format: String,
-}
-
 struct XmlCtx<'s> {
    force_fn: v8::Local<'s, v8::Function>,
    is_thunk: v8::Local<'s, v8::Symbol>,
@@ -1254,7 +1392,7 @@ impl<'s> XmlCtx<'s> {
 struct XmlWriter {
    buf: String,
    context: Vec<String>,
-    drvs_seen: hashbrown::HashSet<String>,
+    drvs_seen: HashSet<String>,
 }

 impl XmlWriter {
@@ -1262,7 +1400,7 @@ impl XmlWriter {
        Self {
            buf: String::with_capacity(4096),
            context: Vec::new(),
-            drvs_seen: hashbrown::HashSet::new(),
+            drvs_seen: HashSet::new(),
        }
    }

@@ -1752,8 +1890,7 @@ impl<'a> FromV8<'a> for ToXmlResult {
    }
 }

-#[deno_core::op2]
-#[serde]
+#[deno_core::op2(reentrant)]
 pub(super) fn op_to_xml(#[scoped] value: ToXmlResult) -> (String, Vec<String>) {
    (value.xml, value.context)
 }
--- a/nix-js/src/runtime/value.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/runtime/value.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+use std::fmt;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use boxing::nan::raw::{RawBox, RawStore, RawTag, Value as RawValue};
+use gc_arena::{Collect, Gc};
+use hashbrown::HashTable;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tag layout
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Positive tags (sign=false) — inline data in 6 bytes:
+//   1: SmallInt    — i32
+//   2: Bool        — u8 (0 or 1)
+//   3: Null        — no payload
+//   4: SmallString — SmallStringId (u32)
+//
+// Negative tags (sign=true) — GC heap pointer (48-bit address):
+//   1: BigInt       → Gc<'gc, i64>
+//   2: String       → Gc<'gc, NixString>
+//   3: SmallAttrSet → Gc<'gc, SmallAttrSet<'gc>>
+//   4: AttrSet      → Gc<'gc, AttrSet<'gc>>
+//   5: List         → Gc<'gc, Box<[Value<'gc>]>>
+//
+// Floats are stored directly as f64 (no tag).
+
+const TAG_SMI: (bool, u8) = (false, 1);
+const TAG_BOOL: (bool, u8) = (false, 2);
+const TAG_NULL: (bool, u8) = (false, 3);
+const TAG_SMALL_STRING: (bool, u8) = (false, 4);
+const TAG_BIG_INT: (bool, u8) = (true, 1);
+const TAG_STRING: (bool, u8) = (true, 2);
+const TAG_SMALL_ATTRS: (bool, u8) = (true, 3);
+const TAG_ATTRS: (bool, u8) = (true, 4);
+const TAG_LIST: (bool, u8) = (true, 5);
+
+/// # Nix runtime value representation
+///
+/// NaN-boxed value fitting in 8 bytes. Morally equivalent to:
+/// ```ignore
+/// enum NixValue<'gc> {
+///     Float(SingleNaNF64),
+///     SmallInt(i32),
+///     BigInt(Gc<'gc, i64>),
+///     Bool(bool),
+///     Null,
+///     SmallString(SmallStringId),
+///     String(Gc<'gc, NixString>),
+///     SmallAttrSet(Gc<'gc, SmallAttrSet<'gc>>),
+///     AttrSet(Gc<'gc, AttrSet<'gc>>),
+///     List(Gc<'gc, Box<[Value<'gc>]>>),
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub(crate) struct Value<'gc> {
+    raw: RawBox,
+    _marker: PhantomData<Gc<'gc, ()>>,
+}
+
+impl<'gc> Clone for Value<'gc> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            raw: self.raw.clone(),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl<'gc> Collect for Value<'gc> {
+    fn trace(&self, cc: &gc_arena::Collection) {
+        let Some(tag) = self.raw.tag() else { return };
+        let (neg, val) = tag.neg_val();
+        if !neg {
+            return; // inline values hold no GC pointers
+        }
+        // Negative tags are heap pointers — reconstruct the Gc and trace it.
+        unsafe {
+            match val {
+                1 => self.load_gc::<i64>().trace(cc),
+                2 => self.load_gc::<NixString>().trace(cc),
+                3 => self.load_gc::<SmallAttrSet<'gc>>().trace(cc),
+                4 => self.load_gc::<AttrSet<'gc>>().trace(cc),
+                5 => self.load_gc::<Box<[Value<'gc>]>>().trace(cc),
+                _ => debug_assert!(false, "invalid negative tag value: {val}"),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn needs_trace() -> bool
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Private helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+impl<'gc> Value<'gc> {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn mk_tag(neg: bool, val: u8) -> RawTag {
+        debug_assert!((1..=7).contains(&val));
+        // Safety: val is asserted to be in 1..=7.
+        unsafe { RawTag::new_unchecked(neg, val) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn from_raw_value(rv: RawValue) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            raw: RawBox::from_value(rv),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Store a GC pointer with the given (negative) tag value.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn store_gc<T>(tag_val: u8, gc: Gc<'gc, T>) -> Self {
+        let ptr = Gc::as_ptr(gc);
+        Self::from_raw_value(RawValue::store(Self::mk_tag(true, tag_val), ptr))
+    }
+
+    /// Load a GC pointer from a value with a negative tag.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// The value must actually store a `Gc<'gc, T>` with the matching type.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    unsafe fn load_gc<T>(&self) -> Gc<'gc, T> {
+        unsafe {
+            let rv = self.raw.value().unwrap_unchecked();
+            let ptr: *const T = <*const T as RawStore>::from_val(rv);
+            Gc::from_ptr(ptr)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `(negative, val)` tag, or `None` for a float.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn tag_nv(&self) -> Option<(bool, u8)> {
+        self.raw.tag().map(|t| t.neg_val())
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Constructors
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+impl<'gc> Value<'gc> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_float(val: f64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            raw: RawBox::from_float(val),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_smi(val: i32) -> Self {
+        Self::from_raw_value(RawValue::store(Self::mk_tag(TAG_SMI.0, TAG_SMI.1), val))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_int(gc: Gc<'gc, i64>) -> Self {
+        Self::store_gc(TAG_BIG_INT.1, gc)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_bool(val: bool) -> Self {
+        Self::from_raw_value(RawValue::store(
+            Self::mk_tag(TAG_BOOL.0, TAG_BOOL.1),
+            val,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_null() -> Self {
+        Self::from_raw_value(RawValue::empty(Self::mk_tag(TAG_NULL.0, TAG_NULL.1)))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_small_string(id: SmallStringId) -> Self {
+        Self::from_raw_value(RawValue::store(
+            Self::mk_tag(TAG_SMALL_STRING.0, TAG_SMALL_STRING.1),
+            id.0,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_string(gc: Gc<'gc, NixString>) -> Self {
+        Self::store_gc(TAG_STRING.1, gc)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_small_attrs(gc: Gc<'gc, SmallAttrSet<'gc>>) -> Self {
+        Self::store_gc(TAG_SMALL_ATTRS.1, gc)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_attrs(gc: Gc<'gc, AttrSet<'gc>>) -> Self {
+        Self::store_gc(TAG_ATTRS.1, gc)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn new_list(gc: Gc<'gc, Box<[Value<'gc>]>>) -> Self {
+        Self::store_gc(TAG_LIST.1, gc)
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Type checks
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+impl<'gc> Value<'gc> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_float(&self) -> bool {
+        self.raw.is_float()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_smi(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tag_nv() == Some(TAG_SMI)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_big_int(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tag_nv() == Some(TAG_BIG_INT)
+    }
+
+    /// True for float, small int, or big int.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_number(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.tag_nv() {
+            None => true,
+            Some(TAG_SMI) | Some(TAG_BIG_INT) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_bool(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tag_nv() == Some(TAG_BOOL)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_null(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tag_nv() == Some(TAG_NULL)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_small_string(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tag_nv() == Some(TAG_SMALL_STRING)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_heap_string(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tag_nv() == Some(TAG_STRING)
+    }
+
+    /// True for small string or heap string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_string(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.tag_nv(), Some(TAG_SMALL_STRING | TAG_STRING))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_small_attrs(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tag_nv() == Some(TAG_SMALL_ATTRS)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_heap_attrs(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tag_nv() == Some(TAG_ATTRS)
+    }
+
+    /// True for small or heap attr set.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_attrs(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.tag_nv(), Some(TAG_SMALL_ATTRS | TAG_ATTRS))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_list(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tag_nv() == Some(TAG_LIST)
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Accessors
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+impl<'gc> Value<'gc> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_float(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.raw.float().copied()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_smi(&self) -> Option<i32> {
+        if self.is_smi() {
+            Some(unsafe {
+                let rv = self.raw.value().unwrap_unchecked();
+                <i32 as RawStore>::from_val(rv)
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_big_int(&self) -> Option<Gc<'gc, i64>> {
+        if self.is_big_int() {
+            Some(unsafe { self.load_gc() })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Read the integer value as `i64` regardless of smi/big-int representation.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_i64(&self) -> Option<i64> {
+        match self.tag_nv() {
+            Some(TAG_SMI) => Some(unsafe {
+                let rv = self.raw.value().unwrap_unchecked();
+                <i32 as RawStore>::from_val(rv) as i64
+            }),
+            Some(TAG_BIG_INT) => Some(unsafe { *self.load_gc::<i64>() }),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_bool(&self) -> Option<bool> {
+        if self.is_bool() {
+            Some(unsafe {
+                let rv = self.raw.value().unwrap_unchecked();
+                <bool as RawStore>::from_val(rv)
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_small_string(&self) -> Option<SmallStringId> {
+        if self.is_small_string() {
+            Some(SmallStringId(unsafe {
+                let rv = self.raw.value().unwrap_unchecked();
+                <u32 as RawStore>::from_val(rv)
+            }))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_heap_string(&self) -> Option<Gc<'gc, NixString>> {
+        if self.is_heap_string() {
+            Some(unsafe { self.load_gc() })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_small_attr_set(&self) -> Option<Gc<'gc, SmallAttrSet<'gc>>> {
+        if self.is_small_attrs() {
+            Some(unsafe { self.load_gc() })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_heap_attr_set(&self) -> Option<Gc<'gc, AttrSet<'gc>>> {
+        if self.is_heap_attrs() {
+            Some(unsafe { self.load_gc() })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_list(&self) -> Option<Gc<'gc, Box<[Value<'gc>]>>> {
+        if self.is_list() {
+            Some(unsafe { self.load_gc() })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Debug
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Value<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self.tag_nv() {
+            None => {
+                let v = self.raw.float().unwrap();
+                write!(f, "Float({v:?})")
+            }
+            Some(TAG_SMI) => write!(f, "SmallInt({:?})", self.as_smi().unwrap()),
+            Some(TAG_BOOL) => write!(f, "Bool({:?})", self.as_bool().unwrap()),
+            Some(TAG_NULL) => write!(f, "Null"),
+            Some(TAG_SMALL_STRING) => {
+                write!(f, "SmallString({:?})", self.as_small_string().unwrap())
+            }
+            Some(TAG_BIG_INT) => write!(f, "BigInt(Gc<..>)"),
+            Some(TAG_STRING) => write!(f, "String(Gc<..>)"),
+            Some(TAG_SMALL_ATTRS) => write!(f, "SmallAttrSet(Gc<..>)"),
+            Some(TAG_ATTRS) => write!(f, "AttrSet(Gc<..>)"),
+            Some(TAG_LIST) => write!(f, "List(Gc<..>)"),
+            Some((neg, val)) => write!(f, "Unknown(neg={neg}, val={val})"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ===========================================================================
+// Supporting types
+// ===========================================================================
+
+// TODO: size?
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Collect)]
+#[collect(require_static)]
+pub(crate) struct SmallStringId(u32);
+
+/// Heap-allocated Nix string.
+///
+/// Stored on the GC heap via `Gc<'gc, NixString>`. The string data itself
+/// lives in a standard `Box<str>` owned by this struct; the GC only manages
+/// the outer allocation.
+#[derive(Collect)]
+#[collect(require_static)]
+pub(crate) struct NixString {
+    data: Box<str>,
+    // TODO: string context for derivation dependency tracking
+}
+
+impl NixString {
+    pub(crate) fn new(s: impl Into<Box<str>>) -> Self {
+        Self { data: s.into() }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.data
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for NixString {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.data, f)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fixed-size attribute set (up to 8 entries).
+#[derive(Collect)]
+#[collect(no_drop)]
+pub(crate) struct SmallAttrSet<'gc> {
+    // TODO: proper key storage, length tracking, and lookup
+    inner: [Value<'gc>; 8],
+}
+
+/// Hash-table-backed attribute set.
+pub(crate) struct AttrSet<'gc> {
+    inner: HashTable<AttrSetEntry<'gc>>,
+}
+
+unsafe impl<'gc> Collect for AttrSet<'gc> {
+    fn trace(&self, cc: &gc_arena::Collection) {
+        for entry in self.inner.iter() {
+            Collect::trace(&entry.key, cc);
+            Collect::trace(&entry.value, cc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn needs_trace() -> bool
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Collect)]
+#[collect(no_drop)]
+struct AttrSetEntry<'gc> {
+    key: AttrKey<'gc>,
+    value: Value<'gc>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Collect)]
+#[collect(no_drop)]
+pub(crate) enum AttrKey<'gc> {
+    Small(SmallStringId),
+    Large(Gc<'gc, str>),
+}
--- a/nix-js/src/store/daemon.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/store/daemon.rs
@@ -87,11 +87,12 @@ impl Store for DaemonStore {
        recursive: bool,
        references: Vec<String>,
    ) -> Result<String> {
+        use std::fs;
+
        use nix_compat::nix_daemon::types::AddToStoreNarRequest;
        use nix_compat::nixhash::{CAHash, NixHash};
        use nix_compat::store_path::{StorePath, build_ca_path};
        use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-        use std::fs;
        use tempfile::NamedTempFile;

        let temp_file = NamedTempFile::new()
@@ -237,11 +238,12 @@ impl Store for DaemonStore {
        content: &str,
        references: Vec<String>,
    ) -> Result<String> {
+        use std::fs;
+
        use nix_compat::nix_daemon::types::AddToStoreNarRequest;
        use nix_compat::nixhash::CAHash;
        use nix_compat::store_path::{StorePath, build_text_path};
        use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-        use std::fs;
        use tempfile::NamedTempFile;

        let temp_file = NamedTempFile::new()
--- a/nix-js/src/store/validation.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/store/validation.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pub fn validate_store_path(store_dir: &str, path: &str) -> Result<()> {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;

-    #[test]
+    #[test_log::test]
    fn test_valid_store_paths() {
        let store_dir = "/nix/store";
        let valid_paths = vec![
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ mod tests {
        }
    }

-    #[test]
+    #[test_log::test]
    fn test_invalid_store_paths() {
        let store_dir = "/nix/store";
        let invalid_paths = vec![
--- a/nix-js/src/value.rs
+++ b/nix-js/src/value.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use core::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result as FmtResult};
 use core::hash::Hash;
 use core::ops::Deref;
-
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::ops::DerefMut;
--- a/nix-js/tests/lang/eval-okay-intersectAttrs.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/lang/eval-okay-intersectAttrs.exp
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-[ { } { a = 1; } { a = 1; } { a = "a"; } { m = 1; } { m = "m"; } { n = 1; } { n = "n"; } { n = 1; p = 2; } { n = "n"; p = "p"; } { n = 1; p = 2; } { n = "n"; p = "p"; } { a = "a"; b = "b"; c = "c"; d = "d"; e = "e"; f = "f"; g = "g"; h = "h"; i = "i"; j = "j"; k = "k"; l = "l"; m = "m"; n = "n"; o = "o"; p = "p"; q = "q"; r = "r"; s = "s"; t = "t"; u = "u"; v = "v"; w = "w"; x = "x"; y = "y"; z = "z"; } true ]
--- a/nix-js/tests/lang/eval-okay-print.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/lang/eval-okay-print.exp
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-[ null <PRIMOP> <PRIMOP-APP> <LAMBDA> [ [ «repeated» ] ] ]
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/basic_eval.rs
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/basic_eval.rs
@@ -1,36 +1,33 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use nix_js::value::Value;
-use utils::eval;

-use crate::utils::eval_result;
+use crate::utils::{eval, eval_result};

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn arithmetic() {
    assert_eq!(eval("1 + 1"), Value::Int(2));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn simple_function_application() {
    assert_eq!(eval("(x: x) 1"), Value::Int(1));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn curried_function() {
    assert_eq!(eval("(x: y: x - y) 2 1"), Value::Int(1));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn rec_attrset() {
    assert_eq!(eval("rec { b = a; a = 1; }.b"), Value::Int(1));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn let_binding() {
    assert_eq!(eval("let b = a; a = 1; in b"), Value::Int(1));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn fibonacci() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval(
@@ -40,7 +37,7 @@ fn fibonacci() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn fixed_point_combinator() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("((f: let x = f x; in x)(self: { x = 1; y = self.x + 1; })).y"),
@@ -48,17 +45,17 @@ fn fixed_point_combinator() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn conditional_true() {
    assert_eq!(eval("if true then 1 else 0"), Value::Int(1));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn conditional_false() {
    assert_eq!(eval("if false then 1 else 0"), Value::Int(0));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn nested_let() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("let x = 1; in let y = x + 1; z = y + 1; in z"),
@@ -66,7 +63,7 @@ fn nested_let() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn rec_inherit_fails() {
    assert!(eval_result("{ inherit x; }").is_err());
 }
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/builtins.rs
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/builtins.rs
@@ -1,33 +1,32 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

 use nix_js::value::{AttrSet, List, Value};
-use utils::eval;

-#[test]
+use crate::utils::eval;
+
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_accessible() {
    let result = eval("builtins");
    assert!(matches!(result, Value::AttrSet(_)));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_self_reference() {
    let result = eval("builtins.builtins");
    assert!(matches!(result, Value::AttrSet(_)));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_add() {
    assert_eq!(eval("builtins.add 1 2"), Value::Int(3));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_length() {
    assert_eq!(eval("builtins.length [1 2 3]"), Value::Int(3));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_map() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("builtins.map (x: x * 2) [1 2 3]"),
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ fn builtins_map() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_filter() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("builtins.filter (x: x > 1) [1 2 3]"),
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ fn builtins_filter() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_attrnames() {
    let result = eval("builtins.attrNames { a = 1; b = 2; }");
    assert!(matches!(result, Value::List(_)));
@@ -52,12 +51,12 @@ fn builtins_attrnames() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_head() {
    assert_eq!(eval("builtins.head [1 2 3]"), Value::Int(1));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_tail() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("builtins.tail [1 2 3]"),
@@ -65,17 +64,17 @@ fn builtins_tail() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_in_let() {
    assert_eq!(eval("let b = builtins; in b.add 5 3"), Value::Int(8));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_in_with() {
    assert_eq!(eval("with builtins; add 10 20"), Value::Int(30));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_nested_calls() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("builtins.add (builtins.mul 2 3) (builtins.sub 10 5)"),
@@ -83,32 +82,32 @@ fn builtins_nested_calls() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_is_list() {
    assert_eq!(eval("builtins.isList [1 2 3]"), Value::Bool(true));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_is_attrs() {
    assert_eq!(eval("builtins.isAttrs { a = 1; }"), Value::Bool(true));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_is_function() {
    assert_eq!(eval("builtins.isFunction (x: x)"), Value::Bool(true));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_is_null() {
    assert_eq!(eval("builtins.isNull null"), Value::Bool(true));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_is_bool() {
    assert_eq!(eval("builtins.isBool true"), Value::Bool(true));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_shadowing() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("let builtins = { add = x: y: x - y; }; in builtins.add 5 3"),
@@ -116,13 +115,13 @@ fn builtins_shadowing() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_lazy_evaluation() {
    let result = eval("builtins.builtins.builtins.add 1 1");
    assert_eq!(result, Value::Int(2));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_foldl() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("builtins.foldl' (acc: x: acc + x) 0 [1 2 3 4 5]"),
@@ -130,13 +129,13 @@ fn builtins_foldl() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_elem() {
    assert_eq!(eval("builtins.elem 2 [1 2 3]"), Value::Bool(true));
    assert_eq!(eval("builtins.elem 5 [1 2 3]"), Value::Bool(false));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_concat_lists() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("builtins.concatLists [[1 2] [3 4] [5]]"),
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ fn builtins_concat_lists() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_compare_versions_basic() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("builtins.compareVersions \"1.0\" \"2.3\""),
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ fn builtins_compare_versions_basic() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_compare_versions_components() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("builtins.compareVersions \"2.3.1\" \"2.3\""),
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ fn builtins_compare_versions_components() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_compare_versions_numeric_vs_alpha() {
    // Numeric component comes before alpha component
    assert_eq!(
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@ fn builtins_compare_versions_numeric_vs_alpha() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_compare_versions_pre() {
    // "pre" is special: comes before everything except another "pre"
    assert_eq!(
@@ -220,7 +219,7 @@ fn builtins_compare_versions_pre() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_compare_versions_alpha() {
    // Alphabetic comparison
    assert_eq!(
@@ -233,7 +232,7 @@ fn builtins_compare_versions_alpha() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_compare_versions_symmetry() {
    // Test symmetry: compareVersions(a, b) == -compareVersions(b, a)
    assert_eq!(
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ fn builtins_compare_versions_symmetry() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_compare_versions_complex() {
    // Complex version strings with multiple components
    assert_eq!(
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ fn builtins_compare_versions_complex() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_generic_closure() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval(
@@ -279,7 +278,7 @@ fn builtins_generic_closure() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_function_args() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("builtins.functionArgs (x: 1)"),
@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@ fn builtins_function_args() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn builtins_parse_drv_name() {
    let result = eval(r#"builtins.parseDrvName "nix-js-0.1.0pre""#).unwrap_attr_set();
    assert_eq!(result.get("name"), Some(&Value::String("nix-js".into())));
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/builtins_store.rs
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/builtins_store.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use nix_js::value::Value;
-use utils::eval_result;

-#[test]
+use crate::utils::eval_result;
+
+#[test_log::test]
 fn to_file_simple() {
    let result =
        eval_result(r#"builtins.toFile "hello.txt" "Hello, World!""#).expect("Failed to evaluate");
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ fn to_file_simple() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn to_file_with_references() {
    let result = eval_result(
        r#"
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ fn to_file_with_references() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn to_file_invalid_name_with_slash() {
    let result = eval_result(r#"builtins.toFile "foo/bar.txt" "content""#);

@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ fn to_file_invalid_name_with_slash() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn to_file_invalid_name_dot() {
    let result = eval_result(r#"builtins.toFile "." "content""#);

@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ fn to_file_invalid_name_dot() {
    assert!(result.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("invalid name"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn to_file_invalid_name_dotdot() {
    let result = eval_result(r#"builtins.toFile ".." "content""#);

@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ fn to_file_invalid_name_dotdot() {
    assert!(result.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("invalid name"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn store_path_validation_not_in_store() {
    let result = eval_result(r#"builtins.storePath "/tmp/foo""#);

@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ fn store_path_validation_not_in_store() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn store_path_validation_malformed_hash() {
    let dummy_file_result = eval_result(r#"builtins.toFile "dummy.txt" "content""#)
        .expect("Failed to create dummy file");
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ fn store_path_validation_malformed_hash() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn store_path_validation_missing_name() {
    let dummy_file_result = eval_result(r#"builtins.toFile "dummy.txt" "content""#)
        .expect("Failed to create dummy file");
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ fn store_path_validation_missing_name() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn to_file_curried_application() {
    let result = eval_result(
        r#"
@@ -163,7 +162,7 @@ fn to_file_curried_application() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn to_file_number_conversion() {
    let result = eval_result(r#"builtins.toFile "number.txt" (builtins.toString 42)"#)
        .expect("Failed to evaluate");
@@ -177,7 +176,7 @@ fn to_file_number_conversion() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn to_file_list_conversion() {
    let result = eval_result(
        r#"builtins.toFile "list.txt" (builtins.concatStringsSep "\n" ["line1" "line2" "line3"])"#,
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/derivation.rs
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/derivation.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use nix_js::value::Value;
-use utils::{eval_deep, eval_deep_result};

-#[test]
+use crate::utils::{eval_deep, eval_deep_result};
+
+#[test_log::test]
 fn add_operator_preserves_derivation_context() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ fn add_operator_preserves_derivation_context() {
    assert_eq!(result, nix_result);
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_minimal() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation { name = "hello"; builder = "/bin/sh"; system = "x86_64-linux"; }"#,
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ fn derivation_minimal() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_with_args() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ fn derivation_with_args() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_to_string() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"toString (derivation { name = "foo"; builder = "/bin/sh"; system = "x86_64-linux"; })"#,
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ fn derivation_to_string() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_missing_name() {
    let result =
        eval_deep_result(r#"derivation { builder = "/bin/sh"; system = "x86_64-linux"; }"#);
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ fn derivation_missing_name() {
    assert!(err_msg.contains("missing required attribute 'name'"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_invalid_name_with_drv_suffix() {
    let result = eval_deep_result(
        r#"derivation { name = "foo.drv"; builder = "/bin/sh"; system = "x86_64-linux"; }"#,
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ fn derivation_invalid_name_with_drv_suffix() {
    assert!(err_msg.contains("cannot end with .drv"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_missing_builder() {
    let result = eval_deep_result(r#"derivation { name = "test"; system = "x86_64-linux"; }"#);

@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ fn derivation_missing_builder() {
    assert!(err_msg.contains("missing required attribute 'builder'"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_missing_system() {
    let result = eval_deep_result(r#"derivation { name = "test"; builder = "/bin/sh"; }"#);

@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ fn derivation_missing_system() {
    assert!(err_msg.contains("missing required attribute 'system'"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_with_env_vars() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ fn derivation_with_env_vars() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_strict() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"builtins.derivationStrict { name = "test"; builder = "/bin/sh"; system = "x86_64-linux"; }"#,
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ fn derivation_strict() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_deterministic_paths() {
    let expr = r#"derivation { name = "hello"; builder = "/bin/sh"; system = "x86_64-linux"; }"#;

@@ -204,7 +203,7 @@ fn derivation_deterministic_paths() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn derivation_escaping_in_aterm() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@ fn derivation_escaping_in_aterm() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn multi_output_two_outputs() {
    let drv = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -267,7 +266,7 @@ fn multi_output_two_outputs() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn multi_output_three_outputs() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -315,7 +314,7 @@ fn multi_output_three_outputs() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn multi_output_backward_compat() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -341,7 +340,7 @@ fn multi_output_backward_compat() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn multi_output_deterministic() {
    let result1 = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -364,7 +363,7 @@ fn multi_output_deterministic() {
    assert_eq!(result1, result2);
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn fixed_output_sha256_flat() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -401,7 +400,7 @@ fn fixed_output_sha256_flat() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn fixed_output_missing_hashalgo() {
    assert!(
        eval_deep_result(
@@ -416,7 +415,7 @@ fn fixed_output_missing_hashalgo() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn fixed_output_recursive_mode() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -446,7 +445,7 @@ fn fixed_output_recursive_mode() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn fixed_output_rejects_multi_output() {
    let result = eval_deep_result(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -464,7 +463,7 @@ fn fixed_output_rejects_multi_output() {
    assert!(err_msg.contains("fixed-output") && err_msg.contains("one"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn fixed_output_invalid_hash_mode() {
    let result = eval_deep_result(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -481,7 +480,7 @@ fn fixed_output_invalid_hash_mode() {
    assert!(err_msg.contains("outputHashMode") && err_msg.contains("invalid"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn structured_attrs_basic() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -506,7 +505,7 @@ fn structured_attrs_basic() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn structured_attrs_nested() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -527,7 +526,7 @@ fn structured_attrs_nested() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn structured_attrs_rejects_functions() {
    let result = eval_deep_result(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -544,7 +543,7 @@ fn structured_attrs_rejects_functions() {
    assert!(err_msg.contains("cannot convert lambda to JSON"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn structured_attrs_false() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -567,7 +566,7 @@ fn structured_attrs_false() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn ignore_nulls_true() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -589,7 +588,7 @@ fn ignore_nulls_true() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn ignore_nulls_false() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -612,7 +611,7 @@ fn ignore_nulls_false() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn ignore_nulls_with_structured_attrs() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -636,7 +635,7 @@ fn ignore_nulls_with_structured_attrs() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn all_features_combined() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
@@ -663,7 +662,7 @@ fn all_features_combined() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn fixed_output_with_structured_attrs() {
    let result = eval_deep(
        r#"derivation {
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/findfile.rs
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/findfile.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-mod utils;
+use crate::utils::eval;

-use utils::eval;
-
-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn test_find_file_corepkg_fetchurl() {
    let result = eval(
        r#"
@@ -17,13 +15,13 @@ fn test_find_file_corepkg_fetchurl() {
    assert!(result.to_string().contains("fetchurl.nix"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn test_lookup_path_syntax() {
    let result = eval(r#"<nix/fetchurl.nix>"#);
    assert!(result.to_string().contains("fetchurl.nix"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn test_import_corepkg() {
    let result = eval(
        r#"
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/free_globals.rs
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/free_globals.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,23 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use nix_js::value::{List, Value};
-use utils::eval;

-#[test]
+use crate::utils::{eval, eval_result};
+
+#[test_log::test]
 fn true_literal() {
    assert_eq!(eval("true"), Value::Bool(true));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn false_literal() {
    assert_eq!(eval("false"), Value::Bool(false));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn null_literal() {
    assert_eq!(eval("null"), Value::Null);
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn map_function() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("map (x: x * 2) [1 2 3]"),
@@ -26,23 +25,23 @@ fn map_function() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn is_null_function() {
    assert_eq!(eval("isNull null"), Value::Bool(true));
    assert_eq!(eval("isNull 5"), Value::Bool(false));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn shadow_true() {
    assert_eq!(eval("let true = false; in true"), Value::Bool(false));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn shadow_map() {
    assert_eq!(eval("let map = x: y: x; in map 1 2"), Value::Int(1));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn mixed_usage() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("if true then map (x: x + 1) [1 2] else []"),
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ fn mixed_usage() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn in_let_bindings() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("let x = true; y = false; in x && y"),
@@ -58,18 +57,18 @@ fn in_let_bindings() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn shadow_in_function() {
    assert_eq!(eval("(true: true) false"), Value::Bool(false));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn throw_function() {
-    let result = utils::eval_result("throw \"error message\"");
+    let result = eval_result("throw \"error message\"");
    assert!(result.is_err());
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn to_string_function() {
    assert_eq!(eval("toString 42"), Value::String("42".to_string()));
 }
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/functions.rs
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/functions.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use nix_js::value::Value;
-use utils::{eval, eval_result};

-#[test]
+use crate::utils::{eval, eval_result};
+
+#[test_log::test]
 fn required_parameters() {
    assert_eq!(eval("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 2; }"), Value::Int(3));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn missing_required_parameter() {
    let result = eval_result("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; }");
    assert!(result.is_err());
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn all_required_parameters_present() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("({ x, y, z }: x + y + z) { x = 1; y = 2; z = 3; }"),
@@ -22,13 +21,13 @@ fn all_required_parameters_present() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn reject_unexpected_arguments() {
    let result = eval_result("({ a, b }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; }");
    assert!(result.is_err());
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn ellipsis_accepts_extra_arguments() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("({ a, b, ... }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; }"),
@@ -36,12 +35,12 @@ fn ellipsis_accepts_extra_arguments() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn default_parameters() {
    assert_eq!(eval("({ a, b ? 5 }: a + b) { a = 1; }"), Value::Int(6));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn override_default_parameter() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("({ a, b ? 5 }: a + b) { a = 1; b = 10; }"),
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ fn override_default_parameter() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn at_pattern_alias() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("(args@{ a, b }: args.a + args.b) { a = 1; b = 2; }"),
@@ -57,17 +56,17 @@ fn at_pattern_alias() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn simple_parameter_no_validation() {
    assert_eq!(eval("(x: x.a + x.b) { a = 1; b = 2; }"), Value::Int(3));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn simple_parameter_accepts_any_argument() {
    assert_eq!(eval("(x: x) 42"), Value::Int(42));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn nested_function_parameters() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("({ a }: { b }: a + b) { a = 5; } { b = 3; }"),
@@ -75,12 +74,12 @@ fn nested_function_parameters() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn pattern_param_simple_reference_in_default() {
    assert_eq!(eval("({ a, b ? a }: b) { a = 10; }"), Value::Int(10));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn pattern_param_multiple_references_in_default() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("({ a, b ? a + 5, c ? 1 }: b + c) { a = 10; }"),
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ fn pattern_param_multiple_references_in_default() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn pattern_param_mutual_reference() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("({ a, b ? c + 1, c ? 5 }: b) { a = 1; }"),
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ fn pattern_param_mutual_reference() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn pattern_param_override_mutual_reference() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("({ a, b ? c + 1, c ? 5 }: b) { a = 1; c = 10; }"),
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ fn pattern_param_override_mutual_reference() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn pattern_param_reference_list() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("({ a, b ? [ a 2 ] }: builtins.elemAt b 0) { a = 42; }"),
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ fn pattern_param_reference_list() {
    );
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn pattern_param_alias_in_default() {
    assert_eq!(
        eval("(args@{ a, b ? args.a + 10 }: b) { a = 5; }"),
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/io_operations.rs
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/io_operations.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-mod utils;
-
 use nix_js::context::Context;
 use nix_js::error::Source;
 use nix_js::value::Value;

 use crate::utils::{eval, eval_result};

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn import_absolute_path() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let lib_path = temp_dir.path().join("nix_test_lib.nix");
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ fn import_absolute_path() {
    assert_eq!(eval(&expr), Value::Int(8));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn import_nested() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();

@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ fn import_nested() {
    assert_eq!(eval(&expr), Value::Int(30));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn import_relative_path() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let subdir = temp_dir.path().join("subdir");
@@ -66,7 +64,7 @@ fn import_relative_path() {
    assert_eq!(eval(&expr), Value::Int(7));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn import_returns_function() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let func_path = temp_dir.path().join("nix_test_func.nix");
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ fn import_returns_function() {
    assert_eq!(eval(&expr), Value::Int(10));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn import_with_complex_dependency_graph() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();

@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ fn import_with_complex_dependency_graph() {

 // Tests for builtins.path

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn path_with_file() {
    let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ fn path_with_file() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn path_with_custom_name() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let test_file = temp_dir.path().join("original.txt");
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ fn path_with_custom_name() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn path_with_directory_recursive() {
    let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -159,7 +157,7 @@ fn path_with_directory_recursive() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn path_flat_with_file() {
    let mut ctx = Context::new().unwrap();
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@ fn path_flat_with_file() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn path_flat_with_directory_fails() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let test_dir = temp_dir.path().join("mydir");
@@ -196,7 +194,7 @@ fn path_flat_with_directory_fails() {
    assert!(err_msg.contains("recursive") || err_msg.contains("regular file"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn path_nonexistent_fails() {
    let expr = r#"builtins.path { path = "/nonexistent/path/that/should/not/exist"; }"#;
    let result = eval_result(expr);
@@ -206,7 +204,7 @@ fn path_nonexistent_fails() {
    assert!(err_msg.contains("does not exist"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn path_missing_path_param() {
    let expr = r#"builtins.path { name = "test"; }"#;
    let result = eval_result(expr);
@@ -216,7 +214,7 @@ fn path_missing_path_param() {
    assert!(err_msg.contains("path") && err_msg.contains("required"));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn path_with_sha256() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let test_file = temp_dir.path().join("hash_test.txt");
@@ -243,7 +241,7 @@ fn path_with_sha256() {
    assert_eq!(store_path1, store_path2);
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn path_deterministic() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let test_file = temp_dir.path().join("deterministic.txt");
@@ -261,7 +259,7 @@ fn path_deterministic() {
    assert_eq!(result1, result2);
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn read_file_type_regular_file() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let test_file = temp_dir.path().join("test.txt");
@@ -271,7 +269,7 @@ fn read_file_type_regular_file() {
    assert_eq!(eval(&expr), Value::String("regular".to_string()));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn read_file_type_directory() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let test_dir = temp_dir.path().join("testdir");
@@ -281,7 +279,7 @@ fn read_file_type_directory() {
    assert_eq!(eval(&expr), Value::String("directory".to_string()));
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn read_file_type_symlink() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let target = temp_dir.path().join("target.txt");
@@ -299,7 +297,7 @@ fn read_file_type_symlink() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn read_dir_basic() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let test_dir = temp_dir.path().join("readdir_test");
@@ -331,7 +329,7 @@ fn read_dir_basic() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn read_dir_empty() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let test_dir = temp_dir.path().join("empty_dir");
@@ -347,7 +345,7 @@ fn read_dir_empty() {
    }
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn read_dir_nonexistent_fails() {
    let expr = r#"builtins.readDir "/nonexistent/directory""#;
    let result = eval_result(expr);
@@ -355,7 +353,7 @@ fn read_dir_nonexistent_fails() {
    assert!(result.is_err());
 }

-#[test]
+#[test_log::test]
 fn read_dir_on_file_fails() {
    let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let test_file = temp_dir.path().join("test.txt");
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang.rs
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #![allow(non_snake_case)]

-mod utils;
-
 use std::path::PathBuf;

 use nix_js::context::Context;
@@ -9,7 +7,7 @@ use nix_js::error::Source;
 use nix_js::value::Value;

 fn get_lang_dir() -> PathBuf {
-    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("tests/lang")
+    PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("tests/tests/lang")
 }

 fn eval_file(name: &str) -> Result<(Value, Source), String> {
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ fn format_value(value: &Value) -> String {
 macro_rules! eval_okay_test {
    ($(#[$attr:meta])* $name:ident$(, $pre:expr)?) => {
        $(#[$attr])*
-        #[test]
+        #[test_log::test]
        fn $name() {
            $(($pre)();)?
            let test_name = concat!("eval-okay-", stringify!($name))
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ macro_rules! eval_okay_test {

 macro_rules! eval_fail_test {
    ($name:ident) => {
-        #[test]
+        #[test_log::test]
        fn $name() {
            let test_name = concat!("eval-fail-", stringify!($name))
                .replace("_", "-")
@@ -194,15 +192,11 @@ eval_okay_test!(
 eval_okay_test!(partition);
 eval_okay_test!(path);
 eval_okay_test!(pathexists);
-eval_okay_test!(
-    #[ignore = "rnix 0.13 regression: /${foo}-/*...*/ fails to parse"]
-    path_string_interpolation,
-    || {
+eval_okay_test!(path_string_interpolation, || {
    unsafe {
        std::env::set_var("HOME", "/fake-home");
    }
-    }
-);
+});
 eval_okay_test!(patterns);
 eval_okay_test!(print);
 eval_okay_test!(readDir);
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/binary-data
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/binary-data
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/data
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/data
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir1/a.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir1/a.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir2/a.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir2/a.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir2/b.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir2/b.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir3/a.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir3/a.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir3/b.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir3/b.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir3/c.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir3/c.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir4/a.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir4/a.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir4/c.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/dir4/c.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-abort.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-abort.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-abort.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-abort.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-empty-context.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-empty-context.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-empty-context.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-empty-context.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-multi-elem-context.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-multi-elem-context.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-multi-elem-context.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-multi-elem-context.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-wrong-element-kind.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-wrong-element-kind.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-wrong-element-kind.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addDrvOutputDependencies-wrong-element-kind.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addErrorContext-example.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addErrorContext-example.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addErrorContext-example.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-addErrorContext-example.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-attrs-names-2.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-attrs-names-2.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-attrs-names-2.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-attrs-names-2.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-attrs-names.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-attrs-names.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-attrs-names.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-attrs-names.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-derivations-extra.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-derivations-extra.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-derivations-extra.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-derivations-extra.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-derivations.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-derivations.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-derivations.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-derivations.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-floats.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-floats.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-floats.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-floats.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-function-direct.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-function-direct.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-function-direct.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-function-direct.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-int-float.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-int-float.err.exp
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-int-float.nix
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-int-float.nix
--- a/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-ints.err.exp
+++ b/nix-js/tests/tests/lang/eval-fail-assert-equal-ints.err.exp
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
imxyy_soope_	1083b8fdfa	temp	2026-03-13 21:57:23 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	7a7229d70e	fmt: group_imports = "StdExternalCrate"	2026-03-08 17:41:06 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	e4004ccb6d	feat: bytecode	2026-03-08 17:41:06 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	843ae6cfb4	refactor: use GhostCell to provide interior mutability in Ir	2026-03-08 16:57:34 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	c24d6a8bb3	chore: merge `codegen::compile` and `codegen::compile_scoped`	2026-02-25 21:14:35 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	d7351e907b	feat: thunk caching (WIP)	2026-02-25 21:14:27 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	550223a1d7	refactor: tidy	2026-02-21 22:30:13 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	53dbee3514	refactor(downgrade): use bumpalo	2026-02-21 21:54:40 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	e1517c338e	chore: tidy	2026-02-20 16:12:54 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	45096f5254	fix: fetchGit	2026-02-19 22:34:41 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	b57fea3104	optimize: short-circuit update (//)	2026-02-19 21:54:55 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	4380fa85c4	optimize: compact	2026-02-19 21:14:02 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	99045aa76c	chore: fmt	2026-02-19 20:14:06 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	7eb3acf26f	optimize: use v8::Script::compile to run script directly in op_import	2026-02-19 19:58:02 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	b424f60f9f	optimize: avoid using #[serde] in ops	2026-02-19 19:11:56 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	42031edac1	optimize: generate shorter code	2026-02-19 17:16:35 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	04dcadfd61	optimize	2026-02-18 20:45:50 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	c3c39bda0c	feat: v8 profiling	2026-02-18 20:45:50 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	782092b91e	optimize: type check	2026-02-18 20:45:50 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	ae5febd5dd	feat(cli): compile	2026-02-18 20:45:42 +08:00
imxyy_soope_	3cc7c7be75	chore: update deps; restructure tests; use Map over Record	2026-02-17 12:02:54 +08:00
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`[ { } { a = 1; } { a = 1; } { a = "a"; } { m = 1; } { m = "m"; } { n = 1; } { n = "n"; } { n = 1; p = 2; } { n = "n"; p = "p"; } { n = 1; p = 2; } { n = "n"; p = "p"; } { a = "a"; b = "b"; c = "c"; d = "d"; e = "e"; f = "f"; g = "g"; h = "h"; i = "i"; j = "j"; k = "k"; l = "l"; m = "m"; n = "n"; o = "o"; p = "p"; q = "q"; r = "r"; s = "s"; t = "t"; u = "u"; v = "v"; w = "w"; x = "x"; y = "y"; z = "z"; } true ]`
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`[ null <PRIMOP> <PRIMOP-APP> <LAMBDA> [ [ «repeated» ] ] ]`