From 7cbb082dc4ff008fd15f7af7cd320320f8b3cd7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: imxyy_soope_ <imxyy1soope1@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 11 May 2025 10:19:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] feat: ref

---
 src/builtins/mod.rs        |   2 +-
 src/bytecode.rs            |   8 ++-
 src/compile.rs             |   4 --
 src/ty/internal/attrset.rs |  50 +++++++--------
 src/ty/internal/func.rs    |  12 ++--
 src/ty/internal/list.rs    |  16 ++---
 src/ty/internal/mod.rs     | 128 ++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/ty/internal/primop.rs  |  22 +++----
 src/vm/env.rs              |  32 +++++-----
 src/vm/mod.rs              |  52 +++++++++------
 src/vm/stack.rs            |  18 +++---
 src/vm/test.rs             |   1 -
 12 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 165 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/builtins/mod.rs b/src/builtins/mod.rs
index e3ec9cf..8dd1c1b 100644
--- a/src/builtins/mod.rs
+++ b/src/builtins/mod.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::ty::common::Symbol;
 use crate::ty::internal::{_Thunk, Const, PrimOp, RecAttrSet, Thunk, Value};
 use crate::vm::Env;
 
-pub fn env() -> Arc<Env> {
+pub fn env<'vm>() -> Arc<Env<'vm>> {
     let env = Arc::new(Env::empty());
     env.insert(Symbol::from("true"), Value::Const(Const::Bool(true)));
     env.insert(Symbol::from("false"), Value::Const(Const::Bool(false)));
diff --git a/src/bytecode.rs b/src/bytecode.rs
index 69cdd66..0c8c89d 100644
--- a/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use ecow::EcoString;
 
-use crate::ty::internal::{Const, Func};
+use crate::ty::internal::{Const, Param};
 
 type Slice<T> = Box<[T]>;
 
@@ -94,6 +94,12 @@ pub enum UnOp {
     Not,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Func {
+    pub param: Param,
+    pub opcodes: OpCodes,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Program {
     pub top_level: OpCodes,
diff --git a/src/compile.rs b/src/compile.rs
index b4b06cf..7eec459 100644
--- a/src/compile.rs
+++ b/src/compile.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
-use std::cell::OnceCell;
-
 use crate::bytecode::*;
 use crate::ir;
 use crate::ty::internal::Const;
-use crate::ty::internal::Func;
 
 pub struct Compiler {
     opcodes: Vec<OpCode>,
@@ -21,7 +18,6 @@ pub fn compile(downgraded: ir::Downgraded) -> Program {
             .funcs
             .into_iter()
             .map(|func| Func {
-                env: OnceCell::new(),
                 param: func.param.into(),
                 opcodes: Compiler::new().compile(*func.body),
             })
diff --git a/src/ty/internal/attrset.rs b/src/ty/internal/attrset.rs
index 3d1b586..14b1d97 100644
--- a/src/ty/internal/attrset.rs
+++ b/src/ty/internal/attrset.rs
@@ -12,29 +12,29 @@ use super::super::public as p;
 use super::{ToPublic, Value};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Constructor, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct AttrSet {
-    data: HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value>,
+pub struct AttrSet<'vm> {
+    data: HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value<'vm>>,
 }
 
-impl AttrSet {
+impl<'vm> AttrSet<'vm> {
     pub fn empty() -> Self {
         AttrSet {
             data: HashTrieMapSync::new_sync(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn push_attr_force(&mut self, sym: Symbol, val: Value) {
+    pub fn push_attr_force(&mut self, sym: Symbol, val: Value<'vm>) {
         self.data.insert_mut(sym, val);
     }
 
-    pub fn push_attr(&mut self, sym: Symbol, val: Value) {
+    pub fn push_attr(&mut self, sym: Symbol, val: Value<'vm>) {
         if self.data.get_mut(&sym).is_some() {
             todo!()
         }
         self.data.insert_mut(sym, val);
     }
 
-    pub fn select(&self, sym: Symbol) -> Option<Value> {
+    pub fn select(&self, sym: Symbol) -> Option<Value<'vm>> {
         self.data.get(&sym).cloned()
     }
 
@@ -42,29 +42,29 @@ impl AttrSet {
         self.data.get(&sym).is_some()
     }
 
-    pub fn update(mut self, other: AttrSet) -> AttrSet {
+    pub fn update(mut self, other: AttrSet<'vm>) -> AttrSet<'vm> {
         for (k, v) in other.data.iter() {
             self.push_attr_force(k.clone(), v.clone())
         }
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn update_rec(mut self, other: RecAttrSet) -> AttrSet {
+    pub fn update_rec(mut self, other: RecAttrSet<'vm>) -> AttrSet<'vm> {
         for (k, v) in other.data.borrow().iter() {
             self.push_attr_force(k.clone(), v.clone())
         }
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value> {
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value<'vm>> {
         self.data
     }
 
-    pub fn as_inner(&self) -> &HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value> {
+    pub fn as_inner(&self) -> &HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value<'vm>> {
         &self.data
     }
 
-    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &VM) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &VM<'vm>) -> Result<()> {
         let mut map: Vec<_> = self
             .data
             .into_iter()
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl AttrSet {
     }
 }
 
-impl ToPublic for AttrSet {
+impl ToPublic for AttrSet<'_> {
     fn to_public(self, vm: &VM) -> p::Value {
         p::Value::AttrSet(p::AttrSet::new(
             self.data
@@ -91,29 +91,29 @@ impl ToPublic for AttrSet {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Constructor, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct RecAttrSet {
-    data: Arc<RefCell<HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value>>>,
+pub struct RecAttrSet<'vm> {
+    data: Arc<RefCell<HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value<'vm>>>>,
 }
 
-impl RecAttrSet {
-    pub fn empty() -> RecAttrSet {
+impl<'vm> RecAttrSet<'vm> {
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
         RecAttrSet {
             data: Arc::default(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn push_attr_force(&mut self, sym: Symbol, val: Value) {
+    pub fn push_attr_force(&mut self, sym: Symbol, val: Value<'vm>) {
         self.data.borrow_mut().insert_mut(sym, val);
     }
 
-    pub fn push_attr(&mut self, sym: Symbol, val: Value) {
+    pub fn push_attr(&mut self, sym: Symbol, val: Value<'vm>) {
         if self.data.borrow().get(&sym).is_some() {
             todo!()
         }
         self.data.borrow_mut().insert_mut(sym, val);
     }
 
-    pub fn select(&self, sym: Symbol) -> Option<Value> {
+    pub fn select(&self, sym: Symbol) -> Option<Value<'vm>> {
         self.data.borrow().get(&sym).cloned()
     }
 
@@ -121,14 +121,14 @@ impl RecAttrSet {
         self.data.borrow().get(&sym).is_some()
     }
 
-    pub fn update(mut self, other: RecAttrSet) -> RecAttrSet {
+    pub fn update(mut self, other: RecAttrSet<'vm>) -> RecAttrSet<'vm> {
         for (k, v) in other.data.borrow().iter() {
             self.push_attr_force(k.clone(), v.clone())
         }
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn update_normal(self, other: AttrSet) -> AttrSet {
+    pub fn update_normal(self, other: AttrSet<'vm>) -> AttrSet<'vm> {
         let map = self
             .data
             .borrow()
@@ -142,15 +142,15 @@ impl RecAttrSet {
         new
     }
 
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value> {
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value<'vm>> {
         self.data.borrow().clone()
     }
 
-    pub fn from_inner(data: Arc<RefCell<HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value>>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_inner(data: Arc<RefCell<HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value<'vm>>>>) -> Self {
         RecAttrSet { data }
     }
 
-    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &VM) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &VM<'vm>) -> Result<()> {
         let mut map: Vec<_> = self
             .data
             .borrow()
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ impl RecAttrSet {
     }
 }
 
-impl ToPublic for RecAttrSet {
+impl ToPublic for RecAttrSet<'_> {
     fn to_public(self, vm: &VM) -> p::Value {
         p::Value::AttrSet(p::AttrSet::new(
             self.data
diff --git a/src/ty/internal/func.rs b/src/ty/internal/func.rs
index 9c20b8c..332626b 100644
--- a/src/ty/internal/func.rs
+++ b/src/ty/internal/func.rs
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ impl From<ir::Param> for Param {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Func {
-    pub env: OnceCell<CapturedEnv>,
+pub struct Func<'vm> {
+    pub env: OnceCell<CapturedEnv<'vm>>,
     pub param: Param,
     pub opcodes: OpCodes,
 }
 
-impl Func {
-    pub fn call(&self, vm: &VM, arg: Value) -> Result<Value> {
+impl<'vm> Func<'vm> {
+    pub fn call(&'vm self, vm: &VM<'vm>, arg: Value<'vm>) -> Result<Value<'vm>> {
         use Param::*;
 
         let env = self.env.get().unwrap().clone().released();
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl Func {
                 for (formal, default) in formals {
                     let arg = arg
                         .select(formal.clone().into())
-                        .or_else(|| default.map(Value::ThunkRef))
+                        .or_else(|| default.map(|idx| Value::ThunkRef(vm.get_thunk(idx))))
                         .unwrap();
                     new.insert_mut(formal.clone().into(), arg);
                 }
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl Func {
     }
 }
 
-impl PartialEq for Func {
+impl PartialEq for Func<'_> {
     fn eq(&self, _: &Self) -> bool {
         false
     }
diff --git a/src/ty/internal/list.rs b/src/ty/internal/list.rs
index 671c7ee..47ab8d2 100644
--- a/src/ty/internal/list.rs
+++ b/src/ty/internal/list.rs
@@ -8,29 +8,29 @@ use crate::vm::VM;
 use super::{ToPublic, Value};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Constructor, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct List {
-    data: VectorSync<Value>,
+pub struct List<'vm> {
+    data: VectorSync<Value<'vm>>,
 }
 
-impl List {
-    pub fn empty() -> List {
+impl<'vm> List<'vm> {
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
         List {
             data: VectorSync::new_sync(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: Value) {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: Value<'vm>) {
         self.data.push_back_mut(elem);
     }
 
-    pub fn concat(mut self, other: List) -> List {
+    pub fn concat(mut self, other: List<'vm>) -> List<'vm> {
         for elem in other.data.iter() {
             self.data.push_back_mut(elem.clone());
         }
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &VM) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &VM<'vm>) -> Result<()> {
         let mut vec: Vec<_> = self.data.iter().cloned().collect();
         vec.iter_mut()
             .map(|v| v.force_deep(vm).map(|_| ()))
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl List {
     }
 }
 
-impl ToPublic for List {
+impl ToPublic for List<'_> {
     fn to_public(self, vm: &VM) -> p::Value {
         p::Value::List(p::List::new(
             self.data
diff --git a/src/ty/internal/mod.rs b/src/ty/internal/mod.rs
index c08f064..4215402 100644
--- a/src/ty/internal/mod.rs
+++ b/src/ty/internal/mod.rs
@@ -30,20 +30,20 @@ pub trait ToPublic {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Thunk {
-    pub thunk: RefCell<_Thunk>,
-    pub env: RefCell<Option<Arc<Env>>>,
+pub struct Thunk<'vm> {
+    pub thunk: RefCell<_Thunk<'vm>>,
+    pub env: RefCell<Option<Arc<Env<'vm>>>>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, Clone)]
-pub enum _Thunk {
+pub enum _Thunk<'vm> {
     Code(OpCodes),
-    SuspendedFrom(*const Thunk),
-    Value(Box<Value>),
+    SuspendedFrom(*const Thunk<'vm>),
+    Value(Box<Value<'vm>>),
 }
 
-impl Thunk {
-    pub fn new(opcodes: OpCodes) -> Thunk {
+impl<'vm> Thunk<'vm> {
+    pub fn new(opcodes: OpCodes) -> Self {
         Thunk {
             thunk: RefCell::new(_Thunk::Code(opcodes)),
             env: RefCell::new(None),
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ impl Thunk {
         self.thunk.borrow().clone().unwrap_code()
     }
 
-    pub fn capture(&self, env: Arc<Env>) {
+    pub fn capture(&self, env: Arc<Env<'vm>>) {
         *self.env.borrow_mut() = Some(env);
     }
 
-    pub fn force(&self, vm: &VM) -> Result<Value> {
+    pub fn force(&self, vm: &VM<'vm>) -> Result<Value<'vm>> {
         match &*self.thunk.borrow() {
             _Thunk::Value(value) => return Ok(value.as_ref().clone()),
             _Thunk::SuspendedFrom(from) => {
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl Thunk {
         Ok(value)
     }
 
-    pub fn value(&self) -> Option<Value> {
+    pub fn value(&'vm self) -> Option<Value<'vm>> {
         match &*self.thunk.borrow() {
             _Thunk::Value(value) => Some(value.as_ref().clone()),
             _ => None,
@@ -90,62 +90,60 @@ impl Thunk {
     }
 }
 
-impl PartialEq for Thunk {
+impl PartialEq for Thunk<'_> {
     fn eq(&self, _: &Self) -> bool {
         false
     }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum Value {
+pub enum Value<'vm> {
     Const(Const),
-    Thunk(Thunk),
-    ThunkRef(usize),
-    AttrSet(AttrSet),
-    RecAttrSet(RecAttrSet),
-    List(List),
+    Thunk(Thunk<'vm>),
+    ThunkRef(&'vm Thunk<'vm>),
+    AttrSet(AttrSet<'vm>),
+    RecAttrSet(RecAttrSet<'vm>),
+    List(List<'vm>),
     Catchable(c::Catchable),
-    PrimOp(PrimOp),
-    PartialPrimOp(PartialPrimOp),
-    Func(usize),
+    PrimOp(PrimOp<'vm>),
+    PartialPrimOp(PartialPrimOp<'vm>),
+    Func(&'vm Func<'vm>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum ValueAsRef<'v> {
+pub enum ValueAsRef<'v, 'vm: 'v> {
     Const(&'v Const),
-    Thunk(&'v Thunk),
-    ThunkRef(&'v usize),
-    AttrSet(&'v AttrSet),
-    RecAttrSet(&'v RecAttrSet),
-    List(&'v List),
+    Thunk(&'v Thunk<'vm>),
+    AttrSet(&'v AttrSet<'vm>),
+    RecAttrSet(&'v RecAttrSet<'vm>),
+    List(&'v List<'vm>),
     Catchable(&'v c::Catchable),
-    PrimOp(&'v PrimOp),
-    PartialPrimOp(&'v PartialPrimOp),
-    Func(&'v usize),
+    PrimOp(&'v PrimOp<'vm>),
+    PartialPrimOp(&'v PartialPrimOp<'vm>),
+    Func(&'vm Func<'vm>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, PartialEq)]
-pub enum ValueAsMut<'v> {
+pub enum ValueAsMut<'v, 'vm: 'v> {
     Const(&'v mut Const),
-    Thunk(&'v Thunk),
-    ThunkRef(&'v usize),
-    AttrSet(&'v mut AttrSet),
-    RecAttrSet(&'v mut RecAttrSet),
-    List(&'v mut List),
+    Thunk(&'v Thunk<'vm>),
+    AttrSet(&'v mut AttrSet<'vm>),
+    RecAttrSet(&'v mut RecAttrSet<'vm>),
+    List(&'v mut List<'vm>),
     Catchable(&'v mut c::Catchable),
-    PrimOp(&'v mut PrimOp),
-    PartialPrimOp(&'v mut PartialPrimOp),
-    Func(&'v usize),
+    PrimOp(&'v mut PrimOp<'vm>),
+    PartialPrimOp(&'v mut PartialPrimOp<'vm>),
+    Func(&'vm Func<'vm>),
 }
 
-impl Value {
-    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> ValueAsRef {
+impl<'v, 'vm: 'v> Value<'vm> {
+    pub fn as_ref(&'vm self) -> ValueAsRef<'v, 'vm> {
         use Value::*;
         use ValueAsRef as R;
         match self {
             Const(x) => R::Const(x),
             Thunk(x) => R::Thunk(x),
-            ThunkRef(x) => R::ThunkRef(x),
+            ThunkRef(x) => R::Thunk(x),
             AttrSet(x) => R::AttrSet(x),
             RecAttrSet(x) => R::RecAttrSet(x),
             List(x) => R::List(x),
@@ -156,13 +154,13 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> ValueAsMut {
+    pub fn as_mut(&'vm mut self) -> ValueAsMut<'v, 'vm> {
         use Value::*;
         use ValueAsMut as M;
         match self {
             Const(x) => M::Const(x),
             Thunk(x) => M::Thunk(x),
-            ThunkRef(x) => M::ThunkRef(x),
+            ThunkRef(x) => M::Thunk(x),
             AttrSet(x) => M::AttrSet(x),
             RecAttrSet(x) => M::RecAttrSet(x),
             List(x) => M::List(x),
@@ -175,7 +173,7 @@ impl Value {
 }
 
 use Value::Const as VmConst;
-impl Value {
+impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
     pub fn typename(&self) -> &'static str {
         use Value::*;
         match self {
@@ -200,7 +198,7 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn call(self, vm: &VM, args: Vec<Value>) -> Result<Value> {
+    pub fn call(self, vm: &VM<'vm>, args: Vec<Value<'vm>>) -> Result<Value<'vm>> {
         use Value::*;
         Ok(match self {
             PrimOp(func) => func.call(vm, args),
@@ -215,7 +213,7 @@ impl Value {
                         PartialPrimOp(func) => {
                             return Ok(func.call(vm, [arg].into_iter().chain(iter).collect()));
                         }
-                        Func(func) => vm.get_func(func).call(vm, arg)?,
+                        Func(func) => func.call(vm, arg)?,
                         _ => todo!(),
                     }
                 }
@@ -226,7 +224,7 @@ impl Value {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn not(self) -> Value {
+    pub fn not(self) -> Value<'vm> {
         use Const::*;
         match self {
             VmConst(Bool(bool)) => VmConst(Bool(!bool)),
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn and(self, other: Value) -> Value {
+    pub fn and(self, other: Value<'vm>) -> Value<'vm> {
         use Const::*;
         match (self, other) {
             (VmConst(Bool(a)), VmConst(Bool(b))) => VmConst(Bool(a && b)),
@@ -244,7 +242,7 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn or(self, other: Value) -> Value {
+    pub fn or(self, other: Value<'vm>) -> Value<'vm> {
         use Const::*;
         match (self, other) {
             (VmConst(Bool(a)), VmConst(Bool(b))) => VmConst(Bool(a || b)),
@@ -253,7 +251,7 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn eq(self, other: Value) -> Value {
+    pub fn eq(self, other: Value<'vm>) -> Value<'vm> {
         use Const::Bool;
         match (self, other) {
             (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
@@ -261,7 +259,7 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn lt(self, other: Value) -> Value {
+    pub fn lt(self, other: Value<'vm>) -> Value<'vm> {
         use Const::*;
         VmConst(Bool(match (self, other) {
             (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => a < b,
@@ -274,7 +272,7 @@ impl Value {
         }))
     }
 
-    pub fn neg(self) -> Value {
+    pub fn neg(self) -> Value<'vm> {
         use Const::*;
         match self {
             VmConst(Int(int)) => VmConst(Int(-int)),
@@ -284,7 +282,7 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn add(self, other: Value) -> Value {
+    pub fn add(self, other: Value<'vm>) -> Value<'vm> {
         use Const::*;
         match (self, other) {
             (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => VmConst(Int(a + b)),
@@ -301,7 +299,7 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn mul(self, other: Value) -> Value {
+    pub fn mul(self, other: Value<'vm>) -> Value<'vm> {
         use Const::*;
         match (self, other) {
             (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => VmConst(Int(a * b)),
@@ -313,7 +311,7 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn div(self, other: Value) -> Value {
+    pub fn div(self, other: Value<'vm>) -> Value<'vm> {
         use Const::*;
         match (self, other) {
             (_, VmConst(Int(0))) => todo!(),
@@ -327,7 +325,7 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn concat_string(&mut self, mut other: Value) -> &mut Self {
+    pub fn concat_string(&mut self, mut other: Value<'vm>) -> &mut Self {
         match (self.coerce_to_string(), other.coerce_to_string()) {
             (VmConst(Const::String(a)), VmConst(Const::String(b))) => a.push_str(b.as_str()),
             (_, Value::Catchable(_)) => *self = other,
@@ -337,7 +335,7 @@ impl Value {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: Value) -> &mut Self {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: Value<'vm>) -> &mut Self {
         if let Value::List(list) = self {
             list.push(elem);
         } else if let Value::Catchable(_) = self {
@@ -349,7 +347,7 @@ impl Value {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn concat(self, other: Value) -> Value {
+    pub fn concat(self, other: Value<'vm>) -> Value<'vm> {
         match (self, other) {
             (Value::List(a), Value::List(b)) => Value::List(a.concat(b)),
             (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
@@ -357,7 +355,7 @@ impl Value {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn push_attr(&mut self, sym: Symbol, val: Value) -> &mut Self {
+    pub fn push_attr(&mut self, sym: Symbol, val: Value<'vm>) -> &mut Self {
         if let Value::AttrSet(attrs) = self {
             attrs.push_attr(sym, val)
         } else if let Value::RecAttrSet(attrs) = self {
@@ -371,7 +369,7 @@ impl Value {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn update(self, other: Value) -> Value {
+    pub fn update(self, other: Value<'vm>) -> Value<'vm> {
         match (self, other) {
             (Value::AttrSet(a), Value::AttrSet(b)) => Value::AttrSet(a.update(b)),
             (Value::RecAttrSet(a), Value::AttrSet(b)) => Value::AttrSet(a.update_normal(b)),
@@ -399,7 +397,7 @@ impl Value {
         Ok(self)
     }
 
-    pub fn select_with_default(&mut self, sym: Symbol, default: Value) -> Result<&mut Self> {
+    pub fn select_with_default(&mut self, sym: Symbol, default: Value<'vm>) -> Result<&mut Self> {
         let val = match self {
             Value::AttrSet(attrs) => attrs.select(sym.clone()).unwrap_or(default),
             Value::RecAttrSet(attrs) => attrs.select(sym.clone()).unwrap_or(default),
@@ -438,7 +436,7 @@ impl Value {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn force(&mut self, vm: &VM) -> Result<&mut Self> {
+    pub fn force(&mut self, vm: &VM<'vm>) -> Result<&mut Self> {
         if let Value::Thunk(thunk) = self {
             let value = thunk.force(vm)?;
             *self = value
@@ -446,7 +444,7 @@ impl Value {
         Ok(self)
     }
 
-    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &VM) -> Result<&mut Self> {
+    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &VM<'vm>) -> Result<&mut Self> {
         match self {
             Value::Thunk(thunk) => {
                 let mut value = thunk.force(vm)?;
@@ -462,7 +460,7 @@ impl Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl ToPublic for Value {
+impl ToPublic for Value<'_> {
     fn to_public(self, vm: &VM) -> p::Value {
         match self {
             Value::AttrSet(attrs) => attrs.to_public(vm),
diff --git a/src/ty/internal/primop.rs b/src/ty/internal/primop.rs
index ee45473..d48943a 100644
--- a/src/ty/internal/primop.rs
+++ b/src/ty/internal/primop.rs
@@ -5,20 +5,20 @@ use crate::vm::VM;
 use super::Value;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Constructor)]
-pub struct PrimOp {
+pub struct PrimOp<'vm> {
     pub name: &'static str,
     arity: u8,
-    func: fn(&VM, Vec<Value>) -> Value,
+    func: fn(&VM<'vm>, Vec<Value<'vm>>) -> Value<'vm>,
 }
 
-impl PartialEq for PrimOp {
+impl PartialEq for PrimOp<'_> {
     fn eq(&self, _: &Self) -> bool {
         false
     }
 }
 
-impl PrimOp {
-    pub fn call(self, vm: &VM, args: Vec<Value>) -> Value {
+impl<'vm> PrimOp<'vm> {
+    pub fn call(self, vm: &VM<'vm>, args: Vec<Value<'vm>>) -> Value<'vm> {
         if (args.len() as u8) < self.arity {
             Value::PartialPrimOp(PartialPrimOp {
                 name: self.name,
@@ -35,21 +35,21 @@ impl PrimOp {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct PartialPrimOp {
+pub struct PartialPrimOp<'vm> {
     pub name: &'static str,
     arity: u8,
-    args: Vec<Value>,
-    func: fn(&VM, Vec<Value>) -> Value,
+    args: Vec<Value<'vm>>,
+    func: fn(&VM<'vm>, Vec<Value<'vm>>) -> Value<'vm>,
 }
 
-impl PartialEq for PartialPrimOp {
+impl PartialEq for PartialPrimOp<'_> {
     fn eq(&self, _: &Self) -> bool {
         false
     }
 }
 
-impl PartialPrimOp {
-    pub fn call(mut self, vm: &VM, args: Vec<Value>) -> Value {
+impl<'vm> PartialPrimOp<'vm> {
+    pub fn call(mut self, vm: &VM<'vm>, args: Vec<Value<'vm>>) -> Value<'vm> {
         let len = args.len() as u8;
         self.args.extend(args);
         if len < self.arity {
diff --git a/src/vm/env.rs b/src/vm/env.rs
index c252be1..219b980 100644
--- a/src/vm/env.rs
+++ b/src/vm/env.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ use crate::ty::common::Symbol;
 use crate::ty::internal::Value;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct Env {
-    last: RefCell<Option<Arc<Env>>>,
-    map: Arc<RefCell<HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value>>>,
+pub struct Env<'vm> {
+    last: RefCell<Option<Arc<Env<'vm>>>>,
+    map: Arc<RefCell<HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value<'vm>>>>,
 }
 
-impl Clone for Env {
+impl Clone for Env<'_> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         Env {
             last: RefCell::new(
@@ -27,24 +27,24 @@ impl Clone for Env {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct CapturedEnv {
-    env: Arc<Env>,
+pub struct CapturedEnv<'vm> {
+    env: Arc<Env<'vm>>,
 }
 
-impl Env {
-    pub fn empty() -> Env {
+impl<'vm> Env<'vm> {
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
         Env::default()
     }
 
-    pub fn lookup(&self, symbol: Symbol) -> Option<Value> {
+    pub fn lookup(&self, symbol: Symbol) -> Option<Value<'vm>> {
         self.map.borrow().get(&symbol).cloned()
     }
 
-    pub fn insert(&self, symbol: Symbol, value: Value) {
+    pub fn insert(&self, symbol: Symbol, value: Value<'vm>) {
         self.map.borrow_mut().insert_mut(symbol, value);
     }
 
-    pub fn enter(&self, new: HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value>) {
+    pub fn enter(&self, new: HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value<'vm>>) {
         let mut map = self.map.borrow().clone();
         for (k, v) in new.iter() {
             map.insert_mut(k.clone(), v.clone());
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl Env {
         *self.map.borrow_mut() = map;
     }
 
-    pub fn enter_rec(&self) -> Arc<RefCell<HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value>>> {
+    pub fn enter_rec(&self) -> Arc<RefCell<HashTrieMapSync<Symbol, Value<'vm>>>> {
         let last = Env {
             last: self.last.clone(),
             map: self.map.clone(),
@@ -73,17 +73,17 @@ impl Env {
         *self.map.borrow_mut() = map;
     }
 
-    pub fn captured(self: Arc<Self>) -> CapturedEnv {
+    pub fn captured(self: Arc<Self>) -> CapturedEnv<'vm> {
         CapturedEnv { env: self }
     }
 }
 
-impl CapturedEnv {
-    pub fn lookup(&self, symbol: Symbol) -> Option<Value> {
+impl<'vm> CapturedEnv<'vm> {
+    pub fn lookup(&self, symbol: Symbol) -> Option<Value<'vm>> {
         self.env.lookup(symbol)
     }
 
-    pub fn released(self) -> Arc<Env> {
+    pub fn released(self) -> Arc<Env<'vm>> {
         Arc::new(self.env.as_ref().clone())
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/vm/mod.rs b/src/vm/mod.rs
index 83a5c7f..a58b05f 100644
--- a/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::cell::OnceCell;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::builtins::env;
@@ -19,17 +20,30 @@ mod stack;
 mod test;
 
 pub fn run(prog: Program) -> Result<p::Value> {
-    let vm = VM::new(prog.thunks, prog.funcs);
-    Ok(vm.eval(prog.top_level, env())?.to_public(&vm))
+    let vm = VM::new(
+        prog.thunks,
+        prog.funcs
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|f| Func {
+                env: OnceCell::new(),
+                param: f.param,
+                opcodes: f.opcodes,
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    );
+    let env = env();
+    let temp = vm.eval(prog.top_level, env)?;
+    let temp = temp.to_public(&vm);
+    Ok(temp)
 }
 
-pub struct VM {
-    thunks: Box<[Thunk]>,
-    funcs: Box<[Func]>,
+pub struct VM<'vm> {
+    thunks: Box<[Thunk<'vm>]>,
+    funcs: Box<[Func<'vm>]>,
 }
 
-impl VM {
-    fn new(thunks: Box<[OpCodes]>, funcs: Box<[Func]>) -> Self {
+impl<'vm> VM<'vm> {
+    fn new(thunks: Box<[OpCodes]>, funcs: Box<[Func<'vm>]>) -> Self {
         let thunks = thunks
             .into_iter()
             .map(|opcodes| Thunk::new(opcodes))
@@ -37,15 +51,15 @@ impl VM {
         VM { thunks, funcs }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_thunk(&self, idx: usize) -> &Thunk {
-        &self.thunks[idx]
+    pub fn get_thunk(&self, idx: usize) -> &'vm Thunk<'vm> {
+        unsafe { &*(&self.thunks[idx] as *const _) }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_func(&self, idx: usize) -> &Func {
-        &self.funcs[idx]
+    pub fn get_func(&self, idx: usize) -> &'vm Func<'vm> {
+        unsafe { &*(&self.funcs[idx] as *const _) }
     }
 
-    pub fn eval(&self, opcodes: OpCodes, env: Arc<Env>) -> Result<Value> {
+    pub fn eval(&self, opcodes: OpCodes, env: Arc<Env<'vm>>) -> Result<Value<'vm>> {
         let mut stack = Stack::<STACK_SIZE>::new();
         let mut iter = opcodes.into_iter();
         while let Some(opcode) = iter.next() {
@@ -61,12 +75,13 @@ impl VM {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn single_op<const CAP: usize>(
+    fn single_op<'s, const CAP: usize>(
         &self,
         opcode: OpCode,
-        stack: &mut Stack<CAP>,
-        env: Arc<Env>,
-    ) -> Result<usize> {
+        stack: &'s mut Stack<'vm, CAP>,
+        env: Arc<Env<'vm>>,
+    ) -> Result<usize>
+    {
         match opcode {
             OpCode::Illegal => panic!("illegal opcode"),
             OpCode::Const { value } => stack.push(Value::Const(value))?,
@@ -101,8 +116,9 @@ impl VM {
                 stack.push(func.call(self, args)?)?;
             }
             OpCode::Func { idx } => {
-                self.get_func(idx).env.get_or_init(|| env.captured());
-                stack.push(Value::Func(idx))?;
+                let func = self.get_func(idx);
+                func.env.get_or_init(|| env.captured());
+                stack.push(Value::Func(func))?;
             }
             OpCode::UnOp { op } => {
                 use UnOp::*;
diff --git a/src/vm/stack.rs b/src/vm/stack.rs
index 5887cdf..9056e46 100644
--- a/src/vm/stack.rs
+++ b/src/vm/stack.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use crate::ty::internal::Value;
 
 pub const STACK_SIZE: usize = 8 * 1024 / size_of::<Value>();
 
-pub struct Stack<const CAP: usize> {
-    items: Box<[MaybeUninit<Value>; CAP]>,
+pub struct Stack<'vm, const CAP: usize> {
+    items: Box<[MaybeUninit<Value<'vm>>; CAP]>,
     top: usize,
 }
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ macro_rules! into {
     };
 }
 
-impl<const CAP: usize> Stack<CAP> {
+impl<'vm, const CAP: usize> Stack<'vm, CAP> {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Stack {
             items: (0..CAP)
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ impl<const CAP: usize> Stack<CAP> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn push(&mut self, item: Value) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, item: Value<'vm>) -> Result<()> {
         self.items
             .get_mut(self.top)
             .map_or_else(
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ impl<const CAP: usize> Stack<CAP> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Value {
+    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Value<'vm> {
         self.top -= 1;
         let item = self.items.get_mut(self.top).unwrap();
 
         unsafe { replace(item, MaybeUninit::uninit()).assume_init() }
     }
 
-    pub fn tos_mut(&mut self) -> Result<&mut Value> {
+    pub fn tos_mut(&mut self) -> Result<&mut Value<'vm>> {
         if self.top == 0 {
             panic!("stack empty")
         } else {
@@ -57,14 +57,14 @@ impl<const CAP: usize> Stack<CAP> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<const CAP: usize> Deref for Stack<CAP> {
-    type Target = [Value];
+impl<'vm, const CAP: usize> Deref for Stack<'vm, CAP> {
+    type Target = [Value<'vm>];
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         into!(&self.items[0..self.top])
     }
 }
 
-impl<const CAP: usize> Drop for Stack<CAP> {
+impl<const CAP: usize> Drop for Stack<'_, CAP> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         self.items.as_mut_slice()[0..self.top]
             .iter_mut()
diff --git a/src/vm/test.rs b/src/vm/test.rs
index cbcd51c..5913ee2 100644
--- a/src/vm/test.rs
+++ b/src/vm/test.rs
@@ -204,7 +204,6 @@ fn test_fib() {
 }
 
 #[bench]
-#[ignore]
 fn bench_fib(b: &mut Bencher) {
     b.iter(|| {
         black_box(test_expr(