feat: builtins env (WIP)

works, but leaks memory

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
 target/
 
 /.direnv/
+.env
+
+/flamegraph.svg
+/perf.data*

Cargo.lock

@@ -23,16 +23,6 @@ version = "1.0.98"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e16d2d3311acee920a9eb8d33b8cbc1787ce4a264e85f964c2404b969bdcd487"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "archery"
-version = "1.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8967cd1cc9e9e1954f644e14fbd6042fe9a37da96c52a67e44a2ac18261f8561"
-dependencies = [
- "static_assertions",
- "triomphe",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -313,8 +303,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "inkwell",
  "itertools",
  "regex",
+ "replace_with",
  "rnix",
- "rpds",
  "rustyline",
  "thiserror 2.0.12",
 ]
@@ -388,6 +378,12 @@ version = "0.8.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2b15c43186be67a4fd63bee50d0303afffcef381492ebe2c5d87f324e1b8815c"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "replace_with"
+version = "0.1.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "51743d3e274e2b18df81c4dc6caf8a5b8e15dbe799e0dca05c7617380094e884"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rnix"
 version = "0.12.0"
@@ -410,15 +406,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "text-size",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rpds"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a0e15515d3ce3313324d842629ea4905c25a13f81953eadb88f85516f59290a4"
-dependencies = [
- "archery",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -478,12 +465,6 @@ version = "1.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "static_assertions"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a2eb9349b6444b326872e140eb1cf5e7c522154d69e7a0ffb0fb81c06b37543f"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
 version = "2.0.101"
@@ -541,12 +522,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "triomphe"
-version = "0.1.11"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "859eb650cfee7434994602c3a68b25d77ad9e68c8a6cd491616ef86661382eb3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
 version = "1.0.18"

Cargo.toml

@@ -11,19 +11,23 @@ name = "repl"
 required-features = ["repl"]
 
 [profile.perf]
-debug = 1
+debug = 2
+strip = false
 inherits = "release"
 
+[profile.release]
+lto = true
+strip = true
+
 [dependencies]
 rnix = "0.12"
 thiserror = "2.0"
 itertools = "0.14"
-rpds = "1.1"
+derive_more = { version = "2.0", features = ["full"] }
-derive_more = { version = "2.0", features = [ "full" ] }
 ecow = "0.2"
 regex = "1.11"
 hashbrown = "0.15"
-
+replace_with = "0.1"
 inkwell = { version = "0.6.0", features = ["llvm18-1"] }
 
 rustyline = { version = "15.0", optional = true }

src/bin/compile.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use std::process::exit;
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nixjit::compile::compile;
+use nixjit::error::Error;
+use nixjit::error::Result;
+use nixjit::ir::downgrade;
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut args = std::env::args();
+    if args.len() != 2 {
+        eprintln!("Usage: {} expr", args.next().unwrap());
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    args.next();
+    let expr = args.next().unwrap();
+    let root = rnix::Root::parse(&expr);
+    if !root.errors().is_empty() {
+        return Err(Error::ParseError(
+            root.errors().iter().map(|err| err.to_string()).join(";"),
+        ));
+    }
+    let expr = root.tree().expr().unwrap();
+    let downgraded = downgrade(expr)?;
+    let prog = compile(downgraded);
+    println!("{prog:?}");
+
+    Ok(())
+}

src/bin/eval.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+use std::process::exit;
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use nixjit::compile::compile;
+use nixjit::error::Error;
+use nixjit::error::Result;
+use nixjit::ir::downgrade;
+use nixjit::vm::run;
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut args = std::env::args();
+    if args.len() != 2 {
+        eprintln!("Usage: {} expr", args.next().unwrap());
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    args.next();
+    let expr = args.next().unwrap();
+    let root = rnix::Root::parse(&expr);
+    if !root.errors().is_empty() {
+        return Err(Error::ParseError(
+            root.errors().iter().map(|err| err.to_string()).join(";"),
+        ));
+    }
+    let expr = root.tree().expr().unwrap();
+    let downgraded = downgrade(expr)?;
+    let prog = compile(downgraded);
+    println!("{}", run(prog)?);
+
+    Ok(())
+}

src/bin/repl.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use inkwell::context::Context;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use rustyline::error::ReadlineError;
 use rustyline::{DefaultEditor, Result};
@@ -6,7 +5,7 @@ use rustyline::{DefaultEditor, Result};
 use nixjit::compile::compile;
 use nixjit::error::Error;
 use nixjit::ir::downgrade;
-use nixjit::vm::{JITContext, run};
+use nixjit::vm::run;
 
 macro_rules! unwrap {
     ($e:expr) => {
@@ -43,9 +42,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
                 let expr = root.tree().expr().unwrap();
                 let downgraded = unwrap!(downgrade(expr));
                 let prog = compile(downgraded);
-                let ctx = Context::create();
+                println!("{}", unwrap!(run(prog)));
-                let jit = JITContext::new(&ctx);
-                println!("{}", unwrap!(run(prog, jit)));
             }
             Err(ReadlineError::Interrupted) => {
                 println!("CTRL-C");

src/builtins/mod.rs

@@ -1,60 +1,12 @@
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
-use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use crate::ty::internal::{AttrSet, Const, PrimOp, Value};
+use crate::ty::common::Const;
-use crate::vm::{Env, VM};
+use crate::ir::{DowngradeContext, Ir};
-
-pub fn env<'vm>(vm: &'vm VM) -> Env<'vm> {
-    let mut env = Env::empty();
-    env.insert(vm.new_sym("true"), Value::Const(Const::Bool(true)));
-    env.insert(vm.new_sym("false"), Value::Const(Const::Bool(false)));
-
-    let primops = [
-        PrimOp::new("add", 2, |_, args| {
-            let [first, second]: [Value; 2] = args.try_into().unwrap();
-            first.add(second).ok()
-        }),
-        PrimOp::new("sub", 2, |_, args| {
-            let [first, second]: [Value; 2] = args.try_into().unwrap();
-            first.add(second.neg()).ok()
-        }),
-        PrimOp::new("mul", 2, |_, args| {
-            let [first, second]: [Value; 2] = args.try_into().unwrap();
-            first.mul(second).ok()
-        }),
-        PrimOp::new("div", 2, |_, args| {
-            let [first, second]: [Value; 2] = args.try_into().unwrap();
-            first.div(second)
-        }),
-        PrimOp::new("lessThan", 2, |_, args| {
-            let [first, second]: [Value; 2] = args.try_into().unwrap();
-            first.lt(second).ok()
-        }),
-        PrimOp::new("seq", 2, |vm, args| {
-            let [mut first, second]: [Value; 2] = args.try_into().unwrap();
-            first.force(vm).unwrap();
-            second.ok()
-        }),
-        PrimOp::new("deepSeq", 2, |vm, args| {
-            let [mut first, second]: [Value; 2] = args.try_into().unwrap();
-            first.force_deep(vm).unwrap();
-            second.ok()
-        }),
-    ];
 
+pub fn ir_env(ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> HashMap<usize, Ir> {
     let mut map = HashMap::new();
-    for primop in primops {
+    map.insert(ctx.new_sym("true"), ctx.new_const(Const::Bool(true)).ir());
-        let primop = Rc::new(primop);
+    map.insert(ctx.new_sym("false"), ctx.new_const(Const::Bool(false)).ir());
-        env.insert(
-            vm.new_sym(format!("__{}", primop.name)),
-            Value::PrimOp(primop.clone()),
-        );
-        map.insert(vm.new_sym(primop.name), Value::PrimOp(primop));
-    }
-    let attrs: Rc<_> = AttrSet::from_inner(map).into();
-    let mut builtins = Value::AttrSet(attrs);
-    builtins.push_attr(vm.new_sym("builtins"), Value::Builtins);
 
-    env.insert(vm.new_sym("builtins"), builtins);
+    map
-    env
 }

src/bytecode.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+use ecow::EcoString;
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
 
-use ecow::EcoString;
+use crate::ty::common::Const;
-
+use crate::ty::internal::Param;
-use crate::ty::internal::{Const, Param};
 
 type Slice<T> = Box<[T]>;
 
@@ -14,40 +14,45 @@ pub enum OpCode {
     Const { idx: usize },
     /// load a dynamic var onto stack
     LookUp { sym: usize },
+    /// load a var from let binding onto stack
+    LookUpLet { level: usize, idx: usize },
     /// load a thunk lazily onto stack
     LoadThunk { idx: usize },
+    /// load a thunk value onto stack
+    LoadValue { idx: usize },
     /// let TOS capture current environment
     CaptureEnv,
     /// force TOS to value
     ForceValue,
+    /// TODO:
+    InsertValue,
 
-    /// [ .. func args @ .. ] consume (`arity` + 1) elements, call `func` with args` of length `arity`
+    /// [ .. func arg ] consume 2 elements, call `func` with arg
-    /// Example: __add 1 2 => [ LookUp("__add") Const(1) Const(2) Call(2) ]
+    Call,
-    Call { arity: usize },
     /// make a function
     Func { idx: usize },
+    /// load a function argument
+    Arg { level: usize },
 
     /// consume 1 element, assert TOS is true
     Assert,
 
     /// jump forward
     Jmp { step: usize },
-    /// [ .. cond ] consume 1 element, if `cond`` is true, then jump forward
-    JmpIfTrue { step: usize },
     /// [ .. cond ] consume 1 element, if `cond` is false, then jump forward
     JmpIfFalse { step: usize },
 
     /// push an empty attribute set onto stack
     AttrSet { cap: usize },
     /// finalize the recursive attribute set at TOS
-    FinalizeRec,
+    FinalizeLet,
     /// [ .. set value ] consume 1 element, push a static kv pair (`name`, `value`) into `set`
     PushStaticAttr { name: usize },
     /// [ .. set name value ] consume 2 elements, push a dynamic kv pair (`name`, `value`) in to `set`
     PushDynamicAttr,
 
     /// push an empty list onto stack
-    List,
+    List { cap: usize },
     /// [ .. list elem ] consume 1 element, push `elem` into `list`
     PushElem,
 
@@ -72,10 +77,12 @@ pub enum OpCode {
     SelectDynamic,
     /// [ .. set sym default ] select `sym` from `set` or `default`
     SelectDynamicOrDefault,
-    /// enter the environment of the attribute set at TOS
+    /// enter the with environment of the attribute set at TOS
-    EnterEnv,
+    EnterWithEnv,
     /// exit current envrironment
     LeaveEnv,
+    /// TODO:
+    PopEnv,
 
     /// illegal operation, used as termporary placeholder
     Illegal,

src/compile.rs

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl Compiler {
     }
 
     fn compile(mut self, ir: ir::Ir) -> OpCodes {
-        ir.compile(&mut self);
+        ir.compile_force(&mut self);
         self.opcodes()
     }
 
@@ -60,8 +60,12 @@ impl Compiler {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait Compile {
+pub trait Compile: Sized {
     fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler);
+    fn compile_force(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
+        self.compile(comp);
+        comp.push(OpCode::ForceValue);
+    }
 }
 
 pub trait CompileWithLength {
@@ -81,6 +85,9 @@ impl Compile for ir::Const {
     fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
         comp.push(OpCode::Const { idx: self.idx });
     }
+    fn compile_force(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
+        self.compile(comp);
+    }
 }
 
 impl Compile for ir::Var {
@@ -89,10 +96,28 @@ impl Compile for ir::Var {
     }
 }
 
+impl Compile for ir::Arg {
+    fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
+        comp.push(OpCode::Arg { level: self.level })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Compile for ir::LetVar {
+    fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
+        comp.push(OpCode::LookUpLet {
+            level: self.level,
+            idx: self.idx,
+        });
+    }
+}
+
 impl Compile for ir::Thunk {
     fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
         comp.push(OpCode::LoadThunk { idx: self.idx });
     }
+    fn compile_force(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
+        comp.push(OpCode::LoadValue { idx: self.idx });
+    }
 }
 
 impl Compile for ir::Attrs {
@@ -101,29 +126,30 @@ impl Compile for ir::Attrs {
             cap: self.stcs.len() + self.dyns.len(),
         });
         for stc in self.stcs {
+            let thunk = stc.1.is_thunk();
             stc.1.compile(comp);
-            if !self.rec {
+            if thunk {
                 comp.push(OpCode::CaptureEnv);
             }
             comp.push(OpCode::PushStaticAttr { name: stc.0 });
         }
         for dynamic in self.dyns {
-            dynamic.0.compile(comp);
+            let thunk = dynamic.1.is_thunk();
+            dynamic.0.compile_force(comp);
             dynamic.1.compile(comp);
-            if !self.rec {
+            if thunk {
                 comp.push(OpCode::CaptureEnv);
             }
             comp.push(OpCode::PushDynamicAttr)
         }
-        if self.rec {
-            comp.push(OpCode::FinalizeRec);
-        }
     }
 }
 
 impl Compile for ir::List {
     fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
-        comp.push(OpCode::List);
+        comp.push(OpCode::List {
+            cap: self.items.len(),
+        });
         for item in self.items {
             item.compile(comp);
             comp.push(OpCode::PushElem);
@@ -136,11 +162,11 @@ impl Compile for ir::UnOp {
         use ir::UnOpKind::*;
         match self.kind {
             Neg => {
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::UnOp { op: UnOp::Neg });
             }
             Not => {
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::UnOp { op: UnOp::Not });
             }
         }
@@ -152,95 +178,95 @@ impl Compile for ir::BinOp {
         use ir::BinOpKind::*;
         match self.kind {
             Add => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Add });
             }
             Mul => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Mul });
             }
             Div => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Div });
             }
             And => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::And });
             }
             Or => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Or });
             }
             Eq => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Eq });
             }
             Lt => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Lt });
             }
             Con => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Con });
             }
             Upd => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Upd });
             }
 
             Sub => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Sub });
             }
             Impl => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::UnOp { op: UnOp::Not });
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Or });
             }
             Neq => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Eq });
                 comp.push(OpCode::UnOp { op: UnOp::Not });
             }
             Gt => {
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Lt });
             }
             Leq => {
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Lt });
                 comp.push(OpCode::UnOp { op: UnOp::Not });
             }
             Geq => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
                 comp.push(OpCode::BinOp { op: BinOp::Lt });
                 comp.push(OpCode::UnOp { op: UnOp::Not });
             }
 
             PipeL => {
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
-                comp.push(OpCode::Call { arity: 1 });
+                comp.push(OpCode::Call);
             }
             PipeR => {
-                self.rhs.compile(comp);
+                self.rhs.compile_force(comp);
-                self.lhs.compile(comp);
+                self.lhs.compile_force(comp);
-                comp.push(OpCode::Call { arity: 1 });
+                comp.push(OpCode::Call);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -250,13 +276,14 @@ impl Compile for ir::HasAttr {
     fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
         self.lhs.compile(comp);
         for attr in self.rhs {
+            comp.push(OpCode::ForceValue);
             match attr {
                 ir::Attr::Str(sym) => {
                     comp.push(OpCode::AttrSet { cap: 0 });
                     comp.push(OpCode::SelectOrDefault { sym })
                 }
                 ir::Attr::Dynamic(dynamic) => {
-                    dynamic.compile(comp);
+                    dynamic.compile_force(comp);
                     comp.push(OpCode::AttrSet { cap: 0 });
                     comp.push(OpCode::SelectDynamicOrDefault);
                 }
@@ -281,6 +308,7 @@ impl Compile for ir::Select {
     fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
         self.expr.compile(comp);
         for attr in self.attrpath {
+            comp.push(OpCode::ForceValue);
             match attr {
                 ir::Attr::Str(sym) => {
                     comp.push(OpCode::AttrSet { cap: 0 });
@@ -303,11 +331,7 @@ impl Compile for ir::Select {
                 let last = comp.pop().unwrap();
                 let _ = comp.pop();
                 default.compile(comp);
-                match last {
+                comp.push(last);
-                    OpCode::SelectOrDefault { sym } => comp.push(OpCode::SelectOrDefault { sym }),
-                    OpCode::SelectDynamicOrDefault => comp.push(OpCode::SelectDynamicOrDefault),
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
-                }
             }
             None => {
                 let last = comp.pop().unwrap();
@@ -320,14 +344,18 @@ impl Compile for ir::Select {
             }
         }
     }
+    fn compile_force(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
+        self.compile(comp);
+        comp.push(OpCode::ForceValue);
+    }
 }
 
 impl Compile for ir::ConcatStrings {
     fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
         let mut iter = self.parts.into_iter();
-        iter.next().unwrap().compile(comp);
+        iter.next().unwrap().compile_force(comp);
         for item in iter {
-            item.compile(comp);
+            item.compile_force(comp);
             comp.push(OpCode::ConcatString);
         }
     }
@@ -361,9 +389,19 @@ impl Compile for ir::If {
 
 impl Compile for ir::Let {
     fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
-        self.attrs.compile(comp);
+        comp.push(OpCode::List {
-        comp.push(OpCode::EnterEnv);
+            cap: self.bindings.len(),
+        });
+        for (_, val) in self.bindings {
+            val.compile(comp);
+            comp.push(OpCode::PushElem);
+        }
+        comp.push(OpCode::FinalizeLet);
+        let thunk = self.expr.is_thunk();
         self.expr.compile(comp);
+        if thunk {
+            comp.push(OpCode::CaptureEnv);
+        }
         comp.push(OpCode::LeaveEnv);
     }
 }
@@ -371,7 +409,7 @@ impl Compile for ir::Let {
 impl Compile for ir::With {
     fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
         self.namespace.compile(comp);
-        comp.push(OpCode::EnterEnv);
+        comp.push(OpCode::EnterWithEnv);
         self.expr.compile(comp);
         comp.push(OpCode::LeaveEnv);
     }
@@ -393,12 +431,11 @@ impl Compile for ir::LoadFunc {
 
 impl Compile for ir::Call {
     fn compile(self, comp: &mut Compiler) {
-        let arity = self.args.len();
+        self.func.compile_force(comp);
-        self.func.compile(comp);
         self.args.into_iter().for_each(|arg| {
             arg.compile(comp);
+            comp.push(OpCode::Call);
         });
-        comp.push(OpCode::Call { arity });
     }
 }
 

src/env.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use hashbrown::HashMap;
+
+use crate::{ir::Ir, ty::internal::Value};
+
+pub struct Env<K: Hash + Eq, V> {
+    let_: Rc<LetEnv<V>>,
+    with: Rc<With<K, V>>,
+    args: Rc<Vec<V>>,
+    last: Option<Rc<Env<K, V>>>,
+}
+
+pub struct LetEnv<V> {
+    map: Vec<V>,
+    last: Option<Rc<LetEnv<V>>>,
+}
+
+pub type VmEnv<'gc> = Env<usize, Value<'gc>>;
+pub type IrEnv<'gc> = Env<usize, Ir>;
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+pub struct With<K: Hash + Eq, V> {
+    map: Option<Rc<HashMap<K, V>>>,
+    last: Option<Rc<With<K, V>>>,
+}
+
+enum LetNode<K: Hash + Eq, V> {
+    Let(Rc<HashMap<K, V>>),
+    MultiArg(Rc<HashMap<K, V>>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum Type {
+    Arg,
+    Let,
+    With,
+}
+
+impl<K: Hash + Eq + Clone, V: Clone> Env<K, V> {
+    pub fn new(map: Vec<V>) -> Rc<Self> {
+        Rc::new(Self {
+            let_: LetEnv::new(map),
+            with: With {
+                map: None,
+                last: None,
+            }.into(),
+            args: Vec::new().into(),
+            last: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn lookup_arg(&self, level: usize) -> &V {
+        &self.args[self.args.len() - level - 1]
+    }
+
+    pub fn lookup_let(&self, level: usize, idx: usize) -> &V {
+        self.let_.lookup(level, idx)
+    }
+
+    pub fn lookup_with(&self, symbol: &K) -> Option<&V> {
+        self.with.lookup(symbol)
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_with(&self) -> bool {
+        self.with.map.is_some()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn enter_arg(self: Rc<Self>, val: V) -> Rc<Self> {
+        let mut args = self.args.clone();
+        Rc::make_mut(&mut args).push(val);
+        Rc::new(Self {
+            let_: self.let_.clone(),
+            with: self.with.clone(),
+            last: Some(self),
+            args,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn enter_let(self: Rc<Self>, map: Vec<V>) -> Rc<Self> {
+        Rc::new(Self {
+            let_: self.let_.clone().enter_let(map),
+            with: self.with.clone(),
+            args: self.args.clone(),
+            last: Some(self),
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn enter_with(self: Rc<Self>, map: Rc<HashMap<K, V>>) -> Rc<Self> {
+        Rc::new(Self {
+            let_: self.let_.clone(),
+            with: self.with.clone().enter(map),
+            args: self.args.clone(),
+            last: Some(self),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn leave(&self) -> Rc<Self> {
+        self.last.clone().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<V: Clone> LetEnv<V> {
+    pub fn new(map: Vec<V>) -> Rc<Self> {
+        Rc::new(Self { map, last: None })
+    }
+
+    pub fn lookup(&self, level: usize, idx: usize) -> &V {
+        let mut cur = self;
+        for _ in 0..level {
+            cur = cur.last.as_ref().unwrap();
+        }
+        &cur.map[idx]
+    }
+
+    pub fn enter_let(self: Rc<Self>, map: Vec<V>) -> Rc<Self> {
+        Rc::new(Self {
+            map,
+            last: Some(self),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K: Hash + Eq + Clone, V: Clone> With<K, V> {
+    pub fn lookup(&self, symbol: &K) -> Option<&V> {
+        if let Some(val) = self.map.as_ref()?.get(symbol) {
+            return Some(val);
+        }
+        self.last.as_ref().and_then(|env| env.lookup(symbol))
+    }
+
+    pub fn enter(self: Rc<Self>, map: Rc<HashMap<K, V>>) -> Rc<Self> {
+        Rc::new(Self {
+            map: Some(map),
+            last: Some(self),
+        })
+    }
+}

src/error.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ pub enum Error {
     DowngradeError(String),
     #[error("error occurred during evaluation stage: {0}")]
     EvalError(String),
+    #[error("error occurred during JIT compile stage: {0}")]
+    CompileError(#[from] inkwell::builder::BuilderError),
     #[error("unknown error")]
     Unknown,
 }

src/ir.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,22 @@
+use derive_more::{IsVariant, TryUnwrap, Unwrap};
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
 
 use ecow::EcoString;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use rnix::ast::HasEntry;
 use rnix::ast::{self, Expr};
 
+use crate::builtins::ir_env;
 use crate::compile::*;
 use crate::error::*;
-use crate::ty::internal as i;
+use crate::ty::common as c;
 
 pub fn downgrade(expr: Expr) -> Result<Downgraded> {
     let mut ctx = DowngradeContext::new();
+    let builtins = ir_env(&mut ctx);
+    let env = Env::new(&builtins);
     let ir = expr.downgrade(&mut ctx)?;
+    let ir = ir.resolve(&mut ctx, &env)?;
     Ok(Downgraded {
         top_level: ir,
         consts: ctx.consts.into(),
@@ -20,14 +27,6 @@ pub fn downgrade(expr: Expr) -> Result<Downgraded> {
     })
 }
 
-trait Downcast<T: Sized>
-where
-    Self: Sized,
-{
-    fn downcast_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>;
-    fn downcast_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>;
-}
-
 macro_rules! ir {
     (
         $(
@@ -38,22 +37,59 @@ macro_rules! ir {
         )
         ,*$(,)?
     ) => {
-        #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+        #[derive(Clone, Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap)]
-        pub enum Ir {
+                pub enum Ir {
             $(
                 $ty($ty),
             )*
         }
 
+        #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, TryUnwrap)]
+        pub enum IrRef<'a> {
+            $(
+                $ty(&'a $ty),
+            )*
+        }
+
+        #[derive(Debug, IsVariant, TryUnwrap)]
+        pub enum IrMut<'a> {
+            $(
+                $ty(&'a mut $ty),
+            )*
+        }
+
         impl Ir {
+            #[inline]
             fn boxed(self) -> Box<Self> {
                 Box::new(self)
             }
+
+            #[inline]
             fn ok(self) -> Result<Self> {
                 Ok(self)
             }
-        }
 
+            #[inline]
+            fn as_ref(&self) -> IrRef {
+                match self {
+                    $(Ir::$ty(ir) => IrRef::$ty(ir),)*
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn as_mut(&mut self) -> IrMut {
+                match self {
+                    $(Ir::$ty(ir) => IrMut::$ty(ir),)*
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+                match self {
+                    $(Ir::$ty(ir) => ir.resolve(ctx, env),)*
+                }
+            }
+        }
         impl Compile for Ir {
             fn compile(self, ctx: &mut Compiler) {
                 match self {
@@ -67,7 +103,7 @@ macro_rules! ir {
                 #[$($x)*]
             )*
             #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-            pub struct $ty {
+                        pub struct $ty {
                 $(
                     pub $name : $elemtype,
                 )*
@@ -78,27 +114,12 @@ macro_rules! ir {
                     Ir::$ty(self)
                 }
             }
-
-            impl Downcast<$ty> for Ir {
-                fn downcast_ref(&self) -> Option<&$ty> {
-                    match self {
-                        Ir::$ty(value) => Some(value),
-                        _ => None,
-                    }
-                }
-                fn downcast_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut $ty> {
-                    match self {
-                        Ir::$ty(value) => Some(value),
-                        _ => None,
-                    }
-                }
-            }
         )*
     }
 }
 
 ir! {
-    Attrs => { stcs: HashMap<usize, Ir>, dyns: Vec<DynamicAttrPair>, rec: bool },
+    Attrs => { stcs: HashMap<usize, Ir>, dyns: Vec<DynamicAttrPair> },
     List  => { items: Vec<Ir> },
     HasAttr => { lhs: Box<Ir>, rhs: Vec<Attr> },
     BinOp => { lhs: Box<Ir>, rhs: Box<Ir>, kind: BinOpKind },
@@ -108,13 +129,19 @@ ir! {
     LoadFunc => { idx: usize },
     Call => { func: Box<Ir>, args: Vec<Ir> },
 
-    Let => { attrs: Attrs, expr: Box<Ir> },
+    Let => { bindings: Vec<(usize, Ir)>, expr: Box<Ir> },
     With => { namespace: Box<Ir>, expr: Box<Ir> },
     Assert => { assertion: Box<Ir>, expr: Box<Ir> },
     ConcatStrings => { parts: Vec<Ir> },
+    #[derive(Copy)]
     Const => { idx: usize },
+    #[derive(Copy)]
     Var => { sym: usize },
     #[derive(Copy)]
+    Arg => { level: usize },
+    #[derive(Copy)]
+    LetVar => { level: usize, idx: usize },
+    #[derive(Copy)]
     Thunk => { idx: usize },
     Path => { expr: Box<Ir> },
 }
@@ -122,19 +149,148 @@ ir! {
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct DynamicAttrPair(pub Ir, pub Ir);
 
-#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct DowngradeContext {
     thunks: Vec<Ir>,
     funcs: Vec<Func>,
-    consts: Vec<i::Const>,
+    consts: Vec<c::Const>,
-    constmap: HashMap<i::Const, usize>,
+    constmap: HashMap<c::Const, usize>,
     symbols: Vec<EcoString>,
     symmap: HashMap<EcoString, usize>,
 }
 
+struct Env<'a, 'env> {
+    env: EnvNode<'a>,
+    prev: Option<&'env Env<'a, 'env>>,
+}
+
+enum EnvNode<'a> {
+    Builtins(&'a HashMap<usize, Ir>),
+    Let(&'a Vec<usize>),
+    SingleArg(usize),
+    MultiArg(HashMap<usize, Option<Ir>>, Option<usize>),
+    With,
+}
+
+enum LookupResult {
+    Builtin(Ir),
+    Let { level: usize, idx: usize },
+    SingleArg { level: usize },
+    MultiArg { level: usize, default: Option<Ir> },
+    With,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'env> Env<'a, 'env> {
+    fn new(base: &'a HashMap<usize, Ir>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            env: EnvNode::Builtins(base),
+            prev: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn enter_let(&'env self, map: &'a Vec<usize>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            env: EnvNode::Let(map),
+            prev: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn enter_single_arg(&'env self, ident: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            env: EnvNode::SingleArg(ident),
+            prev: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn enter_multi_arg(&'env self, map: HashMap<usize, Option<Ir>>, alias: Option<usize>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            env: EnvNode::MultiArg(map, alias),
+            prev: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn enter_with(&'env self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            env: EnvNode::With,
+            prev: Some(self),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn _lookup(
+        &self,
+        ident: usize,
+        mut arg_level: usize,
+        mut let_level: usize,
+        has_with: bool,
+    ) -> core::result::Result<LookupResult, ()> {
+        use EnvNode::*;
+        let mut has_with = has_with;
+        match &self.env {
+            Builtins(map) => {
+                return if let Some(ir) = map.get(&ident) {
+                    Ok(LookupResult::Builtin(ir.clone()))
+                } else if has_with {
+                    Ok(LookupResult::With)
+                } else {
+                    Err(())
+                };
+            }
+            Let(map) => {
+                if let Ok(idx) = map.binary_search(&ident) {
+                    return Ok(LookupResult::Let {
+                        level: let_level,
+                        idx,
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    let_level += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            SingleArg(arg) => {
+                if *arg == ident {
+                    return Ok(LookupResult::SingleArg { level: arg_level });
+                } else {
+                    arg_level += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            MultiArg(set, alias) => {
+                if let Some(default) = set.get(&ident) {
+                    return Ok(LookupResult::MultiArg {
+                        level: arg_level,
+                        default: default.clone(),
+                    });
+                } else if *alias == Some(ident) {
+                    return Ok(LookupResult::SingleArg { level: arg_level });
+                } else {
+                    arg_level += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            With => has_with = true,
+        }
+        self.prev
+            .map(|prev| prev._lookup(ident, arg_level, let_level, has_with))
+            .map_or_else(|| unreachable!(), |x| x)
+    }
+
+    fn lookup(&self, ident: usize) -> core::result::Result<LookupResult, ()> {
+        self._lookup(ident, 0, 0, false)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DowngradeContext {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        DowngradeContext {
+            thunks: Vec::new(),
+            funcs: Vec::new(),
+            consts: Vec::new(),
+            constmap: HashMap::new(),
+            symbols: Vec::new(),
+            symmap: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub struct Downgraded {
     pub top_level: Ir,
-    pub consts: Box<[i::Const]>,
+    pub consts: Box<[c::Const]>,
     pub symbols: Vec<EcoString>,
     pub symmap: HashMap<EcoString, usize>,
     pub thunks: Box<[Ir]>,
@@ -142,10 +298,6 @@ pub struct Downgraded {
 }
 
 impl DowngradeContext {
-    fn new() -> DowngradeContext {
-        DowngradeContext::default()
-    }
-
     fn new_thunk(&mut self, thunk: Ir) -> Thunk {
         let idx = self.thunks.len();
         self.thunks.push(thunk);
@@ -158,7 +310,7 @@ impl DowngradeContext {
         LoadFunc { idx }
     }
 
-    fn new_const(&mut self, cnst: i::Const) -> Const {
+    pub fn new_const(&mut self, cnst: c::Const) -> Const {
         if let Some(&idx) = self.constmap.get(&cnst) {
             Const { idx }
         } else {
@@ -170,7 +322,7 @@ impl DowngradeContext {
         }
     }
 
-    fn new_sym(&mut self, sym: impl Into<EcoString>) -> usize {
+    pub fn new_sym(&mut self, sym: impl Into<EcoString>) -> usize {
         let sym = sym.into();
         if let Some(&idx) = self.symmap.get(&sym) {
             idx
@@ -180,10 +332,48 @@ impl DowngradeContext {
             self.symbols.len() - 1
         }
     }
+
+    fn get_sym(&self, idx: usize) -> &EcoString {
+        &self.symbols[idx]
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_func(&mut self, idx: usize, env: &Env) -> Result<()> {
+        let self_ptr = self as *mut Self;
+        self.funcs.get_mut(idx).map_or_else(
+            || unreachable!(),
+            |func| {
+                unsafe {
+                    let old = std::ptr::read(func);
+                    std::ptr::write(func, old.resolve(self_ptr.as_mut().unwrap(), env)?);
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_thunk(&mut self, idx: usize, env: &Env) -> Result<()> {
+        let self_ptr = self as *mut Self;
+        self.thunks.get_mut(idx).map_or_else(
+            || unreachable!(),
+            |thunk| {
+                unsafe {
+                    let old = std::ptr::read(thunk);
+                    std::ptr::write(thunk, old.resolve(self_ptr.as_mut().unwrap(), env)?);
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            },
+        )
+    }
 }
 
 impl Attrs {
-    fn _insert(&mut self, mut path: std::vec::IntoIter<Attr>, name: Attr, value: Ir) -> Result<()> {
+    fn _insert(
+        &mut self,
+        mut path: std::vec::IntoIter<Attr>,
+        name: Attr,
+        value: Ir,
+        ctx: &mut DowngradeContext,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
         if let Some(attr) = path.next() {
             match attr {
                 Attr::Str(ident) => {
@@ -191,41 +381,37 @@ impl Attrs {
                         self.stcs
                             .get_mut(&ident)
                             .unwrap()
-                            .downcast_mut()
+                            .as_mut()
-                            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                            .try_unwrap_attrs().map_err(|_| Error::DowngradeError(format!(
-                                Error::DowngradeError(format!(
+                                    r#"attribute '{}' already defined"#,
-                                    r#""{ident}" already exsists in this set"#
+                                    ctx.get_sym(ident)
-                                ))
+                                )))
-                            })
+                            .and_then(|attrs: &mut Attrs| attrs._insert(path, name, value, ctx))
-                            .and_then(|attrs: &mut Attrs| attrs._insert(path, name, value))
                     } else {
                         let mut attrs = Attrs {
-                            rec: false,
                             stcs: HashMap::new(),
                             dyns: Vec::new(),
                         };
-                        attrs._insert(path, name, value)?;
+                        attrs._insert(path, name, value, ctx)?;
                         assert!(self.stcs.insert(ident, attrs.ir()).is_none());
                         Ok(())
                     }
                 }
                 Attr::Strs(string) => {
                     let mut attrs = Attrs {
-                        rec: false,
                         stcs: HashMap::new(),
                         dyns: Vec::new(),
                     };
-                    attrs._insert(path, name, value)?;
+                    attrs._insert(path, name, value, ctx)?;
                     self.dyns.push(DynamicAttrPair(string.ir(), attrs.ir()));
                     Ok(())
                 }
                 Attr::Dynamic(dynamic) => {
                     let mut attrs = Attrs {
-                        rec: false,
                         stcs: HashMap::new(),
                         dyns: Vec::new(),
                     };
-                    attrs._insert(path, name, value)?;
+                    attrs._insert(path, name, value, ctx)?;
                     self.dyns.push(DynamicAttrPair(dynamic, attrs.ir()));
                     Ok(())
                 }
@@ -235,7 +421,8 @@ impl Attrs {
                 Attr::Str(ident) => {
                     if self.stcs.get(&ident).is_some() {
                         return Err(Error::DowngradeError(format!(
-                            r#""{ident}" already exsists in this set"#
+                            r#"attribute '{}' already defined"#,
+                            ctx.get_sym(ident)
                         )));
                     }
                     self.stcs.insert(ident, value);
@@ -251,10 +438,10 @@ impl Attrs {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, path: Vec<Attr>, value: Ir) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, path: Vec<Attr>, value: Ir, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<()> {
         let mut path = path.into_iter();
         let name = path.next_back().unwrap();
-        self._insert(path, name, value)
+        self._insert(path, name, value, ctx)
     }
 
     fn _has_attr(&self, mut path: std::slice::Iter<Attr>, name: Attr) -> Option<bool> {
@@ -262,7 +449,7 @@ impl Attrs {
             Some(Attr::Str(ident)) => self
                 .stcs
                 .get(ident)
-                .and_then(|attrs| attrs.downcast_ref())
+                .and_then(|attrs| attrs.as_ref().try_unwrap_attrs().ok())
                 .map_or(Some(false), |attrs: &Attrs| attrs._has_attr(path, name)),
             None => match name {
                 Attr::Str(ident) => Some(self.stcs.get(&ident).is_some()),
@@ -279,13 +466,30 @@ impl Attrs {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, TryUnwrap)]
 pub enum Attr {
     Dynamic(Ir),
     Strs(ConcatStrings),
     Str(usize),
 }
 
+impl Attr {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Attr> {
+        use Attr::*;
+        Ok(match self {
+            Dynamic(ir) => Dynamic(ir.resolve(ctx, env)?),
+            other => other,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Thunk {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        ctx.resolve_thunk(self.idx, env)?;
+        self.ir().ok()
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum BinOpKind {
     Add,
@@ -359,12 +563,20 @@ pub struct Func {
 pub enum Param {
     Ident(usize),
     Formals {
+        // formals: Vec<(usize, Option<Ir>)>,
         formals: Vec<(usize, Option<Thunk>)>,
         ellipsis: bool,
         alias: Option<usize>,
     },
 }
 
+impl LoadFunc {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        ctx.resolve_func(self.idx, env)?;
+        self.ir().ok()
+    }
+}
+
 trait Downgrade
 where
     Self: Sized,
@@ -410,6 +622,17 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::Assert {
     }
 }
 
+impl Assert {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        Self {
+            assertion: self.assertion.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+            expr: self.expr.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::IfElse {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
         If {
@@ -422,6 +645,18 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::IfElse {
     }
 }
 
+impl If {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        If {
+            cond: self.cond.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+            consq: self.consq.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+            alter: self.alter.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::Path {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
         let parts = self
@@ -447,6 +682,16 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::Path {
     }
 }
 
+impl Path {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        Self {
+            expr: self.expr.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::Str {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
         let parts = self
@@ -467,6 +712,20 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::Str {
     }
 }
 
+impl ConcatStrings {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        Self {
+            parts: self
+                .parts
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|ir| ir.resolve(ctx, env))
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?,
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::Literal {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
         match self.kind() {
@@ -479,20 +738,97 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::Literal {
     }
 }
 
+impl Const {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, _: &mut DowngradeContext, _: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        self.ir().ok()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::Ident {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
-        Var {
+        let sym = ctx.new_sym(self.ident_token().unwrap().text());
-            sym: ctx.new_sym(self.to_string()),
+        Var { sym }.ir().ok()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Var {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        use LookupResult::*;
+        match env
+            .lookup(self.sym)
+            .map_err(|_| Error::DowngradeError(format!("{} not found", ctx.get_sym(self.sym))))?
+        {
+            Builtin(ir) => ir,
+            Let { level, idx } => LetVar { level, idx }.ir(),
+            SingleArg { level } => Arg { level }.ir(),
+            MultiArg { level, default } => Select {
+                expr: Arg { level }.ir().boxed(),
+                attrpath: vec![Attr::Str(self.sym)],
+                default: default.map(Box::new),
+            }
+            .ir(),
+            With => self.ir(),
         }
-        .ir()
         .ok()
     }
 }
 
+impl Arg {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, _: &mut DowngradeContext, _: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        unreachable!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl LetVar {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, _: &mut DowngradeContext, _: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        unreachable!()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::AttrSet {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
         let rec = self.rec_token().is_some();
-        downgrade_has_entry(self, rec, ctx).map(|attrs| attrs.ir())
+        let attrs = downgrade_attrs(self, ctx)?;
+        if rec {
+            let bindings = attrs
+                .stcs
+                .into_iter()
+                .sorted_by_key(|(k, _)| *k)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            let stcs = bindings
+                .iter()
+                .map(|&(sym, _)| (sym, Var { sym }.ir()))
+                .collect();
+            Let {
+                bindings,
+                expr: Attrs { stcs, ..attrs }.ir().boxed(),
+            }
+            .ir()
+        } else {
+            attrs.ir()
+        }
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Attrs {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        Self {
+            stcs: self
+                .stcs
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| Ok((k, v.resolve(ctx, env)?)))
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+            dyns: self
+                .dyns
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|DynamicAttrPair(k, v)| {
+                    Ok(DynamicAttrPair(k.resolve(ctx, env)?, v.resolve(ctx, env)?))
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
     }
 }
 
@@ -506,6 +842,20 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::List {
     }
 }
 
+impl List {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        Self {
+            items: self
+                .items
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|item| item.resolve(ctx, env))
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::BinOp {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
         BinOp {
@@ -518,6 +868,18 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::BinOp {
     }
 }
 
+impl BinOp {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        Self {
+            lhs: self.lhs.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+            rhs: self.rhs.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+            ..self
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::HasAttr {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
         let attrs = self.expr().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
@@ -531,6 +893,21 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::HasAttr {
     }
 }
 
+impl HasAttr {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        Self {
+            lhs: self.lhs.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+            rhs: self
+                .rhs
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|attr| attr.resolve(ctx, env))
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::UnaryOp {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
         UnOp {
@@ -542,6 +919,17 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::UnaryOp {
     }
 }
 
+impl UnOp {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        Self {
+            rhs: self.rhs.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+            ..self
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::Select {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
         Select {
@@ -557,12 +945,33 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::Select {
     }
 }
 
+impl Select {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        let default = if let Some(default) = self.default {
+            Some(default.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed())
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        Self {
+            expr: self.expr.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+            attrpath: self
+                .attrpath
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|attr| attr.resolve(ctx, env))
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+            default,
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::LegacyLet {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
-        let attrs = downgrade_has_entry(self, true, ctx)?;
+        let attrs = downgrade_attrs(self, ctx)?;
         Select {
             expr: attrs.ir().boxed(),
-            attrpath: vec![Attr::Str(ctx.new_sym("body".to_string()))],
+            attrpath: vec![Attr::Str(ctx.new_sym("body"))],
             default: None,
         }
         .ir()
@@ -572,24 +981,102 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::LegacyLet {
 
 impl Downgrade for ast::LetIn {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
-        let body = self.body().unwrap();
+        let expr = self.body().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?.boxed();
-        let attrs = downgrade_has_entry(self, true, ctx)?;
+        let mut bindings = HashMap::new();
-        let expr = body.downgrade(ctx)?.boxed();
+        for entry in self.entries() {
-        Let { attrs, expr }.ir().ok()
+            match entry {
+                ast::Entry::Inherit(inherit) => downgrade_inherit(inherit, &mut bindings, ctx)?,
+                ast::Entry::AttrpathValue(value) => {
+                    let mut path = downgrade_attrpath(value.attrpath().unwrap(), ctx)?.into_iter();
+                    let value = value.value().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+                    let unwrap_ident = |ident: Attr| {
+                        ident.try_unwrap_str().map_err(|_| {
+                            Error::DowngradeError("dynamic attributes not allowed in let".into())
+                        })
+                    };
+                    let ident = unwrap_ident(path.next().unwrap())?;
+                    if path.len() > 1 {
+                        let mut attrs = bindings
+                            .entry(ident)
+                            .or_insert_with(|| {
+                                Attrs {
+                                    stcs: HashMap::new(),
+                                    dyns: Vec::new(),
+                                }
+                                .ir()
+                            })
+                            .as_mut()
+                            .try_unwrap_attrs()
+                            .map_err(|_| {
+                                Error::DowngradeError(format!(
+                                    r#"attribute '{}' already defined"#,
+                                    ctx.get_sym(ident)
+                                ))
+                            })?;
+                        while path.len() > 1 {
+                            attrs = attrs
+                                .stcs
+                                .entry(unwrap_ident(path.next().unwrap())?)
+                                .or_insert_with(|| {
+                                    Attrs {
+                                        stcs: HashMap::new(),
+                                        dyns: Vec::new(),
+                                    }
+                                    .ir()
+                                })
+                                .as_mut()
+                                .try_unwrap_attrs()
+                                .unwrap();
+                        }
+                        attrs
+                            .stcs
+                            .insert(unwrap_ident(path.next().unwrap())?, value);
+                    } else {
+                        bindings.insert(ident, value);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let bindings = bindings.into_iter().sorted_by_key(|(k, _)| *k).collect();
+        Let { bindings, expr }.ir().ok()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Let {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        let map = self.bindings.iter().map(|(sym, _)| *sym).sorted().collect();
+        let env = env.enter_let(&map);
+        let bindings = self
+            .bindings
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(k, v)| {
+                Ok((
+                    k,
+                    match v.resolve(ctx, &env)? {
+                        ir @ Ir::Const(_) => ir,
+                        ir => ctx.new_thunk(ir).ir(),
+                    },
+                ))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+        let expr = self.expr.resolve(ctx, &env)?.boxed();
+        Self { bindings, expr }.ir().ok()
     }
 }
 
 impl Downgrade for ast::With {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
-        let namespace = self.namespace().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?;
+        let namespace = self.namespace().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?.boxed();
-        if let Ir::Attrs(attrs) = namespace {
+        let expr = self.body().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?.boxed();
-            let expr = self.body().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?.boxed();
+        With { namespace, expr }.ir().ok()
-            Let { attrs, expr }.ir().ok()
+    }
-        } else {
+}
-            let namespace = namespace.boxed();
+
-            let expr = self.body().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?.boxed();
+impl With {
-            With { namespace, expr }.ir().ok()
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
-        }
+        let namespace = self.namespace.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed();
+        let expr = self.expr.resolve(ctx, &env.enter_with())?.boxed();
+        Self { namespace, expr }.ir().ok()
     }
 }
 
@@ -602,6 +1089,24 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::Lambda {
     }
 }
 
+impl Func {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Func> {
+        let env = match &self.param {
+            Param::Ident(ident) => env.enter_single_arg(*ident),
+            Param::Formals { formals, alias, .. } => env.enter_multi_arg(
+                formals
+                    .iter()
+                    .cloned()
+                    .map(|(ident, default)| (ident, default.map(Ir::Thunk)))
+                    .collect(),
+                *alias,
+            ),
+        };
+        let body = self.body.resolve(ctx, &env)?.boxed();
+        Ok(Self { body, ..self })
+    }
+}
+
 impl Downgrade for ast::Apply {
     fn downgrade(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Ir> {
         let mut args = vec![self.argument().unwrap().downgrade(ctx)?];
@@ -616,6 +1121,21 @@ impl Downgrade for ast::Apply {
     }
 }
 
+impl Call {
+    fn resolve<'a, 'env>(self, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext, env: &Env<'a, 'env>) -> Result<Ir> {
+        Self {
+            func: self.func.resolve(ctx, env)?.boxed(),
+            args: self
+                .args
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|arg| arg.resolve(ctx, env))
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+        }
+        .ir()
+        .ok()
+    }
+}
+
 fn downgrade_param(param: ast::Param, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Param> {
     match param {
         ast::Param::IdentParam(ident) => Ok(Param::Ident(ctx.new_sym(ident.to_string()))),
@@ -636,6 +1156,7 @@ fn downgrade_pattern(pattern: ast::Pattern, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Resul
                     .unwrap()
                     .downgrade(ctx)
                     .map(|ok| (ident, Some(ctx.new_thunk(ok))))
+                // .map(|ok| (ident, Some(ok)))
             }
         })
         .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
@@ -650,14 +1171,9 @@ fn downgrade_pattern(pattern: ast::Pattern, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Resul
     })
 }
 
-fn downgrade_has_entry(
+fn downgrade_attrs(has_entry: impl ast::HasEntry, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Attrs> {
-    has_entry: impl ast::HasEntry,
-    rec: bool,
-    ctx: &mut DowngradeContext,
-) -> Result<Attrs> {
     let entires = has_entry.entries();
     let mut attrs = Attrs {
-        rec,
         stcs: HashMap::new(),
         dyns: Vec::new(),
     };
@@ -715,7 +1231,7 @@ fn downgrade_attr(attr: ast::Attr, ctx: &mut DowngradeContext) -> Result<Attr> {
         Ident(ident) => Ok(Attr::Str(ctx.new_sym(ident.to_string()))),
         Str(string) => {
             let parts = string.normalized_parts();
-            if parts.len() == 0 {
+            if parts.is_empty() {
                 Ok(Attr::Str(ctx.new_sym("")))
             } else if parts.len() == 1 {
                 match parts.into_iter().next().unwrap() {
@@ -757,5 +1273,5 @@ fn downgrade_attrpathvalue(
         x @ Ir::Const(_) => x,
         x => ctx.new_thunk(x).ir(),
     };
-    attrs.insert(path, value)
+    attrs.insert(path, value, ctx)
 }

src/jit/helpers.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+use std::ptr::NonNull;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use inkwell::AddressSpace;
+use inkwell::context::Context;
+use inkwell::execution_engine::ExecutionEngine;
+use inkwell::module::Module;
+use inkwell::types::{FloatType, FunctionType, IntType, PointerType, StructType};
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FunctionValue};
+
+use crate::bytecode::OpCodes;
+use crate::env::VmEnv;
+use crate::jit::JITValueData;
+use crate::ty::internal::{Thunk, Value};
+use crate::vm::VM;
+
+use super::{JITContext, JITValue, ValueTag};
+
+pub struct Helpers<'ctx> {
+    pub int_type: IntType<'ctx>,
+    pub float_type: FloatType<'ctx>,
+    pub bool_type: IntType<'ctx>,
+    pub ptr_int_type: IntType<'ctx>,
+    pub ptr_type: PointerType<'ctx>,
+    pub value_type: StructType<'ctx>,
+    pub func_type: FunctionType<'ctx>,
+
+    pub new_thunk: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+
+    pub debug: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub capture_env: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub neg: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub not: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub add: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub sub: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub eq: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub or: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub call: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub arg: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub lookup_let: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub lookup: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+    pub force: FunctionValue<'ctx>,
+}
+
+impl<'ctx> Helpers<'ctx> {
+    pub fn new(
+        context: &'ctx Context,
+        module: &Module<'ctx>,
+        execution_engine: &ExecutionEngine<'ctx>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let int_type = context.i64_type();
+        let float_type = context.f64_type();
+        let bool_type = context.bool_type();
+        let ptr_int_type = context.ptr_sized_int_type(execution_engine.get_target_data(), None);
+        let ptr_type = context.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
+        let value_type = context.struct_type(&[int_type.into(), int_type.into()], false);
+        let func_type = value_type.fn_type(&[ptr_type.into()], false);
+
+        let new_thunk = module.add_function(
+            "new_thunk",
+            value_type.fn_type(&[ptr_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let debug = module.add_function(
+            "debug",
+            context.void_type().fn_type(&[value_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let capture_env = module.add_function(
+            "capture_env",
+            context
+                .void_type()
+                .fn_type(&[value_type.into(), ptr_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let neg = module.add_function(
+            "neg",
+            value_type.fn_type(&[value_type.into(), ptr_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let not = module.add_function(
+            "not",
+            value_type.fn_type(&[value_type.into(), ptr_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let add = module.add_function(
+            "add",
+            value_type.fn_type(&[value_type.into(), value_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let sub = module.add_function(
+            "sub",
+            value_type.fn_type(&[value_type.into(), value_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let eq = module.add_function(
+            "eq",
+            value_type.fn_type(&[value_type.into(), value_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let or = module.add_function(
+            "or",
+            value_type.fn_type(&[value_type.into(), value_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let call = module.add_function(
+            "call",
+            value_type.fn_type(
+                &[value_type.into(), value_type.into(), ptr_type.into()],
+                false,
+            ),
+            None,
+        );
+        let arg = module.add_function(
+            "arg",
+            value_type.fn_type(&[ptr_int_type.into(), ptr_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let lookup_let = module.add_function(
+            "lookup_let",
+            value_type.fn_type(
+                &[ptr_int_type.into(), ptr_int_type.into(), ptr_type.into()],
+                false,
+            ),
+            None,
+        );
+        let lookup = module.add_function(
+            "lookup",
+            value_type.fn_type(&[ptr_int_type.into(), ptr_type.into()], false),
+            None,
+        );
+        let force = module.add_function(
+            "force",
+            value_type.fn_type(
+                &[value_type.into(), ptr_type.into(), ptr_type.into()],
+                false,
+            ),
+            None,
+        );
+
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&new_thunk, helper_new_thunk as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&debug, helper_debug as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&capture_env, helper_capture_env as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&neg, helper_neg as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&not, helper_not as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&add, helper_add as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&sub, helper_sub as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&eq, helper_eq as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&or, helper_or as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&call, helper_call as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&arg, helper_arg as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&lookup_let, helper_lookup_let as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&lookup, helper_lookup as _);
+        execution_engine.add_global_mapping(&force, helper_force as _);
+
+        Helpers {
+            int_type,
+            float_type,
+            bool_type,
+            ptr_int_type,
+            ptr_type,
+            value_type,
+            func_type,
+
+            new_thunk,
+
+            debug,
+            capture_env,
+            neg,
+            not,
+            add,
+            sub,
+            eq,
+            or,
+            call,
+            arg,
+            lookup_let,
+            lookup,
+            force,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_int(&self, int: i64) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.value_type
+            .const_named_struct(&[
+                self.int_type.const_int(ValueTag::Int as _, false).into(),
+                self.int_type.const_int(int as _, false).into(),
+            ])
+            .into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_float(&self, float: f64) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.value_type
+            .const_named_struct(&[
+                self.int_type.const_int(ValueTag::Float as _, false).into(),
+                self.float_type.const_float(float).into(),
+            ])
+            .into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_bool(&self, bool: bool) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.value_type
+            .const_named_struct(&[
+                self.int_type.const_int(ValueTag::Bool as _, false).into(),
+                self.bool_type.const_int(bool as _, false).into(),
+            ])
+            .into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_null(&self) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.value_type
+            .const_named_struct(&[
+                self.int_type.const_int(ValueTag::Null as _, false).into(),
+                self.int_type.const_zero().into(),
+            ])
+            .into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn const_string(&self, string: *const u8) -> BasicValueEnum<'ctx> {
+        self.value_type
+            .const_named_struct(&[
+                self.int_type.const_int(ValueTag::String as _, false).into(),
+                self.ptr_int_type.const_int(string as _, false).into(),
+            ])
+            .into()
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_debug(value: JITValue) {
+    dbg!(value.tag);
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_capture_env<'gc>(thunk: JITValue, env: *const VmEnv<'gc>) {
+    let thunk = unsafe { (thunk.data.ptr as *const Thunk).as_ref().unwrap() };
+    let env = unsafe { Rc::from_raw(env) };
+    thunk.capture_env(env.clone());
+    std::mem::forget(env);
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_neg(rhs: JITValue, _env: *const VmEnv) -> JITValue {
+    use ValueTag::*;
+    match rhs.tag {
+        Int => JITValue {
+            tag: Int,
+            data: JITValueData {
+                int: -unsafe { rhs.data.int },
+            },
+        },
+        Float => JITValue {
+            tag: Float,
+            data: JITValueData {
+                float: -unsafe { rhs.data.float },
+            },
+        },
+        _ => todo!(),
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_not(rhs: JITValue, _env: *const VmEnv) -> JITValue {
+    use ValueTag::*;
+    match rhs.tag {
+        Bool => JITValue {
+            tag: Bool,
+            data: JITValueData {
+                bool: !unsafe { rhs.data.bool },
+            },
+        },
+        _ => todo!(),
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_add(lhs: JITValue, rhs: JITValue) -> JITValue {
+    use ValueTag::*;
+    match (lhs.tag, rhs.tag) {
+        (Int, Int) => JITValue {
+            tag: Int,
+            data: JITValueData {
+                int: unsafe { lhs.data.int + rhs.data.int },
+            },
+        },
+        _ => todo!(
+            "Addition not implemented for {:?} and {:?}",
+            lhs.tag,
+            rhs.tag
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_sub(lhs: JITValue, rhs: JITValue) -> JITValue {
+    use ValueTag::*;
+    match (lhs.tag, rhs.tag) {
+        (Int, Int) => JITValue {
+            tag: Int,
+            data: JITValueData {
+                int: unsafe { lhs.data.int - rhs.data.int },
+            },
+        },
+        _ => todo!(
+            "Substruction not implemented for {:?} and {:?}",
+            lhs.tag,
+            rhs.tag
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_eq(lhs: JITValue, rhs: JITValue) -> JITValue {
+    use ValueTag::*;
+    match (lhs.tag, rhs.tag) {
+        (Int, Int) => JITValue {
+            tag: Bool,
+            data: JITValueData {
+                bool: unsafe { lhs.data.int == rhs.data.int },
+            },
+        },
+        _ => todo!(
+            "Equation not implemented for {:?} and {:?}",
+            lhs.tag,
+            rhs.tag
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_or(lhs: JITValue, rhs: JITValue) -> JITValue {
+    use ValueTag::*;
+    match (lhs.tag, rhs.tag) {
+        (Bool, Bool) => JITValue {
+            tag: Bool,
+            data: JITValueData {
+                bool: unsafe { lhs.data.bool || rhs.data.bool },
+            },
+        },
+        _ => todo!(
+            "Substraction not implemented for {:?} and {:?}",
+            lhs.tag,
+            rhs.tag
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_call<'gc>(func: JITValue, arg: JITValue, vm: *const VM<'gc>) -> JITValue {
+    let vm = unsafe { vm.as_ref() }.unwrap();
+    let arg = Value::from(arg);
+    match func.tag {
+        ValueTag::Function => {
+            let func = Value::from(func).unwrap_func();
+            func.call_compile(arg, vm).unwrap().clone().into()
+        }
+        _ => todo!(),
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_arg(idx: usize, env: *const VmEnv) -> JITValue {
+    let env = unsafe { env.as_ref() }.unwrap();
+    let val: JITValue = env.lookup_arg(idx).clone().into();
+    val
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_lookup_let(level: usize, idx: usize, env: *const VmEnv) -> JITValue {
+    let env = unsafe { env.as_ref() }.unwrap();
+    let val: JITValue = env.lookup_let(level, idx).clone().into();
+    val
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_lookup(sym: usize, env: *const VmEnv) -> JITValue {
+    let env = unsafe { env.as_ref() }.unwrap();
+    let val: JITValue = env.lookup_with(&sym).unwrap().clone().into();
+    val
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_force<'gc>(
+    thunk: JITValue,
+    vm: NonNull<VM<'gc>>,
+    jit: *const JITContext<'gc>,
+) -> JITValue {
+    if !matches!(thunk.tag, ValueTag::Thunk) {
+        return thunk;
+    }
+
+    let vm = unsafe { vm.as_ref() };
+    let thunk = Value::from(thunk).unwrap_thunk();
+    if let Some(val) = thunk.get_value() {
+        return val.clone().into();
+    }
+    let (opcodes, env) = thunk.suspend().unwrap();
+    let func = unsafe { jit.as_ref() }
+        .unwrap()
+        .compile_seq(opcodes.iter().copied().rev(), vm)
+        .unwrap();
+    let val = unsafe { func(env.as_ref() as *const _) };
+    thunk.insert_value(val.into());
+    val
+}
+
+extern "C" fn helper_new_thunk(opcodes: *const OpCodes) -> JITValue {
+    Value::Thunk(Thunk::new(unsafe { opcodes.as_ref() }.unwrap())).into()
+}

src/jit/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use inkwell::OptimizationLevel;
+use inkwell::builder::Builder;
+use inkwell::context::Context;
+use inkwell::execution_engine::ExecutionEngine;
+use inkwell::module::Module;
+use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FunctionValue, PointerValue};
+
+use crate::bytecode::{OpCode, UnOp};
+use crate::env::VmEnv;
+use crate::error::*;
+use crate::stack::Stack;
+use crate::ty::common::Const;
+use crate::ty::internal::{Thunk, Value};
+use crate::vm::VM;
+
+mod helpers;
+
+use helpers::Helpers;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test;
+
+const STACK_SIZE: usize = 8 * 1024 / size_of::<Value>();
+
+#[repr(u64)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum ValueTag {
+    Null,
+    Int,
+    Float,
+    String,
+    Bool,
+    AttrSet,
+    List,
+    Function,
+    Thunk,
+    Path,
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct JITValue {
+    tag: ValueTag,
+    data: JITValueData,
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub union JITValueData {
+    int: i64,
+    float: f64,
+    bool: bool,
+    ptr: *const (),
+}
+
+impl<'gc> From<JITValue> for Value<'gc> {
+    fn from(value: JITValue) -> Self {
+        use ValueTag::*;
+        match value.tag {
+            Int => Value::Int(unsafe { value.data.int }),
+            Null => Value::Null,
+            Function => Value::Func(unsafe { Rc::from_raw(value.data.ptr as *const _) }),
+            Thunk => Value::Thunk(self::Thunk {
+                thunk: unsafe { Rc::from_raw(value.data.ptr as *const _) },
+            }),
+            _ => todo!("not implemented for {:?}", value.tag),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Value<'_>> for JITValue {
+    fn from(value: Value) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            Value::Int(int) => JITValue {
+                tag: ValueTag::Int,
+                data: JITValueData { int },
+            },
+            Value::Func(func) => JITValue {
+                tag: ValueTag::Function,
+                data: JITValueData {
+                    ptr: Rc::into_raw(func) as *const _,
+                },
+            },
+            Value::Thunk(thunk) => JITValue {
+                tag: ValueTag::Thunk,
+                data: JITValueData {
+                    ptr: Rc::into_raw(thunk.thunk) as *const _,
+                },
+            },
+            _ => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct JITFunc<'gc>(F<'gc>, PhantomData<&'gc mut ()>);
+type F<'gc> = unsafe extern "C" fn(*const VmEnv<'gc>) -> JITValue;
+
+impl<'gc> From<F<'gc>> for JITFunc<'gc> {
+    fn from(value: F<'gc>) -> Self {
+        Self(value, PhantomData)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'gc> Deref for JITFunc<'gc> {
+    type Target = F<'gc>;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct JITContext<'gc> {
+    context: &'gc Context,
+    module: Module<'gc>,
+    builder: Builder<'gc>,
+    execution_engine: ExecutionEngine<'gc>,
+
+    helpers: Helpers<'gc>,
+}
+
+impl<'gc> JITContext<'gc> {
+    pub fn new(context: &'gc Context) -> Self {
+        // force linker to link JIT engine
+        unsafe {
+            inkwell::llvm_sys::execution_engine::LLVMLinkInMCJIT();
+        }
+        let module = context.create_module("nixjit");
+        let execution_engine = module
+            .create_jit_execution_engine(OptimizationLevel::Aggressive)
+            .unwrap();
+        let helpers = Helpers::new(context, &module, &execution_engine);
+
+        JITContext {
+            execution_engine,
+            builder: context.create_builder(),
+            context,
+            module,
+
+            helpers,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_ptr<T>(&self, ptr: *const T) -> PointerValue<'gc> {
+        self.builder
+            .build_int_to_ptr(
+                self.helpers.int_type.const_int(ptr as _, false),
+                self.helpers.ptr_type,
+                "ptrconv",
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    pub fn compile_seq(
+        &self,
+        mut opcodes: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = OpCode>,
+        vm: &VM<'gc>,
+    ) -> Result<JITFunc<'gc>> {
+        let mut stack = Stack::<_, STACK_SIZE>::new();
+        let func_ = self
+            .module
+            .add_function("nixjit_function", self.helpers.func_type, None);
+        let env = func_.get_nth_param(0).unwrap().into_pointer_value();
+        let entry = self.context.append_basic_block(func_, "entry");
+        self.builder.position_at_end(entry);
+        let len = opcodes.len();
+        self.build_expr(&mut opcodes, vm, env, &mut stack, func_, len)?;
+
+        assert_eq!(stack.len(), 1);
+        let value = stack.pop();
+        let exit = self.context.append_basic_block(func_, "exit");
+        self.builder.build_unconditional_branch(exit)?;
+        self.builder.position_at_end(exit);
+        self.builder.build_return(Some(&value))?;
+        if func_.verify(true) {
+            unsafe {
+                let name = func_.get_name().to_str().unwrap();
+                let func = self.execution_engine.get_function(name).unwrap();
+                Ok(JITFunc(func.as_raw(), PhantomData))
+            }
+        } else {
+            todo!()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build_expr<const CAP: usize>(
+        &self,
+        iter: &mut impl Iterator<Item = OpCode>,
+        vm: &VM<'gc>,
+        env: PointerValue<'gc>,
+        stack: &mut Stack<BasicValueEnum<'gc>, CAP>,
+        func: FunctionValue<'gc>,
+        mut length: usize,
+    ) -> Result<usize> {
+        while length > 1 {
+            let opcode = iter.next().unwrap();
+            let br = self.single_op(opcode, vm, env, stack)?;
+            length -= 1;
+            if br > 0 {
+                let consq = self.context.append_basic_block(func, "consq");
+                let alter = self.context.append_basic_block(func, "alter");
+                let cont = self.context.append_basic_block(func, "cont");
+                let cond = self
+                    .builder
+                    .build_alloca(self.helpers.value_type, "cond_alloca")?;
+                let result = self
+                    .builder
+                    .build_alloca(self.helpers.value_type, "result_alloca")?;
+                self.builder.build_store(cond, stack.pop())?;
+                self.builder.build_conditional_branch(
+                    self.builder
+                        .build_load(
+                            self.context.bool_type(),
+                            self.builder.build_struct_gep(
+                                self.helpers.value_type,
+                                cond,
+                                1,
+                                "gep_cond",
+                            )?,
+                            "load_cond",
+                        )?
+                        .into_int_value(),
+                    consq,
+                    alter,
+                )?;
+
+                length -= br;
+                self.builder.position_at_end(consq);
+                let br = self.build_expr(iter, vm, env, stack, func, br)?;
+                self.builder.build_store(result, stack.pop())?;
+                self.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont)?;
+
+                length -= br;
+                self.builder.position_at_end(alter);
+                self.build_expr(iter, vm, env, stack, func, br)?;
+                self.builder.build_store(result, stack.pop())?;
+                self.builder.build_unconditional_branch(cont)?;
+
+                self.builder.position_at_end(cont);
+                stack.push(self.builder.build_load(
+                    self.helpers.value_type,
+                    result,
+                    "load_result",
+                )?)?;
+            }
+        }
+        if length > 0 {
+            self.single_op(iter.next().unwrap(), vm, env, stack)
+        } else {
+            Ok(0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn single_op<const CAP: usize>(
+        &self,
+        opcode: OpCode,
+        vm: &VM<'_>,
+        env: PointerValue<'gc>,
+        stack: &mut Stack<BasicValueEnum<'gc>, CAP>,
+    ) -> Result<usize> {
+        match opcode {
+            OpCode::Const { idx } => {
+                use Const::*;
+                match vm.get_const(idx) {
+                    Int(int) => stack.push(self.helpers.new_int(int))?,
+                    Float(float) => stack.push(self.helpers.new_float(float))?,
+                    Bool(bool) => stack.push(self.helpers.new_bool(bool))?,
+                    String(string) => stack.push(self.helpers.const_string(string.as_ptr()))?,
+                    Null => stack.push(self.helpers.new_null())?,
+                }
+            }
+            OpCode::LoadThunk { idx } => stack.push(
+                self.builder
+                    .build_direct_call(
+                        self.helpers.new_thunk,
+                        &[self.new_ptr(vm.get_thunk(idx) as *const _).into()],
+                        "call_capture_env",
+                    )?
+                    .try_as_basic_value()
+                    .unwrap_left(),
+            )?,
+            OpCode::ForceValue => {
+                let thunk = stack.pop();
+                let _ = stack.push(
+                    self.builder
+                        .build_direct_call(
+                            self.helpers.force,
+                            &[
+                                thunk.into(),
+                                self.new_ptr(vm as *const _).into(),
+                                self.new_ptr(self as *const _).into(),
+                            ],
+                            "call_force",
+                        )?
+                        .try_as_basic_value()
+                        .left()
+                        .unwrap(),
+                );
+            }
+            OpCode::CaptureEnv => {
+                let thunk = *stack.tos();
+                self.builder.build_direct_call(
+                    self.helpers.capture_env,
+                    &[thunk.into(), env.into()],
+                    "call_capture_env",
+                )?;
+            }
+            OpCode::UnOp { op } => {
+                use UnOp::*;
+                let rhs = stack.pop();
+                stack.push(match op {
+                    Neg => self
+                        .builder
+                        .build_direct_call(self.helpers.neg, &[rhs.into(), env.into()], "call_neg")?
+                        .try_as_basic_value()
+                        .left()
+                        .unwrap(),
+                    Not => self
+                        .builder
+                        .build_direct_call(self.helpers.not, &[rhs.into(), env.into()], "call_neg")?
+                        .try_as_basic_value()
+                        .left()
+                        .unwrap(),
+                })?
+            }
+            OpCode::BinOp { op } => {
+                use crate::bytecode::BinOp;
+                let rhs = stack.pop();
+                let lhs = stack.pop();
+                match op {
+                    BinOp::Add => {
+                        let result = self
+                            .builder
+                            .build_direct_call(
+                                self.helpers.add,
+                                &[lhs.into(), rhs.into()],
+                                "call_add",
+                            )?
+                            .try_as_basic_value()
+                            .left()
+                            .unwrap();
+                        stack.push(result)?;
+                    }
+                    BinOp::Sub => {
+                        let result = self
+                            .builder
+                            .build_direct_call(
+                                self.helpers.sub,
+                                &[lhs.into(), rhs.into()],
+                                "call_add",
+                            )?
+                            .try_as_basic_value()
+                            .left()
+                            .unwrap();
+                        stack.push(result)?;
+                    }
+                    BinOp::Eq => {
+                        let result = self
+                            .builder
+                            .build_direct_call(
+                                self.helpers.eq,
+                                &[lhs.into(), rhs.into()],
+                                "call_eq",
+                            )?
+                            .try_as_basic_value()
+                            .left()
+                            .unwrap();
+                        stack.push(result)?;
+                    }
+                    BinOp::Or => {
+                        let result = self
+                            .builder
+                            .build_direct_call(
+                                self.helpers.or,
+                                &[lhs.into(), rhs.into()],
+                                "call_or",
+                            )?
+                            .try_as_basic_value()
+                            .left()
+                            .unwrap();
+                        stack.push(result)?;
+                    }
+                    _ => todo!("BinOp::{:?} not implemented in JIT", op),
+                }
+            }
+            OpCode::Arg { level } => stack.push(
+                self.builder
+                    .build_direct_call(
+                        self.helpers.arg,
+                        &[
+                            self.helpers
+                                .ptr_int_type
+                                .const_int(level as u64, false)
+                                .into(),
+                            env.into(),
+                        ],
+                        "call_arg",
+                    )
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .try_as_basic_value()
+                    .left()
+                    .unwrap(),
+            )?,
+            OpCode::LookUpLet { level, idx } => stack.push(
+                self.builder
+                    .build_direct_call(
+                        self.helpers.lookup_let,
+                        &[
+                            self.helpers
+                                .ptr_int_type
+                                .const_int(level as u64, false)
+                                .into(),
+                            self.helpers
+                                .ptr_int_type
+                                .const_int(idx as u64, false)
+                                .into(),
+                            env.into(),
+                        ],
+                        "call_lookup_let",
+                    )
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .try_as_basic_value()
+                    .left()
+                    .unwrap(),
+            )?,
+            OpCode::LookUp { sym } => stack.push(
+                self.builder
+                    .build_direct_call(
+                        self.helpers.lookup,
+                        &[
+                            self.helpers
+                                .ptr_int_type
+                                .const_int(sym as u64, false)
+                                .into(),
+                            env.into(),
+                        ],
+                        "call_lookup",
+                    )
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .try_as_basic_value()
+                    .left()
+                    .unwrap(),
+            )?,
+            OpCode::Call => {
+                let arg = stack.pop();
+                let func = stack.pop();
+                let ret = self
+                    .builder
+                    .build_direct_call(
+                        self.helpers.call,
+                        &[func.into(), arg.into(), self.new_ptr(vm).into()],
+                        "call",
+                    )?
+                    .try_as_basic_value()
+                    .left()
+                    .unwrap();
+                stack.push(ret)?;
+            }
+            OpCode::JmpIfFalse { step } => return Ok(step),
+            OpCode::Jmp { step } => return Ok(step),
+            _ => todo!("{opcode:?} not implemented"),
+        }
+        Ok(0)
+    }
+}

src/jit/test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#![allow(unused)]
+
+extern crate test;
+
+use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use inkwell::context::Context;
+
+use ecow::EcoString;
+
+use crate::compile::compile;
+use crate::ir::downgrade;
+use crate::jit::JITContext;
+use crate::ty::common::Const;
+use crate::ty::public::*;
+use crate::vm::run;
+
+#[inline]
+fn test_expr(expr: &str, expected: Value) {
+    let downgraded = downgrade(rnix::Root::parse(expr).tree().expr().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let prog = compile(downgraded);
+    dbg!(&prog);
+    assert_eq!(run(prog).unwrap(), expected);
+}
+
+macro_rules! map {
+    ($($k:expr => $v:expr),*) => {
+        {
+            #[allow(unused_mut)]
+            let mut m = HashMap::new();
+            $(
+                m.insert($k, $v);
+            )*
+            m
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! thunk {
+    () => {
+        Value::Thunk
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! int {
+    ($e:expr) => {
+        Value::Const(Const::Int($e))
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! float {
+    ($e:expr) => {
+        Value::Const(Const::Float($e as f64))
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! boolean {
+    ($e:expr) => {
+        Value::Const(Const::Bool($e))
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! string {
+    ($e:expr) => {
+        Value::Const(Const::String(EcoString::from($e)))
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! symbol {
+    ($e:expr) => {
+        Symbol::from($e.to_string())
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! list {
+    ($($x:tt)*) => (
+        Value::List(List::new(vec![$($x)*]))
+    );
+}
+
+macro_rules! attrs {
+    ($($x:tt)*) => (
+        Value::AttrSet(AttrSet::new(map!{$($x)*}))
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_jit_const() {
+    // test_expr("let f = _: 1; in (f 1) + (f 1)", int!(2));
+    test_expr("let f = _: 1; in (f 1) == (f 1)", boolean!(true));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_arith() {
+    test_expr("let f = _: -(-1); in (f 1) + (f 1)", int!(2));
+}

src/lib.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 #![cfg_attr(test, feature(test))]
 #![allow(dead_code)]
+#![feature(iter_collect_into)]
+#![feature(arbitrary_self_types)]
 
 mod builtins;
 mod bytecode;
+mod env;
 mod stack;
 mod ty;
 
 pub mod compile;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod ir;
+pub mod jit;
 pub mod vm;
 
 pub use ty::public::Value;

src/stack.rs

@@ -3,11 +3,6 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 
 use crate::error::*;
 
-pub struct Stack<T, const CAP: usize> {
-    items: [MaybeUninit<T>; CAP],
-    top: usize,
-}
-
 macro_rules! into {
     ($e:expr) => {
         // SAFETY: This macro is used to transmute `MaybeUninit<Value<'vm>>` to `Value<'vm>`
@@ -18,6 +13,18 @@ macro_rules! into {
     };
 }
 
+pub struct Stack<T, const CAP: usize> {
+    items: [MaybeUninit<T>; CAP],
+    top: usize,
+}
+
+
+impl<T, const CAP: usize> Default for Stack<T, CAP> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T, const CAP: usize> Stack<T, CAP> {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Stack {
@@ -29,18 +36,15 @@ impl<T, const CAP: usize> Stack<T, CAP> {
     pub fn push(&mut self, item: T) -> Result<()> {
         self.items
             .get_mut(self.top)
-            .map_or_else(
+            .map_or_else(|| Err(Error::EvalError("stack overflow".to_string())), Ok)?
-                || Err(Error::EvalError("stack overflow".to_string())),
-                |ok| Ok(ok),
-            )?
             .write(item);
         self.top += 1;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn pop(&mut self) -> T {
+        let item = self.items.get_mut(self.top - 1).unwrap();
         self.top -= 1;
-        let item = self.items.get_mut(self.top).unwrap();
 
         // SAFETY: `item` at `self.top` was previously written and is initialized.
         // We replace it with `MaybeUninit::uninit()` and then `assume_init`
@@ -48,20 +52,12 @@ impl<T, const CAP: usize> Stack<T, CAP> {
         unsafe { replace(item, MaybeUninit::uninit()).assume_init() }
     }
 
-    pub fn tos(&self) -> Result<&T> {
+    pub fn tos(&self) -> &T {
-        if self.top == 0 {
+        into!(&self.items[self.top - 1])
-            panic!("stack empty")
-        } else {
-            Ok(into!(&self.items[self.top - 1]))
-        }
     }
 
-    pub fn tos_mut(&mut self) -> Result<&mut T> {
+    pub fn tos_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
-        if self.top == 0 {
+        into!(&mut self.items[self.top - 1])
-            panic!("stack empty")
-        } else {
-            Ok(into!(&mut self.items[self.top - 1]))
-        }
     }
 }
 

src/ty/common.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,116 @@
 use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter, Result as FmtResult};
+use std::hash::Hash;
 
-use derive_more::Constructor;
+use derive_more::{Constructor, IsVariant, Unwrap};
+use ecow::EcoString;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Constructor, Hash)]
 pub struct Catchable {
     msg: String,
 }
 
+impl From<String> for Catchable {
+    fn from(value: String) -> Self {
+        Catchable { msg: value }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Display for Catchable {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
         write!(f, "<error: {}>", self.msg)
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, IsVariant, Unwrap)]
+pub enum Const {
+    Bool(bool),
+    Int(i64),
+    Float(f64),
+    String(EcoString),
+    Null,
+}
+
+impl Hash for Const {
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        use Const::*;
+        std::mem::discriminant(self).hash(state);
+        match self {
+            Int(x) => x.hash(state),
+            Float(x) => x.to_bits().hash(state),
+            Bool(x) => x.hash(state),
+            String(x) => x.hash(state),
+            Null => (),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Const {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
+        use Const::*;
+        match self {
+            Int(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            Float(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            Bool(x) => write!(f, "{x}"),
+            String(x) => write!(f, "{x:?}"),
+            Null => write!(f, "null"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<bool> for Const {
+    fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
+        Const::Bool(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<i64> for Const {
+    fn from(value: i64) -> Self {
+        Const::Int(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<f64> for Const {
+    fn from(value: f64) -> Self {
+        Const::Float(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<EcoString> for Const {
+    fn from(value: EcoString) -> Self {
+        Const::String(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for Const {
+    fn from(value: String) -> Self {
+        Const::String(value.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for Const {
+    fn from(value: &str) -> Self {
+        Const::String(value.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Const {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        use Const::*;
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Bool(a), Bool(b)) => a == b,
+            (Int(a), Int(b)) => a == b,
+            (Float(a), Float(b)) => a == b,
+            (Int(a), Float(b)) => *a as f64 == *b,
+            (Float(a), Int(b)) => *b as f64 == *a,
+            (String(a), String(b)) => a == b,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Const {}
+
+pub enum MaybeThunk {
+    Thunk(usize),
+    Const(Const),
+}

src/ty/internal/attrset.rs

@@ -1,45 +1,53 @@
-use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use derive_more::Constructor;
+use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 
-use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::vm::VM;
-use crate::vm::{Env, VM};
 
 use super::super::public as p;
 use super::Value;
 
-#[repr(C)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
-#[derive(Debug, Constructor, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Constructor, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct AttrSet<'vm> {
+pub struct AttrSet<'gc> {
-    data: HashMap<usize, Value<'vm>>,
+    data: HashMap<usize, Value<'gc>>,
 }
 
-impl<'vm> AttrSet<'vm> {
+impl<'gc> From<HashMap<usize, Value<'gc>>> for AttrSet<'gc> {
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+    fn from(data: HashMap<usize, Value<'gc>>) -> Self {
-        AttrSet {
+        Self { data }
-            data: HashMap::new(),
-        }
     }
+}
 
+impl<'gc> Deref for AttrSet<'gc> {
+    type Target = HashMap<usize, Value<'gc>>;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.data
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'gc> AttrSet<'gc> {
     pub fn with_capacity(cap: usize) -> Self {
         AttrSet {
             data: HashMap::with_capacity(cap),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn push_attr_force(&mut self, sym: usize, val: Value<'vm>) {
+    pub fn push_attr_force(&mut self, sym: usize, val: Value<'gc>) {
         self.data.insert(sym, val);
     }
 
-    pub fn push_attr(&mut self, sym: usize, val: Value<'vm>) {
+    pub fn push_attr(&mut self, sym: usize, val: Value<'gc>) {
         if self.data.get(&sym).is_some() {
             todo!()
         }
         self.data.insert(sym, val);
     }
 
-    pub fn select(&self, sym: usize) -> Option<Value<'vm>> {
+    pub fn select(&self, sym: usize) -> Option<Value<'gc>> {
         self.data.get(&sym).cloned()
     }
 
@@ -47,52 +55,34 @@ impl<'vm> AttrSet<'vm> {
         self.data.get(&sym).is_some()
     }
 
-    pub fn capture(&mut self, env: &Env<'vm>) {
+    pub fn update(&mut self, other: &AttrSet<'gc>) {
-        self.data.iter().for_each(|(_, v)| match v.clone() {
-            Value::Thunk(ref thunk) => {
-                thunk.capture(env.clone());
-            }
-            _ => (),
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn update(&mut self, other: &AttrSet<'vm>) {
         for (k, v) in other.data.iter() {
-            self.push_attr_force(k.clone(), v.clone())
+            self.push_attr_force(*k, v.clone())
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_inner(&self) -> &HashMap<usize, Value<'vm>> {
+    pub fn as_inner(&self) -> &HashMap<usize, Value<'gc>> {
         &self.data
     }
 
-    pub fn from_inner(data: HashMap<usize, Value<'vm>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn into_inner(self: Rc<Self>) -> Rc<HashMap<usize, Value<'gc>>> {
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(self) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_inner(data: HashMap<usize, Value<'gc>>) -> Self {
         Self { data }
     }
 
-    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &'vm VM<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn eq_impl(&self, other: &AttrSet<'gc>) -> bool {
-        let mut map: Vec<_> = self
-            .data
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone()))
-            .collect();
-        for (_, v) in map.iter_mut() {
-            v.force_deep(vm)?;
-        }
-        self.data = map.into_iter().collect();
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub fn eq_impl(&self, other: &AttrSet<'vm>, vm: &'vm VM<'_>) -> bool {
         self.data.iter().len() == other.data.iter().len()
             && std::iter::zip(
                 self.data.iter().sorted_by_key(|(k, _)| **k),
                 self.data.iter().sorted_by_key(|(k, _)| **k),
             )
-            .all(|((_, v1), (_, v2))| v1.eq_impl(v2, vm))
+            .all(|((_, v1), (_, v2))| v1.eq_impl(v2))
     }
 
-    pub fn to_public(&self, vm: &'vm VM, seen: &mut HashSet<Value<'vm>>) -> p::Value {
+    pub fn to_public(&self, vm: &VM<'gc>, seen: &mut HashSet<Value<'gc>>) -> p::Value {
         p::Value::AttrSet(p::AttrSet::new(
             self.data
                 .iter()

src/ty/internal/cnst.rs

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-use std::hash::Hash;
-
-use derive_more::{IsVariant, Unwrap};
-use ecow::EcoString;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, IsVariant, Unwrap)]
-pub enum Const {
-    Bool(bool),
-    Int(i64),
-    Float(f64),
-    String(EcoString),
-    Null,
-}
-
-impl Hash for Const {
-    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        use Const::*;
-        match self {
-            Int(x) => x.hash(state),
-            Float(x) => x.to_bits().hash(state),
-            Bool(x) => x.hash(state),
-            String(x) => x.hash(state),
-            x @ Null => x.hash(state),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<bool> for Const {
-    fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
-        Const::Bool(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<i64> for Const {
-    fn from(value: i64) -> Self {
-        Const::Int(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<f64> for Const {
-    fn from(value: f64) -> Self {
-        Const::Float(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<EcoString> for Const {
-    fn from(value: EcoString) -> Self {
-        Const::String(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<String> for Const {
-    fn from(value: String) -> Self {
-        Const::String(value.into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&str> for Const {
-    fn from(value: &str) -> Self {
-        Const::String(value.into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for Const {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        use Const::*;
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Bool(a), Bool(b)) => a == b,
-            (Int(a), Int(b)) => a == b,
-            (Float(a), Float(b)) => a == b,
-            (Int(a), Float(b)) => *a as f64 == *b,
-            (Float(a), Int(b)) => *b as f64 == *a,
-            (String(a), String(b)) => a == b,
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Eq for Const {}

src/ty/internal/func.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
-use derive_more::Constructor;
+use std::cell::{Cell, OnceCell};
-use itertools::Itertools;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use crate::bytecode::Func as BFunc;
+use crate::env::VmEnv;
 use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::ir;
-use crate::ty::internal::{Thunk, Value};
+use crate::jit::JITFunc;
-use crate::vm::{Env, VM};
+use crate::ty::internal::Value;
+use crate::vm::VM;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum Param {
@@ -37,59 +39,28 @@ impl From<ir::Param> for Param {
     }
 }
 
-pub type JITFunc<'vm> =
+pub struct Func<'gc> {
-    unsafe extern "C" fn(vm: *mut VM<'_>, *mut Env<'vm>, *mut Value<'vm>) -> Value<'vm>;
+    pub func: &'gc BFunc,
-
+    pub env: Rc<VmEnv<'gc>>,
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Constructor)]
+    pub compiled: OnceCell<JITFunc<'gc>>,
-pub struct Func<'vm> {
+    pub count: Cell<usize>,
-    pub func: &'vm BFunc,
-    pub env: Env<'vm>,
-    pub compiled: Option<JITFunc<'vm>>,
 }
 
-impl<'vm> Func<'vm> {
+impl<'gc> Func<'gc> {
-    pub fn call(&self, vm: &'vm VM<'_>, arg: Value<'vm>) -> Result<Value<'vm>> {
+    pub fn new(func: &'gc BFunc, env: Rc<VmEnv<'gc>>) -> Self {
-        use Param::*;
+        Self {
-
+            func,
-        let mut env = self.env.clone();
+            env,
-
+            compiled: OnceCell::new(),
-        match self.func.param.clone() {
+            count: Cell::new(0),
-            Ident(ident) => env = env.enter([(ident.into(), arg)].into_iter()),
-            Formals {
-                formals,
-                ellipsis,
-                alias,
-            } => {
-                let arg = arg.unwrap_attr_set();
-                let mut new = Vec::with_capacity(formals.len() + alias.iter().len());
-                if !ellipsis
-                    && arg
-                        .as_inner()
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|(k, _)| k)
-                        .sorted()
-                        .ne(formals.iter().map(|(k, _)| k).sorted())
-                {
-                    todo!()
-                }
-                for (formal, default) in formals {
-                    let formal = formal.clone().into();
-                    let arg = arg
-                        .select(formal)
-                        .or_else(|| {
-                            default.map(|idx| Value::Thunk(Thunk::new(vm.get_thunk(idx)).into()))
-                        })
-                        .unwrap();
-                    new.push((formal, arg));
-                }
-                if let Some(alias) = alias {
-                    new.push((alias.clone().into(), Value::AttrSet(arg)));
-                }
-                env = env.enter(new.into_iter());
-            }
         }
+    }
 
-        vm.eval(self.func.opcodes.iter().copied(), env)
+    pub fn call_compile(&self, arg: Value<'gc>, vm: &'gc VM<'gc>) -> Result<Value<'gc>> {
+        let env = self.env.clone().enter_arg(arg);
+        let compiled = self.compiled.get_or_init(|| vm.compile_func(self.func));
+        let ret = unsafe { compiled(env.as_ref() as *const VmEnv) };
+        Ok(ret.into())
     }
 }
 

src/ty/internal/list.rs

@@ -1,46 +1,58 @@
+use std::rc::Weak;
+
 use hashbrown::HashSet;
 
-use derive_more::Constructor;
+use crate::env::VmEnv;
-use rpds::Vector;
-
-use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::ty::public as p;
 use crate::vm::VM;
 
 use super::Value;
 
-#[derive(Debug, Constructor, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub struct List<'vm> {
+pub struct List<'gc> {
-    data: Vector<Value<'vm>>,
+    data: Vec<Value<'gc>>,
 }
 
-impl<'vm> List<'vm> {
+impl<'gc> Default for List<'gc> {
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'gc> List<'gc> {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        List { data: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_capacity(cap: usize) -> Self {
         List {
-            data: Vector::new(),
+            data: Vec::with_capacity(cap),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: Value<'vm>) {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, elem: Value<'gc>) {
-        self.data.push_back_mut(elem);
+        self.data.push(elem);
     }
 
-    pub fn concat(&mut self, other: &List<'vm>) {
+    pub fn concat(&mut self, other: &List<'gc>) {
         for elem in other.data.iter() {
-            self.data.push_back_mut(elem.clone());
+            self.data.push(elem.clone());
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &'vm VM<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn capture(&mut self, env: &Weak<VmEnv<'gc>>) {
-        let mut vec: Vec<_> = self.data.iter().cloned().collect();
+        self.data.iter().for_each(|v| {
-        for v in vec.iter_mut() {
+            if let Value::Thunk(ref thunk) = v.clone() {
-            v.force_deep(vm)?;
+                thunk.capture_env_weak(env.clone());
-        }
+            }
-        self.data = vec.into_iter().collect();
+        })
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn to_public(&self, vm: &'vm VM, seen: &mut HashSet<Value<'vm>>) -> p::Value {
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> Vec<Value<'gc>> {
+        self.data
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_public(&self, vm: &VM<'gc>, seen: &mut HashSet<Value<'gc>>) -> p::Value {
         p::Value::List(p::List::new(
             self.data
                 .iter()

src/ty/internal/mod.rs

@@ -1,43 +1,44 @@
-use hashbrown::HashSet;
-use std::cell::OnceCell;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::hash::Hash;
-use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};
 
 use derive_more::{IsVariant, Unwrap};
+use hashbrown::HashSet;
+use replace_with::replace_with_or_abort;
 
-use super::common as c;
+use super::common::*;
 use super::public as p;
 
 use crate::bytecode::OpCodes;
+use crate::env::VmEnv;
 use crate::error::*;
-use crate::vm::{Env, VM};
+use crate::vm::VM;
 
 mod attrset;
-mod cnst;
 mod func;
 mod list;
 mod primop;
 mod string;
 
 pub use attrset::*;
-pub use cnst::Const;
 pub use func::*;
 pub use list::List;
 pub use primop::*;
 
-#[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(IsVariant, Unwrap, Clone)]
-pub enum Value<'vm> {
+pub enum Value<'gc> {
-    Const(Const),
+    Int(i64),
-    Thunk(Rc<Thunk<'vm>>),
+    Float(f64),
-    ThunkRef(&'vm Thunk<'vm>),
+    Bool(bool),
-    AttrSet(Rc<AttrSet<'vm>>),
+    String(Rc<String>),
-    List(Rc<List<'vm>>),
+    Null,
-    Catchable(c::Catchable),
+    Thunk(Thunk<'gc>),
-    PrimOp(Rc<PrimOp<'vm>>),
+    AttrSet(Rc<AttrSet<'gc>>),
-    PartialPrimOp(Rc<PartialPrimOp<'vm>>),
+    List(Rc<List<'gc>>),
-    Func(Rc<Func<'vm>>),
+    Catchable(Rc<String>),
-    Builtins,
+    PrimOp(Rc<PrimOp>),
+    PartialPrimOp(Rc<PartialPrimOp<'gc>>),
+    Func(Rc<Func<'gc>>),
 }
 
 impl Hash for Value<'_> {
@@ -45,29 +46,37 @@ impl Hash for Value<'_> {
         use Value::*;
         std::mem::discriminant(self).hash(state);
         match self {
-            Const(x) => x.hash(state),
+            AttrSet(x) => Rc::as_ptr(x).hash(state),
-            Thunk(x) => (x.as_ref() as *const self::Thunk).hash(state),
+            List(x) => Rc::as_ptr(x).hash(state),
-            ThunkRef(x) => (*x as *const self::Thunk).hash(state),
+            _ => 0.hash(state),
-            AttrSet(x) => (x.as_ref() as *const self::AttrSet).hash(state),
-            List(x) => (x.as_ref() as *const self::List).hash(state),
-            Catchable(x) => x.hash(state),
-            PrimOp(x) => (x.as_ref() as *const self::PrimOp).hash(state),
-            PartialPrimOp(x) => (x.as_ref() as *const self::PartialPrimOp).hash(state),
-            Func(x) => (x.as_ref() as *const self::Func).hash(state),
-            Builtins => (),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
+impl<'gc> Value<'gc> {
-    fn eq_impl(&self, other: &Self, vm: &'vm VM<'_>) -> bool {
+    fn eq_impl(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         use Value::*;
         match (self, other) {
-            (Const(a), Const(b)) => a.eq(b),
+            (Bool(a), Bool(b)) => a == b,
-            (AttrSet(a), AttrSet(b)) => a.eq_impl(b, vm),
+            (Int(a), Int(b)) => a == b,
+            (Float(a), Float(b)) => a == b,
+            (Int(a), Float(b)) => *a as f64 == *b,
+            (Float(a), Int(b)) => *b as f64 == *a,
+            (String(a), String(b)) => a.as_str().eq(b.as_str()),
+            (Null, Null) => true,
+            (AttrSet(a), AttrSet(b)) => a.eq_impl(b),
             (List(a), List(b)) => a.eq(b),
-            (Builtins, AttrSet(attrs)) => attrs.has_attr(vm.new_sym("builtins")),
+            _ => false,
-            (AttrSet(attrs), Builtins) => attrs.has_attr(vm.new_sym("builtins")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'gc> PartialEq for Value<'gc> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        use Value::*;
+        match (self, other) {
+            (AttrSet(a), AttrSet(b)) => Rc::as_ptr(a).eq(&Rc::as_ptr(b)),
+            (List(a), List(b)) => Rc::as_ptr(a).eq(&Rc::as_ptr(b)),
             _ => false,
         }
     }
@@ -75,68 +84,43 @@ impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
 
 impl Eq for Value<'_> {}
 
-#[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(IsVariant, Unwrap, Clone)]
-pub enum ValueAsRef<'v, 'vm: 'v> {
+pub enum ValueAsRef<'v, 'gc> {
-    Const(&'v Const),
+    Int(i64),
-    Thunk(&'v Thunk<'vm>),
+    Float(f64),
-    AttrSet(&'v AttrSet<'vm>),
+    Bool(bool),
-    List(&'v List<'vm>),
+    String(&'v str),
-    Catchable(&'v c::Catchable),
+    Null,
-    PrimOp(&'v PrimOp<'vm>),
+    Thunk(&'v Thunk<'gc>),
-    PartialPrimOp(&'v PartialPrimOp<'vm>),
+    AttrSet(&'v AttrSet<'gc>),
-    Func(&'v Func<'vm>),
+    List(&'v List<'gc>),
+    Catchable(&'v str),
+    PrimOp(&'v PrimOp),
+    PartialPrimOp(&'v PartialPrimOp<'gc>),
+    Func(&'v Func<'gc>),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, PartialEq)]
+impl<'gc, 'v> Value<'gc> {
-pub enum ValueAsMut<'v, 'vm: 'v> {
+    pub fn as_ref(&'v self) -> ValueAsRef<'v, 'gc> {
-    Const(&'v mut Const),
-    Thunk(&'v Thunk<'vm>),
-    AttrSet(&'v mut AttrSet<'vm>),
-    List(&'v mut List<'vm>),
-    Catchable(&'v mut c::Catchable),
-    PrimOp(&'v mut PrimOp<'vm>),
-    PartialPrimOp(&'v mut PartialPrimOp<'vm>),
-    Func(&'v Func<'vm>),
-}
-
-impl<'v, 'vm: 'v> Value<'vm> {
-    pub fn as_ref(&'v self) -> ValueAsRef<'v, 'vm> {
         use Value::*;
         use ValueAsRef as R;
         match self {
-            Const(x) => R::Const(x),
+            Int(x) => R::Int(*x),
+            Float(x) => R::Float(*x),
+            Bool(x) => R::Bool(*x),
+            String(x) => R::String(x),
+            Null => R::Null,
             Thunk(x) => R::Thunk(x),
-            ThunkRef(x) => R::Thunk(x),
             AttrSet(x) => R::AttrSet(x),
             List(x) => R::List(x),
             Catchable(x) => R::Catchable(x),
             PrimOp(x) => R::PrimOp(x),
             PartialPrimOp(x) => R::PartialPrimOp(x),
             Func(x) => R::Func(x),
-            Builtins => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_mut(&'v mut self) -> ValueAsMut<'v, 'vm> {
-        use Value::*;
-        use ValueAsMut as M;
-        match self {
-            Const(x) => M::Const(x),
-            Thunk(x) => M::Thunk(x),
-            ThunkRef(x) => M::Thunk(x),
-            AttrSet(x) => M::AttrSet(Rc::make_mut(x)),
-            List(x) => M::List(Rc::make_mut(x)),
-            Catchable(x) => M::Catchable(x),
-            PrimOp(x) => M::PrimOp(Rc::make_mut(x)),
-            PartialPrimOp(x) => M::PartialPrimOp(Rc::make_mut(x)),
-            Func(x) => M::Func(x),
-            Builtins => unreachable!(),
         }
     }
 }
-
+impl<'gc> Value<'gc> {
-use Value::Const as VmConst;
-impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
     pub fn ok(self) -> Result<Self> {
         Ok(self)
     }
@@ -144,16 +128,18 @@ impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
     pub fn typename(&self) -> &'static str {
         use Value::*;
         match self {
-            Const(_) => unreachable!(),
+            Int(_) => "int",
+            Float(_) => "float",
+            Bool(_) => "bool",
+            String(_) => "string",
+            Null => "null",
             Thunk(_) => "thunk",
-            ThunkRef(_) => "thunk",
             AttrSet(_) => "set",
             List(_) => "list",
             Catchable(_) => unreachable!(),
             PrimOp(_) => "lambda",
             PartialPrimOp(_) => "lambda",
             Func(_) => "lambda",
-            Builtins => "set",
         }
     }
 
@@ -165,139 +151,139 @@ impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn call(&self, vm: &'vm VM<'_>, args: Vec<Self>) -> Result<Self> {
+    pub fn call(&mut self, arg: Self, vm: &VM) -> Result<()> {
         use Value::*;
-        match self {
+        if matches!(arg, Value::Catchable(_)) {
-            PrimOp(func) => func.call(vm, args),
+            *self = arg;
-            PartialPrimOp(func) => func.call(vm, args),
+            return Ok(());
-            func @ Value::Func(_) => {
+        }
-                let mut iter = args.into_iter();
+        *self = match self {
-                let mut func = func.clone();
+            PrimOp(func) => func.call(arg, vm),
-                while let Some(arg) = iter.next() {
+            PartialPrimOp(func) => func.call(arg, vm),
-                    func = match func {
+            Catchable(_) => return Ok(()),
-                        PrimOp(func) => {
+            _ => todo!(),
-                            return func.call(vm, [arg].into_iter().chain(iter).collect());
+        }?;
-                        }
+        Ok(())
-                        PartialPrimOp(func) => {
+    }
-                            return func.call(vm, [arg].into_iter().chain(iter).collect());
+
-                        }
+    pub fn not(&mut self) {
-                        Func(func) => func.call(vm, arg)?,
+        use Value::*;
-                        _ => todo!(),
+        *self = match &*self {
-                    }
+            Bool(bool) => Bool(!bool),
-                }
+            Value::Catchable(_) => return,
-                func.ok()
+            _ => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn and(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        use Value::*;
+        *self = match (&*self, other) {
+            (Bool(a), Bool(b)) => Bool(*a && b),
+            (Value::Catchable(_), _) => return,
+            (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
+            _ => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn or(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        use Value::*;
+        *self = match (&*self, other) {
+            (Bool(a), Bool(b)) => Bool(*a || b),
+            (Value::Catchable(_), _) => return,
+            (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
+            _ => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn eq(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        use Value::Bool;
+        *self = match (&*self, other) {
+            (Value::Catchable(_), _) => return,
+            (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
+            (s, other) => Bool(s.eq_impl(&other)),
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn lt(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        use Value::*;
+        *self = Bool(match (&*self, other) {
+            (Int(a), Int(b)) => *a < b,
+            (Int(a), Float(b)) => (*a as f64) < b,
+            (Float(a), Int(b)) => *a < b as f64,
+            (Float(a), Float(b)) => *a < b,
+            (String(a), String(b)) => a.as_str() < b.as_str(),
+            (Value::Catchable(_), _) => return,
+            (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => {
+                *self = x;
+                return;
             }
-            x @ Catchable(_) => x.clone().ok(),
-            _ => todo!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn not(self) -> Self {
-        use Const::*;
-        match self {
-            VmConst(Bool(bool)) => VmConst(Bool(!bool)),
-            x @ Value::Catchable(_) => x,
-            _ => todo!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn and(self, other: Self) -> Self {
-        use Const::*;
-        match (self, other) {
-            (VmConst(Bool(a)), VmConst(Bool(b))) => VmConst(Bool(a && b)),
-            (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
-            _ => todo!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn or(self, other: Self) -> Self {
-        use Const::*;
-        match (self, other) {
-            (VmConst(Bool(a)), VmConst(Bool(b))) => VmConst(Bool(a || b)),
-            (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
-            _ => todo!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn eq(self, other: Self, vm: &'vm VM<'_>) -> Self {
-        use Const::Bool;
-        match (self, other) {
-            (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
-            (s, other) => VmConst(Bool(s.eq_impl(&other, vm))),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn lt(self, other: Self) -> Self {
-        use Const::*;
-        VmConst(Bool(match (self, other) {
-            (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => a < b,
-            (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Float(b))) => (a as f64) < b,
-            (VmConst(Float(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => a < b as f64,
-            (VmConst(Float(a)), VmConst(Float(b))) => a < b,
-            (VmConst(String(a)), VmConst(String(b))) => a < b,
-            (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => return x,
-            _ => todo!(),
-        }))
-    }
-
-    pub fn neg(self) -> Self {
-        use Const::*;
-        match self {
-            VmConst(Int(int)) => VmConst(Int(-int)),
-            VmConst(Float(float)) => VmConst(Float(-float)),
-            x @ Value::Catchable(_) => x,
-            _ => todo!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {
-        use Const::*;
-        match (self, other) {
-            (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => VmConst(Int(a + b)),
-            (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Float(b))) => VmConst(Float(a as f64 + b)),
-            (VmConst(Float(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => VmConst(Float(a + b as f64)),
-            (VmConst(Float(a)), VmConst(Float(b))) => VmConst(Float(a + b)),
-            (VmConst(String(a)), VmConst(String(b))) => {
-                let mut string = a.clone();
-                string.push_str(b.as_str());
-                VmConst(String(string))
-            }
-            (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
-            _ => todo!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn mul(self, other: Self) -> Self {
-        use Const::*;
-        match (self, other) {
-            (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => VmConst(Int(a * b)),
-            (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Float(b))) => VmConst(Float(a as f64 * b)),
-            (VmConst(Float(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => VmConst(Float(a * b as f64)),
-            (VmConst(Float(a)), VmConst(Float(b))) => VmConst(Float(a * b)),
-            (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
-            _ => todo!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn div(self, other: Self) -> Result<Self> {
-        use Const::*;
-        Ok(match (self, other) {
-            (_, VmConst(Int(0))) => return Err(Error::EvalError("division by zero".to_string())),
-            (_, VmConst(Float(0.))) => {
-                return Err(Error::EvalError("division by zero".to_string()));
-            }
-            (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => VmConst(Int(a / b)),
-            (VmConst(Int(a)), VmConst(Float(b))) => VmConst(Float(a as f64 / b)),
-            (VmConst(Float(a)), VmConst(Int(b))) => VmConst(Float(a / b as f64)),
-            (VmConst(Float(a)), VmConst(Float(b))) => VmConst(Float(a / b)),
-            (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
             _ => todo!(),
         })
     }
 
+    pub fn neg(&mut self) {
+        use Value::*;
+        *self = match &*self {
+            Int(int) => Int(-int),
+            Float(float) => Float(-float),
+            Value::Catchable(_) => return,
+            _ => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        use Value::*;
+        replace_with_or_abort(self, |a| match (a, other) {
+            (Int(a), Int(b)) => Int(a + b),
+            (Int(a), Float(b)) => Float(a as f64 + b),
+            (Float(a), Int(b)) => Float(a + b as f64),
+            (Float(a), Float(b)) => Float(a + b),
+            (String(mut a), String(b)) => {
+                Rc::make_mut(&mut a).push_str(&b);
+                String(a)
+            }
+            (a @ Value::Catchable(_), _) => a,
+            (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
+            _ => todo!(),
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn mul(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        use Value::*;
+        *self = match (&*self, other) {
+            (Int(a), Int(b)) => Int(a * b),
+            (Int(a), Float(b)) => Float(*a as f64 * b),
+            (Float(a), Int(b)) => Float(a * b as f64),
+            (Float(a), Float(b)) => Float(a * b),
+            (Value::Catchable(_), _) => return,
+            (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
+            _ => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn div(&mut self, other: Self) -> Result<()> {
+        use Value::*;
+        *self = match (&*self, other) {
+            (_, Int(0)) => return Err(Error::EvalError("division by zero".to_string())),
+            (_, Float(0.)) => {
+                return Err(Error::EvalError("division by zero".to_string()));
+            }
+            (Int(a), Int(b)) => Int(a / b),
+            (Int(a), Float(b)) => Float(*a as f64 / b),
+            (Float(a), Int(b)) => Float(a / b as f64),
+            (Float(a), Float(b)) => Float(a / b),
+            (Value::Catchable(_), _) => return Ok(()),
+            (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
+            _ => todo!(),
+        };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     pub fn concat_string(&mut self, mut other: Self) -> &mut Self {
         match (self.coerce_to_string(), other.coerce_to_string()) {
-            (VmConst(Const::String(a)), VmConst(Const::String(b))) => a.push_str(b.as_str()),
+            (Value::String(a), Value::String(b)) => {
+                Rc::make_mut(a).push_str(b.as_str());
+            }
             (_, Value::Catchable(_)) => *self = other,
             (Value::Catchable(_), _) => (),
             _ => todo!(),
@@ -317,20 +303,23 @@ impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn concat(self, other: Self) -> Self {
+    pub fn concat(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        if let x @ Value::Catchable(_) = other {
+            *self = x;
+            return;
+        }
         match (self, other) {
-            (Value::List(mut a), Value::List(b)) => {
+            (Value::List(a), Value::List(b)) => {
-                Rc::make_mut(&mut a).concat(b.as_ref());
+                Rc::make_mut(a).concat(&b);
-                Value::List(a)
             }
-            (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
+            (Value::Catchable(_), _) => (),
             _ => todo!(),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn push_attr(&mut self, sym: usize, val: Self) -> &mut Self {
         if let Value::AttrSet(attrs) = self {
-            Rc::make_mut(attrs).push_attr(sym, val)
+            Rc::make_mut(attrs).push_attr(sym, val);
         } else if let Value::Catchable(_) = self {
         } else if let Value::Catchable(_) = val {
             *self = val
@@ -340,18 +329,21 @@ impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn update(self, other: Self) -> Self {
+    pub fn update(&mut self, other: Self) {
+        if let x @ Value::Catchable(_) = other {
+            *self = x;
+            return;
+        }
         match (self, other) {
-            (Value::AttrSet(mut a), Value::AttrSet(b)) => {
+            (Value::AttrSet(a), Value::AttrSet(b)) => {
-                Rc::make_mut(&mut a).update(b.as_ref());
+                Rc::make_mut(a).update(&b);
-                Value::AttrSet(a)
             }
-            (x @ Value::Catchable(_), _) | (_, x @ Value::Catchable(_)) => x,
+            (Value::Catchable(_), _) => (),
             _ => todo!(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn select(&mut self, sym: usize, vm: &'vm VM<'_>) -> Result<&mut Self> {
+    pub fn select(&mut self, sym: usize, vm: &VM<'gc>) -> Result<&mut Self> {
         let val = match self {
             Value::AttrSet(attrs) => attrs
                 .select(sym)
@@ -362,10 +354,7 @@ impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
                 self.typename()
             ))),
         }?;
-        if let Value::Builtins = val {
+        *self = val;
-        } else {
-            *self = val;
-        }
         Ok(self)
     }
 
@@ -380,26 +369,23 @@ impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
                 )));
             }
         };
-        if let Value::Builtins = val {
+        *self = val;
-        } else {
-            *self = val;
-        }
         Ok(self)
     }
 
     pub fn has_attr(&mut self, sym: usize) -> &mut Self {
         if let Value::AttrSet(attrs) = self {
-            let val = VmConst(Const::Bool(attrs.has_attr(sym)));
+            let val = Value::Bool(attrs.has_attr(sym));
             *self = val;
         } else if let Value::Catchable(_) = self {
         } else {
-            *self = VmConst(Const::Bool(false));
+            *self = Value::Bool(false);
         }
         self
     }
 
     pub fn coerce_to_string(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
-        if let VmConst(Const::String(_)) = self {
+        if let Value::String(_) = self {
         } else if let Value::Catchable(_) = self {
         } else {
             todo!()
@@ -407,111 +393,110 @@ impl<'vm> Value<'vm> {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn force(&mut self, vm: &'vm VM<'_>) -> Result<&mut Self> {
+    pub fn to_public(&self, vm: &VM<'gc>, seen: &mut HashSet<Value<'gc>>) -> p::Value {
-        if let Value::Thunk(thunk) = self {
-            let value = thunk.force(vm)?;
-            *self = value
-        } else if let Value::ThunkRef(thunk) = self {
-            let value = thunk.force(vm)?;
-            *self = value
-        }
-        Ok(self)
-    }
-
-    pub fn force_deep(&mut self, vm: &'vm VM<'_>) -> Result<&mut Self> {
-        match self {
-            Value::Thunk(thunk) => {
-                let mut value = thunk.force(vm)?;
-                let _ = value.force_deep(vm)?;
-                *self = value;
-            }
-            Value::ThunkRef(thunk) => {
-                let mut value = thunk.force(vm)?;
-                let _ = value.force_deep(vm)?;
-                *self = value;
-            }
-            Value::List(list) => Rc::make_mut(list).force_deep(vm)?,
-            Value::AttrSet(attrs) => Rc::make_mut(attrs).force_deep(vm)?,
-            _ => (),
-        }
-        Ok(self)
-    }
-
-    pub fn to_public(&self, vm: &'vm VM, seen: &mut HashSet<Value<'vm>>) -> p::Value {
         use self::Value::*;
         use p::Value;
         if seen.contains(self) {
             return Value::Repeated;
         }
-        seen.insert(self.clone());
         match self {
-            AttrSet(attrs) => attrs.to_public(vm, seen),
+            AttrSet(attrs) => {
-            List(list) => list.to_public(vm, seen),
+                seen.insert(self.clone());
-            Catchable(catchable) => Value::Catchable(catchable.clone()),
+                attrs.to_public(vm, seen)
-            Const(cnst) => Value::Const(cnst.clone().into()),
+            }
+            List(list) => {
+                seen.insert(self.clone());
+                list.to_public(vm, seen)
+            }
+            Catchable(catchable) => Value::Catchable(catchable.as_ref().clone().into()),
+            Int(x) => Value::Const(Const::Int(*x)),
+            Float(x) => Value::Const(Const::Float(*x)),
+            Bool(x) => Value::Const(Const::Bool(*x)),
+            String(x) => Value::Const(Const::String(x.as_str().into())),
+            Null => Value::Const(Const::Null),
             Thunk(_) => Value::Thunk,
-            ThunkRef(_) => Value::Thunk,
             PrimOp(primop) => Value::PrimOp(primop.name),
             PartialPrimOp(primop) => Value::PartialPrimOp(primop.name),
             Func(_) => Value::Func,
-            Builtins => Value::Repeated,
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
-pub struct Thunk<'vm> {
+#[derive(Clone)]
-    pub thunk: RefCell<_Thunk<'vm>>,
+pub struct Thunk<'gc> {
+    pub thunk: Rc<RefCell<_Thunk<'gc>>>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, IsVariant, Unwrap, Clone)]
+#[derive(IsVariant, Unwrap)]
-pub enum _Thunk<'vm> {
+pub enum _Thunk<'gc> {
-    Code(&'vm OpCodes, OnceCell<Env<'vm>>),
+    Code(&'gc OpCodes, Option<Env<'gc>>),
-    SuspendedFrom(*const Thunk<'vm>),
+    Suspended,
-    Value(Value<'vm>),
+    Value(Value<'gc>),
 }
 
-impl<'vm> Thunk<'vm> {
+#[derive(Unwrap)]
-    pub fn new(opcodes: &'vm OpCodes) -> Self {
+pub enum Env<'gc> {
+    Strong(Rc<VmEnv<'gc>>),
+    Weak(Weak<VmEnv<'gc>>),
+}
+
+impl Env<'_> {
+    fn upgrade(self) -> Self {
+        if let Self::Weak(weak) = self {
+            Env::Strong(weak.upgrade().unwrap())
+        } else {
+            self
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'gc> Thunk<'gc> {
+    pub fn new(opcodes: &'gc OpCodes) -> Self {
         Thunk {
-            thunk: RefCell::new(_Thunk::Code(opcodes, OnceCell::new())),
+            thunk: RefCell::new(_Thunk::Code(opcodes, None)).into(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn capture(&self, env: Env<'vm>) {
+    pub fn capture_env(&self, env: Rc<VmEnv<'gc>>) {
-        if let _Thunk::Code(_, envcell) = &*self.thunk.borrow() {
+        if let _Thunk::Code(_, envcell) = &mut *self.thunk.borrow_mut() {
-            envcell.get_or_init(|| env);
+            let _ = envcell.insert(Env::Strong(env));
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn force(&self, vm: &'vm VM<'_>) -> Result<Value<'vm>> {
+    pub fn capture_env_weak(&self, env: Weak<VmEnv<'gc>>) {
-        match &*self.thunk.borrow() {
+        if let _Thunk::Code(_, envcell) = &mut *self.thunk.borrow_mut() {
-            _Thunk::Value(value) => return Ok(value.clone()),
+            let _ = envcell.insert(Env::Weak(env));
-            _Thunk::SuspendedFrom(from) => {
+        }
-                return Err(Error::EvalError(format!(
+    }
-                    "thunk {:p} already suspended from {from:p} (infinite recursion encountered)",
+
-                    self as *const Thunk
+    pub fn upgrade(&self) {
-                )));
+        replace_with_or_abort(&mut *self.thunk.borrow_mut(), |this| {
+            if let _Thunk::Code(opcodes, envcell) = this {
+                _Thunk::Code(opcodes, envcell.map(Env::upgrade))
+            } else {
+                this
             }
-            _Thunk::Code(..) => (),
+        });
-        }
-        let (opcodes, env) = std::mem::replace(
-            &mut *self.thunk.borrow_mut(),
-            _Thunk::SuspendedFrom(self as *const Thunk),
-        )
-        .unwrap_code();
-        let value = vm.eval(opcodes.iter().copied(), env.get().unwrap().clone())?;
-        let _ = std::mem::replace(
-            &mut *self.thunk.borrow_mut(),
-            _Thunk::Value(value.clone().into()),
-        );
-        Ok(value)
     }
 
-    pub fn value(&'vm self) -> Option<Value<'vm>> {
+    pub fn suspend(&self) -> Result<(&'gc OpCodes, Rc<VmEnv<'gc>>)> {
-        match &*self.thunk.borrow() {
+        use _Thunk::*;
-            _Thunk::Value(value) => Some(value.clone()),
+        match std::mem::replace(&mut *self.thunk.borrow_mut(), _Thunk::Suspended) {
-            _ => None,
+            Code(opcodes, env) => Ok((opcodes, env.unwrap().upgrade().unwrap_strong())),
+            _ => Err(Error::EvalError("infinite recursion encountered".into())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert_value(&self, value: Value<'gc>) {
+        *self.thunk.borrow_mut() = _Thunk::Value(value);
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_value(&self) -> Option<&Value<'gc>> {
+        if let _Thunk::Value(val) = unsafe { &*self.thunk.as_ptr() } {
+            Some(val)
+        } else {
+            None
         }
     }
 }

src/ty/internal/primop.rs

@@ -8,45 +8,42 @@ use crate::vm::VM;
 use super::Value;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Constructor)]
-pub struct PrimOp<'vm> {
+pub struct PrimOp {
     pub name: &'static str,
     arity: usize,
-    func: fn(&'vm VM<'_>, Vec<Value<'vm>>) -> Result<Value<'vm>>,
+    func: for<'gc> fn(Vec<Value<'gc>>, &VM) -> Result<Value<'gc>>,
 }
 
-impl PartialEq for PrimOp<'_> {
+impl PartialEq for PrimOp {
     fn eq(&self, _: &Self) -> bool {
         false
     }
 }
 
-impl<'vm> PrimOp<'vm> {
+impl PrimOp {
-    pub fn call(&self, vm: &'vm VM<'_>, args: Vec<Value<'vm>>) -> Result<Value<'vm>> {
+    pub fn call<'gc>(&self, arg: Value<'gc>, vm: &VM) -> Result<Value<'gc>> {
-        if (args.len()) < self.arity {
+        let mut args = Vec::with_capacity(self.arity);
-            Value::PartialPrimOp(
+        args.push(arg);
-                PartialPrimOp {
+        if self.arity > 1 {
-                    name: self.name,
+            Value::PartialPrimOp(Rc::new(PartialPrimOp {
-                    arity: self.arity - args.len(),
+                name: self.name,
-                    args,
+                arity: self.arity - 1,
-                    func: self.func,
+                args,
-                }
+                func: self.func,
-                .into(),
+            }))
-            )
             .ok()
-        } else if args.len() == self.arity {
-            (self.func)(vm, args)
         } else {
-            unimplemented!()
+            (self.func)(args, vm)
         }
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct PartialPrimOp<'vm> {
+pub struct PartialPrimOp<'gc> {
     pub name: &'static str,
     arity: usize,
-    args: Vec<Value<'vm>>,
+    args: Vec<Value<'gc>>,
-    func: fn(&'vm VM<'_>, Vec<Value<'vm>>) -> Result<Value<'vm>>,
+    func: fn(Vec<Value<'gc>>, &VM) -> Result<Value<'gc>>,
 }
 
 impl PartialEq for PartialPrimOp<'_> {
@@ -55,20 +52,21 @@ impl PartialEq for PartialPrimOp<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'vm> PartialPrimOp<'vm> {
+impl<'gc> PartialPrimOp<'gc> {
-    pub fn call(self: &Rc<Self>, vm: &'vm VM<'_>, args: Vec<Value<'vm>>) -> Result<Value<'vm>> {
+    pub fn call(self: &mut Rc<Self>, arg: Value<'gc>, vm: &VM) -> Result<Value<'gc>> {
-        let len = args.len();
+        let func = self.func;
-        let mut self_clone = self.clone();
+        let Some(ret) = ({
-        let self_mut = Rc::make_mut(&mut self_clone);
+            let self_mut = Rc::make_mut(self);
-        self_mut.args.extend(args);
+            self_mut.args.push(arg);
-        self_mut.arity -= len;
+            self_mut.arity -= 1;
-        if self_mut.arity > 0 {
+            if self_mut.arity == 0 {
-            Value::PartialPrimOp(self_clone).ok()
+                Some(func(std::mem::take(&mut self_mut.args), vm))
-        } else if self_mut.arity == 0 {
+            } else {
-            let args = std::mem::replace(&mut self_mut.args, Vec::new());
+                None
-            (self.func)(vm, args)
+            }
-        } else {
+        }) else {
-            unimplemented!()
+            return Value::PartialPrimOp(self.clone()).ok();
-        }
+        };
+        ret
     }
 }

src/ty/internal/string.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 // TODO: Contextful String
 
 use ecow::EcoString;
-use rpds::List;
 
 pub struct StringContext {
-    context: List<()>,
+    context: Vec<()>,
 }
 
 impl StringContext {
     pub fn new() -> StringContext {
         StringContext {
-            context: List::new(),
+            context: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
 }

src/ty/public.rs

@@ -6,14 +6,9 @@ use std::sync::LazyLock;
 use derive_more::{Constructor, IsVariant, Unwrap};
 use ecow::EcoString;
 use regex::Regex;
-use rpds::VectorSync;
 
 use super::common::*;
 
-mod cnst;
-
-pub use cnst::Const;
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Constructor)]
 pub struct Symbol(EcoString);
 
@@ -80,9 +75,16 @@ impl Debug for AttrSet {
 
 impl Display for AttrSet {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
+        use Value::*;
         write!(f, "{{ ")?;
         for (k, v) in self.data.iter() {
-            write!(f, "{k} = {v}; ")?;
+            write!(f, "{k} = ")?;
+            match v {
+                AttrSet(_) => write!(f, "{{ ... }}"),
+                List(_) => write!(f, "[ ... ]"),
+                v => write!(f, "{v}"),
+            }?;
+            write!(f, "; ")?;
         }
         write!(f, "}}")
     }
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ impl Display for AttrSet {
 
 #[derive(Constructor, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct List {
-    data: VectorSync<Value>,
+    data: Vec<Value>,
 }
 
 impl Display for List {

src/ty/public/cnst.rs

@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter, Result as FmtResult};
-
-use derive_more::{IsVariant, Unwrap};
-use ecow::EcoString;
-
-use crate::error::Error;
-
-use super::super::internal as i;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, IsVariant, Unwrap)]
-pub enum Const {
-    Bool(bool),
-    Int(i64),
-    Float(f64),
-    String(EcoString),
-    Null,
-}
-
-impl Display for Const {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> FmtResult {
-        use Const::*;
-        match self {
-            Bool(b) => write!(f, "{b}"),
-            Int(i) => write!(f, "{i}"),
-            Float(float) => write!(f, "{float}"),
-            String(s) => write!(f, "{s}"),
-            Null => write!(f, "null"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<i::Const> for Const {
-    fn from(value: i::Const) -> Self {
-        use i::Const::*;
-        match value {
-            Bool(bool) => Const::Bool(bool),
-            Int(int) => Const::Int(int),
-            Float(float) => Const::Float(float),
-            String(string) => Const::String(string),
-            Null => Const::Null,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<bool> for Const {
-    fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
-        Const::Bool(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<i64> for Const {
-    fn from(value: i64) -> Self {
-        Const::Int(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<f64> for Const {
-    fn from(value: f64) -> Self {
-        Const::Float(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<EcoString> for Const {
-    fn from(value: EcoString) -> Self {
-        Const::String(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<String> for Const {
-    fn from(value: String) -> Self {
-        Const::String(value.into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&str> for Const {
-    fn from(value: &str) -> Self {
-        Const::String(value.into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a Const> for &'a bool {
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn try_from(value: &'a Const) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        match value {
-            Const::Bool(b) => Ok(b),
-            _ => panic!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a Const> for &'a i64 {
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn try_from(value: &'a Const) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        match value {
-            Const::Int(int) => Ok(int),
-            _ => panic!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a Const> for &'a f64 {
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn try_from(value: &'a Const) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        match value {
-            Const::Float(float) => Ok(float),
-            _ => panic!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a Const> for &'a str {
-    type Error = Error;
-
-    fn try_from(value: &'a Const) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        match value {
-            Const::String(string) => Ok(string),
-            _ => panic!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for Const {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        use Const::*;
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Bool(a), Bool(b)) => a == b,
-            (Int(a), Int(b)) => a == b,
-            (Float(a), Float(b)) => a == b,
-            (String(a), String(b)) => a == b,
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Eq for Const {}

src/vm/env.rs

@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-use hashbrown::HashMap;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-
-use crate::ty::internal::{AttrSet, Value};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
-pub struct Env<'vm> {
-    last: Option<Rc<Env<'vm>>>,
-    map: Rc<HashMap<usize, Value<'vm>>>,
-}
-
-impl<'vm> Env<'vm> {
-    pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Env::default()
-    }
-
-    pub fn lookup(&self, symbol: usize) -> Option<Value<'vm>> {
-        if let Some(val) = self.map.get(&symbol).cloned() {
-            return Some(val);
-        }
-        self.last.as_ref().map(|env| env.lookup(symbol)).flatten()
-    }
-
-    pub fn insert(&mut self, symbol: usize, value: Value<'vm>) {
-        Rc::make_mut(&mut self.map).insert(symbol, value);
-    }
-
-    pub fn enter(self, new: impl Iterator<Item = (usize, Value<'vm>)>) -> Self {
-        let map = Rc::new(new.collect());
-        let last = Some(
-            Env {
-                last: self.last,
-                map: self.map,
-            }
-            .into(),
-        );
-        Env { last, map }
-    }
-
-    pub fn enter_with(self, new: Rc<AttrSet<'vm>>) -> Self {
-        let map = Rc::new(
-            new.as_inner()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|(&k, v)| {
-                    (
-                        k,
-                        if let Value::Builtins = v {
-                            Value::AttrSet(new.clone())
-                        } else {
-                            v.clone()
-                        },
-                    )
-                })
-                .collect(),
-        );
-        let last = Some(
-            Env {
-                last: self.last.clone(),
-                map: self.map.clone(),
-            }
-            .into(),
-        );
-        Env { last, map }
-    }
-
-    pub fn leave(self) -> Self {
-        self.last.unwrap().as_ref().clone()
-    }
-}

src/vm/jit.rs

@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-use std::pin::Pin;
-
-use inkwell::builder::Builder;
-use inkwell::context::Context;
-use inkwell::execution_engine::ExecutionEngine;
-use inkwell::module::Module;
-use inkwell::types::{BasicType, BasicTypeEnum, FunctionType, StructType};
-use inkwell::values::{BasicValueEnum, FunctionValue, IntValue};
-use inkwell::{AddressSpace, OptimizationLevel};
-
-use crate::stack::Stack;
-
-use super::STACK_SIZE;
-
-#[repr(usize)]
-pub enum ValueTag {
-    Int,
-    String,
-    Bool,
-    AttrSet,
-    List,
-    Function,
-    Thunk,
-    Path,
-}
-
-#[repr(C)]
-pub struct JITValue {
-    tag: ValueTag,
-    data: u64,
-}
-
-pub struct JITContext<'ctx> {
-    context: &'ctx Context,
-    module: Module<'ctx>,
-    builder: Builder<'ctx>,
-    execution_engine: ExecutionEngine<'ctx>,
-    stack: Stack<BasicValueEnum<'ctx>, STACK_SIZE>,
-    cur_func: Option<FunctionValue<'ctx>>,
-
-    value_type: StructType<'ctx>,
-    func_type: FunctionType<'ctx>,
-}
-
-impl<'ctx> JITContext<'ctx> {
-    pub fn new(context: &'ctx Context) -> Pin<Box<Self>> {
-        let module = context.create_module("nixjit");
-        let stack = Stack::new();
-
-        let int_type = context.i64_type();
-        let pointer_type = context.ptr_type(AddressSpace::default());
-        let value_type = context.struct_type(&[int_type.into(), int_type.into()], false);
-        let func_type = value_type.fn_type(
-            &[pointer_type.into(), pointer_type.into(), value_type.into()],
-            false,
-        );
-
-        Pin::new(Box::new(JITContext {
-            execution_engine: module
-                .create_jit_execution_engine(OptimizationLevel::Default)
-                .unwrap(),
-            builder: context.create_builder(),
-            context,
-            module,
-            stack,
-            cur_func: None,
-
-            value_type,
-            func_type,
-        }))
-    }
-
-    fn new_int(&self, int: i64) -> IntValue {
-        self.context.i64_type().const_int(int as u64, false)
-    }
-
-    pub fn start_trace(&mut self) {}
-}

src/vm/mod.rs

@@ -1,69 +1,309 @@
-use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use hashbrown::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use inkwell::context::Context;
 
-use crate::builtins::env;
 use crate::bytecode::{BinOp, Func as F, OpCode, OpCodes, Program, UnOp};
+use crate::env::VmEnv;
 use crate::error::*;
+use crate::jit::{JITContext, JITFunc};
+use crate::stack::Stack;
+use crate::ty::common::Const;
 use crate::ty::internal::*;
 use crate::ty::public::{self as p, Symbol};
 
-use crate::stack::Stack;
-
 use derive_more::Constructor;
 use ecow::EcoString;
-pub use env::Env;
-pub use jit::JITContext;
-
-mod env;
-mod jit;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
 
-pub const STACK_SIZE: usize = 8 * 1024 / size_of::<Value>();
+const STACK_SIZE: usize = 8 * 1024 / size_of::<Value>();
+const COLLECTOR_GRANULARITY: f64 = 1024.0;
 
-pub fn run(prog: Program, jit: Pin<Box<JITContext<'_>>>) -> Result<p::Value> {
+struct ContextWrapper(Context);
-    let vm = VM::new(
+
-        prog.thunks,
+pub fn run(mut prog: Program) -> Result<p::Value> {
-        prog.funcs,
+    let jit = Context::create();
-        RefCell::new(prog.symbols),
+    prog.thunks.iter_mut().for_each(|code| code.reverse());
-        RefCell::new(prog.symmap),
+    prog.funcs
-        prog.consts,
+        .iter_mut()
-        jit,
+        .for_each(|F { opcodes, .. }| opcodes.reverse());
-    );
+    let vm = VM {
-    let env = env(&vm);
+        thunks: prog.thunks,
-    let mut seen = HashSet::new();
+        funcs: prog.funcs,
-    let value = vm
+        consts: prog.consts,
-        .eval(prog.top_level.into_iter(), env)?
+        symbols: RefCell::new(prog.symbols),
-        .to_public(&vm, &mut seen);
+        symmap: RefCell::new(prog.symmap),
-    Ok(value)
+        jit: JITContext::new(&jit),
+    };
+    prog.top_level.reverse();
+    Ok(eval(prog.top_level, &vm, VmEnv::new(vec![]))?.to_public(&vm, &mut HashSet::new()))
+}
+
+pub fn eval<'gc>(opcodes: Box<[OpCode]>, vm: &VM<'gc>, env: Rc<VmEnv<'gc>>) -> Result<Value<'gc>> {
+    let mut opcodes = opcodes.into_vec();
+    let mut envs = vec![env];
+    let mut stack = Stack::<_, STACK_SIZE>::new();
+    while let Some(opcode) = opcodes.pop() {
+        let consq = single_op(vm, opcode, &mut stack, envs.last_mut().unwrap())?;
+        match consq {
+            Consq::NoOp => (),
+            Consq::Jmp(step) => opcodes.resize_with(opcodes.len() - step, || unreachable!()),
+            Consq::Force => {
+                let thunk = stack.tos().as_ref().unwrap_thunk();
+                let (code, env) = thunk.suspend()?;
+                opcodes.push(OpCode::InsertValue);
+                opcodes.push(OpCode::PopEnv);
+                opcodes.extend(code);
+                envs.push(env);
+            }
+            Consq::PopEnv => {
+                let _ = envs.pop().unwrap();
+            }
+            Consq::Call => {
+                let arg = stack.pop();
+                let func = stack.pop().unwrap_func();
+                let env = func.env.clone().enter_arg(arg);
+                let count = func.count.get();
+                func.count.set(count + 1);
+                if count > 1 {
+                    let compiled = func.compiled.get_or_init(|| vm.compile_func(func.func));
+                    let ret = unsafe { compiled(env.as_ref() as *const VmEnv) };
+                    stack.push(ret.into())?;
+                } else {
+                    envs.push(env);
+                    opcodes.push(OpCode::PopEnv);
+                    opcodes.extend(&func.func.opcodes);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    stack.pop().ok()
+}
+
+enum Consq {
+    Jmp(usize),
+    Call,
+    Force,
+    PopEnv,
+    NoOp,
+}
+
+#[inline(always)]
+fn single_op<'gc, const CAP: usize>(
+    vm: &VM<'gc>,
+    opcode: OpCode,
+    stack: &mut Stack<Value<'gc>, CAP>,
+    env: &mut Rc<VmEnv<'gc>>,
+) -> Result<Consq> {
+    match opcode {
+        OpCode::Illegal => panic!("illegal opcode"),
+        OpCode::Const { idx } => stack.push(match vm.get_const(idx) {
+            Const::Int(x) => Value::Int(x),
+            Const::Float(x) => Value::Float(x),
+            Const::Bool(x) => Value::Bool(x),
+            Const::String(x) => Value::String(Rc::new(x.into())),
+            Const::Null => Value::Null,
+        })?,
+        OpCode::LoadThunk { idx } => stack.push(Value::Thunk(Thunk::new(vm.get_thunk(idx))))?,
+        OpCode::LoadValue { idx } => {
+            stack.push(Value::Thunk(Thunk::new(vm.get_thunk(idx))))?;
+            stack.tos().as_ref().unwrap_thunk().capture_env(env.clone());
+            return Ok(Consq::Force);
+        }
+        OpCode::CaptureEnv => stack.tos().as_ref().unwrap_thunk().capture_env(env.clone()),
+        OpCode::ForceValue => {
+            if !stack.tos().is_thunk() {
+                return Ok(Consq::NoOp);
+            }
+            let Some(val) = stack.tos().as_ref().unwrap_thunk().get_value() else {
+                return Ok(Consq::Force);
+            };
+            *stack.tos_mut() = val.clone();
+        }
+        OpCode::InsertValue => {
+            let val = stack.pop();
+            stack
+                .tos()
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap_thunk()
+                .insert_value(val.clone());
+            *stack.tos_mut() = val;
+        }
+        OpCode::Jmp { step } => return Ok(Consq::Jmp(step)),
+        OpCode::JmpIfFalse { step } => {
+            if let Value::Bool(false) = stack.pop() {
+                return Ok(Consq::Jmp(step));
+            }
+        }
+        OpCode::Call => {
+            let arg = stack.pop();
+            let func = stack.tos_mut();
+            if func.is_func() {
+                let _ = stack.push(arg);
+                return Ok(Consq::Call);
+            }
+            func.call(arg, vm)?;
+        }
+        OpCode::Func { idx } => {
+            let func = vm.get_func(idx);
+            stack.push(Value::Func(Rc::new(Func::new(func, env.clone()))))?;
+        }
+        OpCode::Arg { level } => {
+            stack.push(env.lookup_arg(level).clone())?;
+        }
+        OpCode::UnOp { op } => {
+            use UnOp::*;
+            let value = stack.tos_mut();
+            match op {
+                Neg => value.neg(),
+                Not => value.not(),
+            }
+        }
+        OpCode::BinOp { op } => {
+            use BinOp::*;
+            let mut rhs = stack.pop();
+            let lhs = stack.tos_mut();
+            match op {
+                Add => lhs.add(rhs),
+                Sub => {
+                    rhs.neg();
+                    lhs.add(rhs);
+                }
+                Mul => lhs.mul(rhs),
+                Div => lhs.div(rhs)?,
+                And => lhs.and(rhs),
+                Or => lhs.or(rhs),
+                Eq => Value::eq(lhs, rhs),
+                Lt => lhs.lt(rhs),
+                Con => lhs.concat(rhs),
+                Upd => lhs.update(rhs),
+            }
+        }
+        OpCode::ConcatString => {
+            let rhs = stack.pop();
+            stack.tos_mut().concat_string(rhs);
+        }
+        OpCode::Path => {
+            todo!()
+        }
+        OpCode::List { cap } => {
+            stack.push(Value::List(Rc::new(List::with_capacity(cap))))?;
+        }
+        OpCode::PushElem => {
+            let elem = stack.pop();
+            stack.tos_mut().push(elem);
+        }
+        OpCode::AttrSet { cap } => {
+            stack.push(Value::AttrSet(Rc::new(AttrSet::with_capacity(cap))))?;
+        }
+        OpCode::FinalizeLet => {
+            let mut list = stack.pop().unwrap_list();
+            let map = list.as_ref().clone().into_inner();
+            *env = env.clone().enter_let(map);
+            Rc::make_mut(&mut list).capture(&Rc::downgrade(env));
+        }
+        OpCode::PushStaticAttr { name } => {
+            let val = stack.pop();
+            stack.tos_mut().push_attr(name, val);
+        }
+        OpCode::PushDynamicAttr => {
+            let val = stack.pop();
+            let sym = stack.pop();
+            let sym = vm.new_sym::<&str>(&sym.unwrap_string());
+            stack.tos_mut().push_attr(sym, val);
+        }
+        OpCode::Select { sym } => {
+            stack.tos_mut().select(sym, vm)?;
+        }
+        OpCode::SelectOrDefault { sym } => {
+            let default = stack.pop();
+            stack.tos_mut().select_with_default(sym, default)?;
+        }
+        OpCode::SelectDynamic => {
+            let mut val = stack.pop();
+            val.coerce_to_string();
+            let sym = vm.new_sym::<&str>(&val.unwrap_string());
+            stack.tos_mut().select(sym, vm)?;
+        }
+        OpCode::SelectDynamicOrDefault => {
+            let default = stack.pop();
+            let mut val = stack.pop();
+            val.coerce_to_string();
+            let sym = vm.new_sym::<&str>(&val.unwrap_string());
+            stack.tos_mut().select_with_default(sym, default)?;
+        }
+        OpCode::HasAttr { sym } => {
+            stack.tos_mut().has_attr(sym);
+        }
+        OpCode::HasDynamicAttr => {
+            let mut val = stack.pop();
+            val.coerce_to_string();
+            let sym = vm.new_sym::<&str>(&val.unwrap_string());
+            stack.tos_mut().has_attr(sym);
+        }
+        OpCode::LookUp { sym } => {
+            stack.push(
+                env.lookup_with(&sym)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::EvalError(format!("{} not found", vm.get_sym(sym))))?
+                    .clone(),
+            )?;
+        }
+        OpCode::LookUpLet { level, idx } => {
+            let val = env.lookup_let(level, idx);
+            if let Value::Thunk(thunk) = val {
+                thunk.upgrade();
+            }
+            stack.push(val.clone())?;
+        }
+        OpCode::LeaveEnv => *env = env.leave(),
+        OpCode::EnterWithEnv => {
+            let mut new = HashMap::new();
+            stack
+                .pop()
+                .unwrap_attr_set()
+                .as_inner()
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(&k, v)| (k, v.clone()))
+                .collect_into(&mut new);
+            *env = env.clone().enter_with(new.into());
+        }
+        OpCode::PopEnv => return Ok(Consq::PopEnv),
+        OpCode::Assert => {
+            if !stack.pop().unwrap_bool() {
+                todo!()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(Consq::NoOp)
 }
 
 #[derive(Constructor)]
-pub struct VM<'jit> {
+pub struct VM<'gc> {
     thunks: Box<[OpCodes]>,
     funcs: Box<[F]>,
     symbols: RefCell<Vec<EcoString>>,
     symmap: RefCell<HashMap<EcoString, usize>>,
     consts: Box<[Const]>,
-    jit: Pin<Box<JITContext<'jit>>>,
+    jit: JITContext<'gc>,
 }
 
-impl<'vm, 'jit: 'vm> VM<'jit> {
+impl<'gc> VM<'gc> {
-    pub fn get_thunk(&self, idx: usize) -> &OpCodes {
+    pub fn get_thunk(&self, idx: usize) -> &'gc OpCodes {
-        &self.thunks[idx]
+        unsafe { &*(&self.thunks[idx] as *const _) }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_func(&self, idx: usize) -> &F {
+    pub fn get_func(&self, idx: usize) -> &'gc F {
-        &self.funcs[idx]
+        unsafe { &*(&self.funcs[idx] as *const _) }
     }
 
     pub fn get_sym(&self, idx: usize) -> Symbol {
         self.symbols.borrow()[idx].clone().into()
     }
 
-    pub fn new_sym(&self, sym: impl Into<EcoString>) -> usize {
+    pub fn new_sym<T: Into<EcoString>>(&self, sym: T) -> usize {
         let sym = sym.into();
         if let Some(&idx) = self.symmap.borrow().get(&sym) {
             idx
@@ -76,192 +316,13 @@ impl<'vm, 'jit: 'vm> VM<'jit> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn eval(
+    pub fn get_const(&self, idx: usize) -> Const {
-        &'vm self,
+        self.consts[idx].clone()
-        opcodes: impl Iterator<Item = OpCode>,
-        mut env: Env<'vm>,
-    ) -> Result<Value<'vm>> {
-        let mut stack = Stack::<_, STACK_SIZE>::new();
-        let mut iter = opcodes.into_iter();
-        while let Some(opcode) = iter.next() {
-            let jmp = self.single_op(opcode, &mut stack, &mut env)?;
-            for _ in 0..jmp {
-                iter.next().unwrap();
-            }
-        }
-        assert_eq!(stack.len(), 1);
-        let mut ret = stack.pop();
-        ret.force(self)?;
-        Ok(ret)
     }
 
-    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn compile_func(&self, func: &'gc F) -> JITFunc<'gc> {
-    fn single_op<'s, const CAP: usize>(
+        self.jit
-        &'vm self,
+            .compile_seq(func.opcodes.iter().copied().rev(), self)
-        opcode: OpCode,
+            .unwrap()
-        stack: &'s mut Stack<Value<'vm>, CAP>,
-        env: &mut Env<'vm>,
-    ) -> Result<usize> {
-        match opcode {
-            OpCode::Illegal => panic!("illegal opcode"),
-            OpCode::Const { idx } => stack.push(Value::Const(self.consts[idx].clone()))?,
-            OpCode::LoadThunk { idx } => {
-                stack.push(Value::Thunk(Thunk::new(self.get_thunk(idx)).into()))?
-            }
-            OpCode::CaptureEnv => match stack.tos()? {
-                Value::Thunk(thunk) => thunk.capture(env.clone()),
-                _ => (),
-            },
-            OpCode::ForceValue => {
-                stack.tos_mut()?.force(self)?;
-            }
-            OpCode::Jmp { step } => return Ok(step),
-            OpCode::JmpIfTrue { step } => {
-                if let Value::Const(Const::Bool(true)) = stack.pop() {
-                    return Ok(step);
-                }
-            }
-            OpCode::JmpIfFalse { step } => {
-                if let Value::Const(Const::Bool(false)) = stack.pop() {
-                    return Ok(step);
-                }
-            }
-            OpCode::Call { arity } => {
-                let mut args = Vec::with_capacity(arity);
-                for _ in 0..arity {
-                    args.insert(0, stack.pop());
-                }
-                let mut func = stack.pop();
-                func.force(self)?;
-                stack.push(func.call(self, args)?)?;
-            }
-            OpCode::Func { idx } => {
-                let func = self.get_func(idx);
-                stack.push(Value::Func(Func::new(func, env.clone(), None).into()))?;
-            }
-            OpCode::UnOp { op } => {
-                use UnOp::*;
-                let mut value = stack.pop();
-                value.force(self)?;
-                stack.push(match op {
-                    Neg => value.neg(),
-                    Not => value.not(),
-                })?;
-            }
-            OpCode::BinOp { op } => {
-                use BinOp::*;
-                let mut rhs = stack.pop();
-                let mut lhs = stack.pop();
-                lhs.force(self)?;
-                rhs.force(self)?;
-                stack.push(match op {
-                    Add => lhs.add(rhs),
-                    Sub => lhs.add(rhs.neg()),
-                    Mul => lhs.mul(rhs),
-                    Div => lhs.div(rhs)?,
-                    And => lhs.and(rhs),
-                    Or => lhs.or(rhs),
-                    Eq => lhs.eq(rhs, self),
-                    Lt => lhs.lt(rhs),
-                    Con => lhs.concat(rhs),
-                    Upd => lhs.update(rhs),
-                })?;
-            }
-            OpCode::ConcatString => {
-                let mut rhs = stack.pop();
-                rhs.force(self)?;
-                stack.tos_mut()?.concat_string(rhs);
-            }
-            OpCode::Path => {
-                todo!()
-            }
-            OpCode::List => {
-                stack.push(Value::List(List::empty().into()))?;
-            }
-            OpCode::PushElem => {
-                let elem = stack.pop();
-                stack.tos_mut()?.push(elem);
-            }
-            OpCode::AttrSet { cap } => {
-                stack.push(Value::AttrSet(AttrSet::with_capacity(cap).into()))?;
-            }
-            OpCode::FinalizeRec => {
-                let env = env.clone().enter(
-                    stack
-                        .tos()?
-                        .clone()
-                        .unwrap_attr_set()
-                        .as_inner()
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone())),
-                );
-                stack.tos_mut()?.as_mut().unwrap_attr_set().capture(&env);
-            }
-            OpCode::PushStaticAttr { name } => {
-                let val = stack.pop();
-                stack.tos_mut()?.push_attr(name, val);
-            }
-            OpCode::PushDynamicAttr => {
-                let val = stack.pop();
-                let mut sym = stack.pop();
-                sym.force(self)?.coerce_to_string();
-                let sym = self.new_sym(sym.unwrap_const().unwrap_string());
-                stack.tos_mut()?.push_attr(sym, val);
-            }
-            OpCode::Select { sym } => {
-                stack.tos_mut()?.force(self)?.select(sym, self)?;
-            }
-            OpCode::SelectOrDefault { sym } => {
-                let default = stack.pop();
-                stack
-                    .tos_mut()?
-                    .force(self)?
-                    .select_with_default(sym, default)?;
-            }
-            OpCode::SelectDynamic => {
-                let mut val = stack.pop();
-                val.force(self)?;
-                val.coerce_to_string();
-                let sym = self.new_sym(val.unwrap_const().unwrap_string());
-                stack.tos_mut()?.force(self)?.select(sym, self)?;
-            }
-            OpCode::SelectDynamicOrDefault => {
-                let default = stack.pop();
-                let mut val = stack.pop();
-                val.force(self)?;
-                val.coerce_to_string();
-                let sym = self.new_sym(val.unwrap_const().unwrap_string());
-                stack
-                    .tos_mut()?
-                    .force(self)?
-                    .select_with_default(sym, default)?;
-            }
-            OpCode::HasAttr { sym } => {
-                stack.tos_mut()?.force(self)?.has_attr(sym);
-            }
-            OpCode::HasDynamicAttr => {
-                let mut val = stack.pop();
-                val.coerce_to_string();
-                let sym = self.new_sym(val.unwrap_const().unwrap_string());
-                stack.tos_mut()?.force(self)?.has_attr(sym);
-            }
-            OpCode::LookUp { sym } => {
-                stack.push(env.lookup(sym).ok_or_else(|| {
-                    Error::EvalError(format!("{} not found", self.get_sym(sym)))
-                })?)?;
-            }
-            OpCode::EnterEnv => match stack.pop() {
-                Value::AttrSet(attrs) => *env = env.clone().enter_with(attrs),
-
-                _ => unreachable!(),
-            },
-            OpCode::LeaveEnv => *env = env.clone().leave(),
-            OpCode::Assert => {
-                if !stack.pop().unwrap_const().unwrap_bool() {
-                    todo!()
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(0)
     }
 }

src/vm/test.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
+#![allow(unused_macros)]
+
 extern crate test;
 
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
 
-use inkwell::context::Context;
 use test::{Bencher, black_box};
 
 use ecow::EcoString;
-use rpds::vector_sync;
 
 use crate::compile::compile;
 use crate::ir::downgrade;
-use crate::ty::public::Symbol;
+use crate::ty::common::Const;
 use crate::ty::public::*;
-use crate::vm::JITContext;
 
 use super::run;
 
@@ -21,9 +20,7 @@ fn test_expr(expr: &str, expected: Value) {
     let downgraded = downgrade(rnix::Root::parse(expr).tree().expr().unwrap()).unwrap();
     let prog = compile(downgraded);
     dbg!(&prog);
-    let ctx = Context::create();
+    assert_eq!(run(prog).unwrap(), expected);
-    let jit = JITContext::new(&ctx);
-    assert_eq!(run(prog, jit).unwrap(), expected);
 }
 
 macro_rules! map {
@@ -77,7 +74,7 @@ macro_rules! symbol {
 
 macro_rules! list {
     ($($x:tt)*) => (
-        Value::List(List::new(vector_sync![$($x)*]))
+        Value::List(List::new(vec![$($x)*]))
     );
 }
 
@@ -225,9 +222,10 @@ fn test_fib() {
 #[bench]
 fn bench_fib(b: &mut Bencher) {
     b.iter(|| {
-        black_box(test_expr(
+        test_expr(
-            "let fib = n: if n == 1 || n == 2 then 1 else (fib (n - 1)) + (fib (n - 2)); in fib 20",
+            "let fib = n: if n == 1 || n == 2 then 1 else (fib (n - 1)) + (fib (n - 2)); in fib 30",
-            int!(6765),
+            int!(832040),
-        ))
+        );
+        black_box(())
     })
 }